土壤湿度和土壤温度模拟中的参数敏感性分析和优化

使用一种复杂洗牌算法 (SCE-UA, Shuffled Complex Evolution Algorithm) 对Noah陆面模式中的参数进行敏感性分析和优化,其中水文参数采取直接优化和优化土壤成份的形式,侧重于研究两种水文参数给出方法对土壤湿度和土壤温度模拟的敏感性。结果表明:将土壤湿度和土壤温度作为判据,模式中水文参数敏感性最高,水文参数对土壤湿度的敏感性要高于对土壤温度的敏感性。表层土壤湿度作为判据对土壤水文参数优化后,可以改善土壤湿度和土壤温度的模拟,加入深层土壤湿度同时作为判据后,优化使土壤温度的模拟变差。当土壤成份作为优化的参数,表层和深层土壤湿度作为判据,优化能够同时改善土壤湿度和土壤温度的模拟。单独使用土壤温度作为判据不能达到优化水文参数的目的。将土壤成份作为优化的参数后,土壤湿度和土壤温度的多判据优化效果最好,且减少不敏感参数的个数后对优化结果的影响总体不大。基于以上结果,将土壤成份作为优化水文参数的方法能够更好的考虑不同水文参数之间的约束关系,优化后的水文参数具有很好的一致性,优化效果较直接优化水文参数更好。     

土质对FDR水分传感器拟合参数影响的试验研究

通过制作人工土柱的方法,对壤土、黏土、砂土等土质进行FDR(Frequency Domain Reflectometry)水分传感器拟合标定试验,分析了传感器频率与土壤水分之间的关系,以及不同质地土壤对传感器标定参数的影响。数据分析结果表明:FDR土壤水分传感器感应频率随土壤体积含水量的增加而单调减小,具有很好的相关性,不同的土质对土壤水分传感器标定参数影响较大,黏土测试的传感器归一化频率范围在0.64~0.94之间,壤土测试的传感器归一化频率范围在0.4~0.86之间,砂土测试的传感器归一化频率范围在0.3~0.94之间,土壤按类别进行标定比集中标定的效果更好。分析结果对土壤种类复杂地区的自动土壤水分观测仪精细化标定具有一定指导意义。     

Extended application of the conditional nonlinear optimal parameter perturbation method in the common land model

An extension of the conditional nonlinear optimal parameter perturbation (CNOP-P) method is applied to the parameter optimization of the Common Land Model (CoLM) for the North China Plain with the differential evolution (DE) method. Using National Meteorological Center (NMC) Reanalysis 6-hourly surface flux data and National Center for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project II (AMIP-II) 6-hourly Reanalysis Gaussian Grid data, two experiments (I and II) were designed to investigate the impact of the percentages of sand and clay in the shallow soil in CoLM on its ability to simulate shallow soil moisture. A third experiment (III) was designed to study the shallow soil moisture and latent heat flux simultaneously. In all the three experiments, after the optimization stage, the percentages of sand and clay of the shallow soil were used to predict the shallow soil moisture in the following month. The results show that the optimal parameters can enable CoLM to better simulate shallow soil moisture, with the simulation results of CoLM after the double-parameter optimal experiment being better than the single-parameter optimal experiment in the optimization slot. Furthermore, the optimal parameters were able to significantly improve the prediction results of CoLM at the prediction stage. In addition, whether or not the atmospheric forcing and observational data are accurate can seriously affect the results of optimization, and the more accurate the data are, the more significant the results of optimization may be.     

