黄土高原草本植被水土保持作用研究进展

草本植被具有积极的保持水土的作用，在黄土高原生态环境建设中具有不可替代的作用。在系统分析黄土高原草本植被保土减蚀作用研究的过去与现状的基础上，归纳并总结了草被覆盖度与水土流失量、草被植物与地表径流系数、草被植物地下根系与土壤抗冲性及抗蚀性等方面的最新研究进展，并针对各方面存在的问题以及今后有待深入研究的问题进行了探讨。     

黄土高原土壤侵蚀基本规律

土壤侵蚀现象是黄土高原的一个重大环境问题。土壤侵蚀的发生和发展有其自然的规律。黄土高原的土壤侵蚀可概括为三种类型:(1)水流侵蚀;(2)重力侵蚀;(3)风力侵蚀。控制黄土高原土壤侵蚀的自然因素为:降水、地形、植被和岩土性质。降水和地形两个因素称之为“侵蚀性因素”;植被和岩土性质两个因素称之为“可蚀性因素”。土壤侵蚀的发生与否,以及侵蚀的程度,最终取决于上述侵蚀性因素与可蚀性因素两者之间相互影响的结果。如果侵蚀性因素的效果大于可蚀性因素的效果,则发生侵蚀作用;反之,则侵蚀作用不显示。     

黄土高原草地植被对土壤侵蚀影响研究进展

黄土高原土壤侵蚀严重,草地植被具有良好的水土保持作用,能很好地改善其生态环境。学者们对草地植被盖度与土壤侵蚀的关系、草地植被对水力学参数的影响、草地植被对土壤性质的影响、草地植被减水减沙效应以及草地坡面土壤侵蚀过程等几个方面开展了大量研究;但是关于草地覆盖诱发的侵蚀作用研究较少。将前人的研究成果进行归纳总结,并补充关于草地诱发侵蚀的一些研究结果,继而指出目前研究中存在的问题以及今后需要加强的方面,旨在减少黄土高原土壤侵蚀。     

岩溶石漠化山地不同退耕模式土壤抗蚀性及其与结构体分形关系研究

通过对岩溶石漠化山地中小尺度范围内的现有三种主要退耕模式及对照地土壤抗蚀性主成分分析及与各级结构体分形维数关系研究,结果表明: ( 1)研究区退耕地在3～ 6年内土壤抗蚀性均发生了比较明显的变化,但都介于传统耕地与马尾松次生灌丛之间,其中以具有复式结构的退耕樟树+ 草被退耕模式的抗蚀效果较理想; ( 2)与传统旱耕地不同,各退耕模式土壤抗蚀性均是A层土壤强于B层土壤,表明退耕有利于A层土壤抗蚀性迅速提高,尤其是草本+ 乔灌模式对A层土壤抗蚀性的提高更为显著; ( 3)> 0. 25mm 水稳性团聚体含量及破坏率、水稳性指数、有机质含量为评价土壤抗蚀性的最佳四指标; ( 4)微团聚体、风干团聚体分形维数表征土壤抗蚀性有一定的局限性,而机械组成、水稳定性团聚体分维数与抗蚀性综合分值相关性较高,尤其是水稳性团聚体分形维数可较好地反映出土壤的抗蚀特性。      

黄土有机质稳定碳同位素研究进展

有关黄土高原历史时期原生植被类型的研究不仅具有重要的理论意义,也具有现实的指导意义。土壤有机质稳定碳同位素（δ13Corg）是区域植被中C4/C3植物相对丰度的灵敏指示器,对黄土有机质稳定碳同位素的研究可以部分地重建过去的植被类型变化历史,并可探讨与此有关的气候、环境问题。已有的研究结果表明：黄土高原古土壤发育阶段δ13Corg偏正于黄土沉积阶段,表明随气候由冷干向暖湿转变黄土高原C4植物相对丰度上升,然而在C4植物相对丰度上升的主要驱动因素上仍存在夏季风和温度两种观点。相应的在空间上,C4植物的相对丰度无论冰期还是间冰期都是由黄土高原东南向西北递减。而基于黄土δ13Corg的研究认为黄土高原历史时期一直以草原为主,不存在大面积的森林。尽管已有的研究对黄土有机质稳定碳同位素分布和变化的一般性规律取得了共识,但在研究中还存在一些问题,在黄土δ13Corg变化机制上还存在争议,值得进一步研究。     

