冬小麦夏玉米土壤水分预报及优化灌溉模型

利用土壤水分平衡方程，结合河南省冬小麦和夏玉米的生长规律和1994～2000年冬小麦、夏玉米田实测土壤湿度资料，建立了河南省冬小麦、夏玉米土壤水分预报及优化灌溉的计算机模型。用1998～1999年郑州市麦田实测土壤湿度资料验证该模型模拟结果，未来10、20、30天土壤湿度相对误差分别为-7．3％～7．7％、-8．3％～6．8％、-7．6％～7．7％，表明利用该模型，可以较为准确地预报未来1个月的土壤水分变化，并可根据小麦、玉米不同发育期特点，给出以最高产量和最佳经济效益为目标的灌溉建议。     

地表非均匀性对区域平均水分通量参数化的影响

次网格尺度地表非均匀性对于网格区平均通量具有重要影响。若将网格区视为均一地表 ,并不能真实描述地 气通量交换过程 ,且可造成很大误差。文中从理论上证明 ,区域平均水分通量的变化率可分解为两部分 :第一部分为区域水分通量的算术平均变化率 ;第二部分为非均匀性所引起的水分通量变化率扰动 ,它与区域内土壤水分空间分布的变差系数有关。数值试验表明 ,地表土壤水分的水平空间变差系数集中反映了区域内土壤水分分布的非均匀程度 ,不同土壤对同样的非均匀程度其敏感性是不同的。变差系数愈大 ,非均匀性愈强 ,在相同的土壤水分平均值下 ,不同土壤类型对地表非均匀程度的敏感性并不相同。例如沙土和粘土受非均匀性的影响就可相差数十倍。     

Long-term investigations on the water budget quantities predicted by the hydro-thermodynamic soil vegetation scheme (HTSVS) – Part II: Evaluation, sensitivity, and uncertainty

Summary ¶Various water budget elements (water supply to the atmosphere, ground water recharge, change in storage) are predicted by HTSVS for a period of 2050 days. The predicted water budget elements are evaluated by routine lysimeter data. The results show that land surface models need parameterizations for soil frost, snow effects and water uptake to catch the broad cycle of soil water budget elements. In principle, HTSVS is able to simulate the general characteristics of the seasonal changes in these water budget elements and their long-term accumulated sums. Compared to lysimeter data, there is a discrepancy in the predicted water supply to the atmosphere for summer and winter which may be attributed to the hardly observed plant physiological parameters like root depth, LAI, shielding factor, etc., the lack of measured downward long-wave radiation, and some simplifications made in the parameterizations of soil frost and snow effects. The fact that high resolution data for the evaluation of model results are missing and evaluation is made on the basis of the data from routine stations of a network is typical for the results of long-term studies on climate. Taking into account the coarse resolution of climate models, the coarse vertical resolution that is used in their LSMs, and the lack of suitable parameters needed, it seems that discrepancies in the order of magnitude found in this study are a general uncertainty in the results of land surface modeling on typical spatial and temporal scales of the climate system.Received October 8, 2001; revised February 15, 2002; accepted September 20, 2002 Published online: April 10, 2003     

冬小麦土壤墒情预报及优化灌溉技术的计算机模型

利用土壤水分平衡方程，根据我省冬小麦的生长规律及冬小麦优化灌溉技术推广经验，建立了冬小麦土壤墒情预报及优化灌溉技术的计算机模型，利用该模型，可以较准确地预报未来1个月的土壤墒情变化，并可根据我省小麦的不同发育期给出以最高产量和最佳经济效益为目标的两种灌溉建议。     

旱地农田土壤水分动态平衡的模拟

从农田土壤水分平衡方程出发，综合考虑了农田水分的主要收支项，特别是对水分渗漏量估算进行了必要的改进，建立了旱地农田土壤水分的动态模型。运用地处半干旱气候区的甘肃天水和陕西经阳气象站气象资料和非灌溉作物地土壤水分观测资料摸拟了农田土壤水分的逐旬变化，其结果比较理想地描述了实际农田土壤水分变化规律。     

Effect of surface layer thickness on simultaneous transport of heat and water in a bare soil and its implications for land surface schemes

Abstract

A physically‐based multi‐layer numerical model is developed to determine the coupled transport of heat and water in the soil and in the soil‐atmosphere boundary layer. Using inputs of standard weather data and initial soil conditions the model is capable of predicting the surface energy balance components as well as water content and temperature profiles in the soil. It is used to predict these variables for a bare silt loam soil under two tillage treatments, viz. culti‐packed and left loose after disc‐harrowing, and the predicted results are compared with measurements. Very good agreement between the model predictions and measured evaporation and heat fluxes and soil water and temperatures for a ten‐day period shows that the model is capable of simulating the coupled transport of soil heat and soil water and their transfer across the soil surface‐atmosphere interface adequately.

Model predictions were compared with those of CLASS (Canadian Land Surface Scheme). It is shown that CLASS, version 2.6, provides good estimates of evaporation and hence the latent heat flux density, Q_E, under wetter soil conditions, but overestimates Q_E at moderately wet soil conditions and underestimates it under dry soil conditions. Under dry to moderately wet soil conditions the calculation of evaporation from bare soil is very sensitive to the thickness of the top layer particularly as the thickness approaches 10 cm.     

Experience of inverse modeling for estimating hydraulic parameters of unsaturated soils

Soil column experiments were carried out to inversely estimate the hydraulic parameters of the unsaturated zone. This study analyzes clay soil taken from an irrigated area of the Mnasra province in northwestern Morocco which includes large agricultural areas. Fully drained and controlled laboratory model tests and their numerical simulations are presented. The inverse modeling method was applied to estimate the hydraulic properties of unsaturated soil based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. A nonlinear estimation method tied up with the finite difference method and inversion analysis was used to minimize the cost function defined by the difference between the predicted and observed values of the model. Unsaturated hydraulic parameters of the Van Genuchten and Mualem models were estimated using water content measurements at five clay depths (10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 cm) and/or the cumulative water flux at the column bottom. The experimental hydraulic parameters and the predicted results were in good agreement with the measurements from the single and multicost function experiments. Also the results showed that the multicost function experiment was more appropriate in determining the hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils than the single-objective function experiment. The comparison between measured values and predicted results showed that the inverse analysis based on the 1D soil column experiment was efficient and useful to establish the hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils.     

牧草地土壤水分的动态平衡计算

根据土壤水分平衡方程、利用甘肃省西峰逐日气象资料，牧草生长发育资料和土壤水分观测资料，对水分平衡中的入渗分量进行适当修正，建立了牧草地土壤水分动态模拟模型，获得一些有意义的参数值，根据预报试验表明，只要正确估计模型中的参数，该模型要以结合对未来气象要素的预报用于预测牡草地土壤水分动态，为旱地草场水分管理提供必要的手段。     

西峰市冬小麦耗水规律及其对产量的影响

利用甘肃省西峰市的气象、土壤湿度、作物发育期和产量资料,通过水量平衡方程计算冬小麦在各生育阶段的耗水量,揭示了该地区冬小麦的耗水规律、土壤湿度变化规律和水发亏缺状况。通过回归模拟建立产量－耗水量模型,确定影响产量的水分关键期。