河南省不同土壤类型墒情变化规律

分析河南省台站土壤墒情数据库1997年10月至2003年6月资料,找出不同土壤类型的墒情变化规律。土壤有效水分含量分析表明：壤土最大,粘土次之,沙土最小;土壤墒情受地下水影响较大,地下水位较浅的地区不容易出现干旱。根据土壤墒情资料确定了土壤墒情订正系数和不同土壤类型田间持水量在全省的分布,并将其应用到墒情预报模型中。     

An unsaturated soil water flow problem and its numerical simulation

1.IntroductionUnsaturatedsoilwaterflowisaflowwherewaterisnotfullofsoilhole,whichisanimportantformofflowinporousmedia.Predictionofanunsaturatedflowisprovidedwithsignificanceinmanybranchesofscienceandengineering.Theseincludeatmosphericscience,soilscien...     

土壤数据集对全球陆面过程模拟的影响

基于通用陆面模式（Common Land Model, CoLM）,首次评估了两套最新的全球土壤数据集GSDE（Global Soil Dataset for Earth System Model）和SG（SoilGrids）对全球陆面过程模拟的影响。比较分析了两套数据中砂粒、粘粒、砾石、有机碳的含量和容重这五个土壤属性在全球分布上的差异以及这种差异造成的对模式估计的土壤特性参数、水力热力变量的影响。结果表明,土壤特性参数在全球的空间分布主要受土壤粒径分布（砂粒、粉粒和粘粒）影响,同时也受砾石、有机碳和容重的影响。土壤资料对全球模拟结果影响主要体现在区域差异,对水文学变量的影响（R_e最大达到±100%）大于对土壤热力学变量的影响（R_e<±10%）,对地表辐射变量的影响较小（R_e<±5%）。其中,土壤体积含水量在加拿大中部及西北部、俄罗斯东南部及中西部和澳大利亚中部地区模拟结果相差较大,总径流在低纬地区模拟结果出现较大的差异,热力学变量在非洲北部、加拿大西北部以及俄罗斯中北部的差异稍大。将模拟的土壤体积含水量与站点观测相比,两套数据的表现接近,与站点观测相比都存在一定的偏差,但SG更接近观测,其中在Molly Caren站点（39°57′N,83°27′W）上SG相比GSDE整体提高约0.01～0.02。本研究表明,模式模拟结果受不同土壤数据集的影响显著,可优先考虑诸如SG较准确的土壤数据。土壤属性对陆面模拟的影响需进一步研究。     

渍水麦田土壤水分动态模型研究

根据土壤水分平衡原理，建立了一个反映土壤渍水、可与小麦生长模型耦合的土壤水分动态模型，尤其考虑了因地下水位较浅而引起的毛管上升水量和土壤导水率的变化对土壤含水量的影响。采用盆栽小麦水分试验资料验证了日蒸散量的模拟值，利用湖北荆州农业气象试验站和江苏金坛农业气象试验站的土壤水分历史资料对建立的模型进行了综合测试和验证，结果表明:蒸散量、地下水位和0～50 cm土壤含水量的模拟值与实测值具有较好的一致性，模型能可靠地预测多雨和渍水地区麦田土壤水分的变化动态     

牧草地土壤水分的动态平衡计算

根据土壤水分平衡方程、利用甘肃省西峰逐日气象资料，牧草生长发育资料和土壤水分观测资料，对水分平衡中的入渗分量进行适当修正，建立了牧草地土壤水分动态模拟模型，获得一些有意义的参数值，根据预报试验表明，只要正确估计模型中的参数，该模型要以结合对未来气象要素的预报用于预测牡草地土壤水分动态，为旱地草场水分管理提供必要的手段。     

黑河流域土壤参数修正及其对大气要素模拟的影响

根据Cosby等1984年总结的土壤特征参数计算方法和基于黑河流域53个土壤剖面数据,得到对应于美国农业土壤分类标准的黑河流域6类土壤的平均粘、砂含量,计算了黑河流域各类土壤的特征参数,分别采用Cosby等计算的土壤参数以及黑河土壤剖面数据计算的土壤参数,运用耦合了NOAH陆面过程模型的大气中尺度模式(Mesoscale Model version 5,MM5)模拟土壤参数变化对黑河流域中上游大气要素模拟的影响。结果显示:b参数和饱和导水率改变对局地能量变化影响很大,饱和土壤水势以及孔隙度对局地水分传输变化影响较大。特征参数变化引起的温度场变化位于砂质土壤和粉壤土覆盖范围,而湿度相关要素场变化则主要位于中游绿洲粉壤土、粉土覆盖区。通过与观测值的比较发现,除阿拉善右旗外,使用Heihe数组土壤参数后模拟的气温、湿度及风场都有一定改进。     