兰州西部地区的黄土潜蚀作用

黄土的侵蚀机理是开展黄土高原水土侵蚀综合治理的关键,通过兰州以西黄（河）湟（水）谷地黄土区１∶５万区域地质野外调查,认为黄土的潜蚀是黄土高原水土流失的一个重要因素。在黄土侵蚀的过程中,潜蚀作用起着重要的作用。在宏观上,它可以形成各种黄土潜蚀地貌,同时它还能引发或者加剧其他侵蚀作用。黄土的岩性是黄土具有潜蚀能力的内在因素,而气候、地下水、构造、植被以及人为因素是其外在因素。在黄土区１∶５万区域调查过程中应加强这一方面的调查、研究工作     

末次间冰期以来黄土高原南部植被演替的植物硅酸体记录

对于本次间冰期以来黄土高原是否存在大面积森林植被的问题一直存在争议,本文通过对渭南、宝鸡和兰州剖面的植物硅酸体记录研究表明,末次间冰期以来,在黄土高原南部,主要发育草原和森林草原的植被类型,只有在气候最适宜期年降水量超过800mm以上,才可能有短期的森林植被发育。在黄土高原源区发育森林植被所需要的降水量要比基岩山地高250mm以上。     

黄丘区自然植被对暴雨的拦蓄作用——以坊塌小流域为例

植被对暴雨的拦蓄是调控全球变暖进程中频发的雨洪灾害的重要手段。为探究黄丘区大规模退耕后自然植被坡面对暴雨的拦蓄作用，针对陕西省延安市安塞区坊塌小流域2019—2022年全部发生的6场暴雨事件，使用土壤水分自动监测系统对1个灌丛和3个草本群落坡面10 m土层进行逐小时监测。分析结果表明：暴雨对草本群落最大补给深度可达200 cm,但对灌丛群落仅为100 cm;灌丛的拦蓄效果优于草本群落，草本群落的拦蓄效果随退耕年限增长而提高；自然灌草植被坡面对低雨量短历时暴雨的拦蓄率可达60.8%,而对高雨量长历时暴雨仅可拦蓄40.8%。因此，建议在黄丘区合理保护和布局灌-草生态系统，以提升植被-土壤对暴雨的容蓄减灾作用。     

中国黄土高原洛川剖面S5以来的孢粉学记录

中国黄土-古土壤序列记录了距今约2.6 Ma以来的环境变迁。孢粉作为恢复植被演替的敏感指标,被广泛用于古植被重建,但是针对高原中部地区长时间尺度植被演替历史的孢粉学研究还较缺乏。通过对黄土高原洛川剖面S5以来的黄土-古土壤序列开展较高分辨率的孢粉学工作,揭示出该区约0.6 Ma以来的植被演化历史。孢粉谱分析表明,洛川地区0.6 Ma以来以温带草原植被为主,不支持塬区历史时期存在大范围落叶阔叶林的观点。现代黄土高原缺少森林植被主要是由自然原因引起,因此塬区的现代生态恢复应以退耕还草为主。     

过去典型增温期黄土高原东西部C3/C4植物组成变化特征

过去典型增温时段的自然植被演化规律是未来增温情形下植被变化趋势的重要参照.黄土高原全新世中期(4 ～8kaB.P.)和末次间冰期(80 ～110kaB.P.)温度分别比现高约1.2℃和2～5℃,是揭示过去不同增温幅度下植被演化的理想时段.通过对黄土高原东西部黄土-古土壤序列有机碳同位素(δ13Corg.)对比研究表明:在全新世中期黄土高原东西部有机碳同位素变化一致,相对末次盛冰期表现为正偏2.2‰～2.9‰,指示C4植物丰度增加.而在末次间冰期黄土高原东、西部不同地貌单元有机碳同位素结果产生空间分异,相对末次盛冰期西部梁峁区表现为负偏约0.8‰,指示C4植物丰度减少,而东部塬区则表现为正偏0.9‰ ～4.0‰,指示C4植物丰度增加.由于上述典型时段大气CO2浓度相近且温度升高,末次间冰期与全新世中期黄土高原C4植物丰度变化的差异可能与降水增加的季节性变化有关.上述结果表明,在过去典型增温期不同增温幅度下黄土高原东、西部不同地貌单元植被演化呈现明显不同.     