Incorporating organic soil into a global climate model

Organic matter significantly alters a soil’s thermal and hydraulic properties but is not typically included in land-surface schemes used in global climate models. This omission has consequences for ground thermal and moisture regimes, particularly in the high-latitudes where soil carbon content is generally high. Global soil carbon data is used to build a geographically distributed, profiled soil carbon density dataset for the Community Land Model (CLM). CLM parameterizations for soil thermal and hydraulic properties are modified to accommodate both mineral and organic soil matter. Offline simulations including organic soil are characterized by cooler annual mean soil temperatures (up to ∼2.5°C cooler for regions of high soil carbon content). Cooling is strong in summer due to modulation of early and mid-summer soil heat flux. Winter temperatures are slightly warmer as organic soils do not cool as efficiently during fall and winter. High porosity and hydraulic conductivity of organic soil leads to a wetter soil column but with comparatively low surface layer saturation levels and correspondingly low soil evaporation. When CLM is coupled to the Community Atmosphere Model, the reduced latent heat flux drives deeper boundary layers, associated reductions in low cloud fraction, and warmer summer air temperatures in the Arctic. Lastly, the insulative properties of organic soil reduce interannual soil temperature variability, but only marginally. This result suggests that, although the mean soil temperature cooling will delay the simulated date at which frozen soil begins to thaw, organic matter may provide only limited insulation from surface warming.     

一个用于气候模式的简单冻土过程参数化方案的建立和检验

在NCAR／LSM的基础上，发展了一个简单的冻土过程参数化方案，并使用苏联6个站的水气象观测资料考察了耦合了新方案模式的气候效应。在新方案中，加入了对含冰量的求解和在相变过程中的能量变化;并使用Johanson的方案替代了模式中原有的土壤导热率的参数化方案，考虑了含冰量对土壤水热性质的影响。原模式和改进后模式的模拟结果的比较得到，冻土过程方案能够合理的模拟土壤列中的能量收支及水热性质随含冰量的变化。随着入渗的减少和径流的增加，春季的土壤湿度减小。因此，热通量的分配和土壤温度也产生了相应的变化。     

Bare-ground surface heat and water exchanges under dry conditions: Observations and parameterization

A simplified land-surface parameterization is tested against bare-soil data collected during the EFEDA experiment conducted in Spain in June 1991. A complete data set, made up of soil properties as well as hydrological and atmospheric measurements, is described and discussed. The 11-day data set is characterized by very dry conditions and high surface temperatures during the day. Large values of sensible and soil heat fluxes and small values of surface evaporation (≈1 mm/day) were observed. This data set was modelled, leading to the following conclusions:

1. In the model, the parameterization provides values of the soil thermal properties and subsequently of the predicted soil heat fluxes which are overestimated when compared with the observations.
2. Following the literature, a value of the ratio between the roughness lengths for momentumZ _oand heatZ _ohof close to 10 for fairly homogeneous areas of bare soil and vegetation is used. This value leads to a fair prediction of the surface temperature. If the roughness lengths were taken to be equal, as is often assumed in atmospheric modelling, a poorer prediction results.
3. Finally, the vapor phase transfer mode is found dominant close to the surface and a modified parameterization including this effect is proposed. It allows a fair prediction of both surface evaporation and near-surface water content.