Advances in Researches of the Effects of Grassland Vegetation on Soil Erosion in Loess Plateau

Soil erosion is a serious global environmental problem which limits the survival and development of human beings. In our country, due to the special physical geography and socio-economic conditions, soil erosion intensity is great, which is particularly prominent in Loess Plateau region. Therefore, preventing and controlling soil erosion, as well as reducing soil erosion in Loess Plateau have become the key to solving environmental problems in the region. Soil erosion on Loess Plateau is serious, and grassland vegetation has good effects on soil and water conservation, which can improve ecological environment well. After the implementation of the project about returning farmland to grassland on Loess Plateau, the ecological benefits mainly focused on soil and water conservation benefits, soil improvement benefits, water conservation benefits and species diversity benefits, etc. Grassland vegetation has an irreplaceable role in the construction of the ecological environment on Loess Plateau. Therefore, the role of grassland in preventing soil erosion has received more and more attention. Scholars have done lots of research involved in the relationship between grassland coverage and soil erosion, impacts of grassland on hydrodynamic parameters, effects of grassland on soil properties, reduction effects of grassland on runoff and sediment, and soil erosion process on grassland slope. However, there is little research on erosion effect induced by grassland cover. This paper mainly pointed out the following questions: First, grassland cover is influenced by many factors, but the relationship with soil erosion from the dynamic mechanism is rarely discussed; Second, there is no well-developed theory of overland flow erosion at present, which limits the study of hydrodynamic parameters on grassland slope; Third, establishment of mathematical model between grassland cover and soil resistance can accelerate the quantitative analysis of grassland influence on erosion; Fourth, comprehensive analysis of influencing factors on water reduction and sediment reduction effect on grassland are insufficient; Fifth, there are not many mechanisms to analyze the erosion process of grassland slope by using the hydrodynamic characteristics of slope; sixth, research results on grassland-induced erosion are mainly focused on leading to soil dry layer and we should continue to strengthen in the future. This paper summarized the previous results, and supplemented some studies about erosion caused by grassland, then pointed out the existing problems in current research and the areas that need to be strengthened in the future, aiming at reducing soil erosion on the Loess Plateau.     

Regulation of vegetation pattern on the hydrodynamic processes of erosion on hillslope in Loess Plateau,China

As vegetation are closely related to soil erosion, hydrodynamic parameter changes under various vegetation pattern conditions can be used as an important basis for the research of the soil erosion mechanism. Through upstream water inflow experiments conducted on a loess hillslope, how the vegetation pattern influences the hydrodynamic processes of sediment transport was analyzed. The results show that the placement of a grass strip on the lower upslope can effectively reduce runoff erosion by 69%, relying on the efficiency of regulated hydrodynamic process. The effective location of grass strip for hillslope alleviating erosion is on the lower part of the upslope, mainly due to the grass strip measure used to regulate the hydrodynamic system. As a result, the underlying surface runoff resistance is increased by 5 times, runoff shear stress is decreased by more than 90%, and runoff power decreased by over 92%. The measure greatly separates the scouring energy of surface runoff that acts on the slope soil. Therefore, the use of grass strips effectively decreases the energy of runoff flowing along the slope, eliminating soil erosion to a great extent and thereby achieving a better regulation of hydrodynamic processe.     

开发西部切入点的研究──以黄土高原生态环境建设切入点为例

本本文以黄土高原为例, 讨论了生态环境建设作为开发西部切入点的科学和实际意 义。从黄土高原毁林毁草耕垦和人为加速侵蚀的发展, 剖析了退耕还林还草作为生态环境建 设切入点的科学依据。在此基础上, 又进一步剖析了退耕还林还草的切入点及其实施对策。     

Soil conservation and sustainable eco-environment in the Loess Plateau of China

The Loess Plateau is well known to the world because of its thick loess and severe soil erosion. Loess is a highly erosion-prone soil that is considerably susceptible to water erosion. The Loess Plateau also has a long cultivation history, hence population growth, vegetation degeneration serious soil and water loss were obviously problems on Loess Plateau. This article analyzes several strategies of soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau, such as terracing, planting trees, natural vegetation rehabilitation and construction of warp land dams. Different periods had different strategies of soil and water conservation and each strategy had its characteristics and effects. Finally, the research directions and future perspectives of the Loess Plateau were discussed, including the strategies of sustainable eco-environment of Loess Plateau in China.     

不同林草系统对集水区水量平衡的影响研究

应用SWAT99.2模型(Soil and Water Assessment Tool),系统地研究了红壤丘岗集水区4种林草系统(自然草被、阔叶林、混交林和针叶林)的地表径流、根层渗漏、蒸发蒸腾、土壤蓄水量的时空特点,并用实测的地表径流对模型进行校正和验证,月地表径流的Nash-Sutcliffe模拟效率系数达到0.74,模拟值和观测值的决定系数达0.90。结果表明,降水的年内分配不均造成了径流、渗漏、土壤蓄水量月份之间的差异,年际间气象条件(特别是降水)的差异性导致了水量平衡支出项的年际差异,其中径流量和渗漏量受降水的影响最大,蒸发蒸腾量次之,土壤蓄水量的年变化量受降水的影响最小;林地能有效地减少区域的地表径流量,其中以阔叶林和混交林的效果最好;林地入渗性能大于草地;蒸发蒸腾量是林地水量平衡支出中最大的一项,且3种林地的蒸发蒸腾量均大于草地。水量平衡的预测结果显示,土地利用方式是区域短期水量平衡的主要影响因子。     

不同覆盖措施对高寒地区剥离的草皮块堆放温湿度及成活的影响

重大工程建设会扰动高寒草地,法规要求扰动区草皮层应予以剥离,待工程建设后再用于恢复原生植被,当前对剥离草皮堆放成活的影响研究较少。试验设计遮阳网与穿孔膜两种覆盖条件,探讨分析其对剥离的草皮块堆放与铺植利用后土壤温湿度及草皮块返青覆盖度的影响,研究结果表明：遮阳网覆盖堆体较自然地表日均土壤温度显著降低,同时各深度层极大延长冻结期,降水对土壤水分的补充效应延后,并造成堆放期水分大量损失;穿孔膜覆盖堆体较自然地表提高了土壤温度,阻碍了降水对土壤水分的补充,并造成堆放后土壤吸持水能力降低。遮阳网覆盖的草皮块返青覆盖度显著高于穿孔膜覆盖的返青覆盖度,堆放期日平均土壤温度>0 ℃的堆放日数与草皮块返青覆盖度的线性拟合较好。工程建设中应尽量缩短堆放时长,采用透水透气类覆盖材料,增加土壤与空气热量交换,以维持更长的冻结期,并适时补充水分,提高草皮块铺植的恢复成效。     

不同土地利用方式对黄土高原植被覆盖季节变化的影响--以陕北延河流域为例

植被覆盖是水土流失的重要影响因子,在一定的自然生态背景下,土地利用方式亦決定了植被覆盖特征。为深入探讨植被覆盖季节变化的内在机制,本研究选择地处陕北黄土高原的延河流域,对农地、林地和草地共3种主要土地利用方式,分析其植被覆盖季节变化规律,并进一步对土壤类型和地形特征等生态因子的影响加以比较。研究结果表明,不同土地利用方式下,植被覆盖季节变化产生显著的差异,而相同土地利用方式下,土壤类型的影响最为显著,坡向次之。而影响湿润度的地形特征对植被覆盖的季节变化的影响并不明显。基于上述认识,从改善流域植被覆盖的角度出发,不仅需要通过退耕还林、还草来提升植被覆盖水平,也需配合相应的土壤类型及地形地貌条件改造,才能达到生态格局优化。     

The relations between land use and karst rocky desertification in a typical karst area,China

Karst rocky desertification (KRD) is one major type of desertification which is under irrational human impact on the vulnerable eco-geo-environment. In this study, Zhudong fengcong rocky desertification landscape was selected to investigate the land use types distribution law in different rock types and the KRD land in different land use types. KRD data was determined by user–computer interactive interpreting method from Aster images in 2004, according to the exposed ratio of rock, the coverage of vegetation and soil in 0.2 km² unit, integrating with land utilizing present situation map, hydrogeology map, relief map, vegetation map, soil distribution map, as well as the practical investigation and the population census datum in 2002. Results showed that the occurrence ratio of KRD land is different in land use types and rocky assemblages obviously; land cover has a strong impact upon KRD. The sloping cropland distributed in homogenous limestone has a higher occurrence ratio of light KRD, secondly, is in the limestone interbedded with clastic rock. Light KRD land was dominated by shrubland, and sloping cropland accounts for 11.67% of it, moderate KRD land was dominated by moderate coverage grass slopes, strong and extremely strong KRD was dominated by rocky dry land which is difficult to use.     

黄土区坡地土壤水分运动与转化机理研究进展

土壤水分是作物生长、植被恢复以及生态环境建设的主要限制性因素.从降雨入渗及再分布、土壤水量转化以及土壤水分动态变化等几方面概述了黄土区坡地土壤水分运动与转化研究进展,认为应该把坡面土壤—植物—大气作为一个物理上的连续统一体,以大气水、地表水、植物水和土壤水相互转化过程和机制为基础,研究坡面土壤—植被—大气界面水分运动和转化规律,为植被恢复重建提供理论依据.