     

Parametrization of peatland hydraulic properties for the Canadian land surface scheme

Abstract

A hydraulic parametrization is developed for peatland environments in the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS). Three ‐wetland soil classes account for the typical variation in the hydraulic characteristics of the uppermost 0.5 m of organic soils. Review of the literature reveals that saturated hydraulic conductivity varies from a median of 1.0 × 10^?7m/s in deeply humified sapric peat to 2.8 × 10^?4 m/s in relatively undecomposed fibric peat. Average pore volume fraction ranges from 0.83 to 0.93. Parameters have been designed for the soil moisture characteristic curves for fibric, hemic and sapric peat using the Campbell (1974) equation employed in CLASS, and the van Genuchten (1980) formulation. There is little difference in modelled soil moisture between the two formulations within the range of conditions normally found in peatlands. Validation of modelled water table depth and peat temperature is performed for a fen in northern Québec and a bog in north‐central Minnesota. The new parametrization results in a more realistic simulation of these variables in peatlands than the previous version of CLASS, in which unrealistic mineral soil “equivalents “ were used for wetland soil climate modelling.     

土壤热扩散系数的确定及其应用

本文应用六种方法，采用四种不同土壤的实测土壤温度梯度，分别计算了其表面热扩散系数，比较分析了每种方法的特点以及计算时对数据数量和精度的要求。结果表明:振幅法、位相法、反正切法和对数法，虽然可提供计算热扩散系数的解析方程，从而使计算简便，数据量少，但要求地温为单纯的正弦波，计算结果不稳定。数值法和调和分析法需应用隐含方程计算，需要数据量较大，但结果稳定可靠。用四种不同表面土壤热扩散系数模拟土壤的温度梯度，与实测值吻合得相当好，标准差小于0.043。本文还模拟了四种土壤条件下的土壤热通量，并与实测值进行了比较，结果也是令人满意的。     

Soil moisture variation and plant water stress at the Hartheim Scots pine plantation

Summary During two measurement campaigns in 1992 (the Hartheim Experiment HartX- and an additional experiment in autumn), measurements of soil moisture were carried out in aPinus sylvestris stand at Hartheim on the Oberrhein. Several methods were used to determine soil water status. They were compared in terms of suitability for estimating stand evapotranspiration (ET) via soil water depletion. Measurements of tree water potential suggested that conductance of the trees was affected by soil water depletion during the period of the HartX campaign in spring 1992. We interpret the observations to indicate a lesser influence of soil water availability on tree transpiration during the autumn experiment.Eddy correlation and xylem sapflow measurements provided reference ET values with which to compare the stand ET calculations based on soil moisture measurements. Profile measurements of soil moisture showed that particularly in springtime when the lower soil layers are saturated with water, the water transport from depths below the major rooting zone is a very important factor affecting evaluation of stand ET. Decreases in soil water storage may be determined best with permanently installed soil moisture sensors such as used in tensiometric or TDR measurements that provide high resolution of changes over time.With 8 Figures     

沙漠地区土壤质地对不同频点微波地表发射率反演和模拟的影响

首先运用先进微波扫描辐射仪(AMSR-E)资料反演了北非沙漠地区晴空条件下的地表微波发射率。然后根据不同的土壤类型,进一步分析了沙漠地表微波发射率频谱特性,并将增加土壤质地信息前、后的翁(Weng)氏微波地表发射率模型(2001)的模拟结果和反演结果进行了比较。结果表明,沙漠地表发射率与土壤质地密切相关,随土壤颗粒大小的不同变化明显。在沙漠土壤类型中,以大颗粒为主的土壤类型,其水平(垂直)极化的发射率通常随频率提高而增大(减小);而对于以较小粒子为主的沙漠土壤类型,地表发射率几乎为常数,或水平(垂直)极化的发射率随频率提高略有减小(增大)。并且,发射率的季节性特征明显,特别是以小颗粒组成的土壤,其水平极化的发射率比垂直极化的发射率表现出更强的季节性变化。以上这些发射率特征与翁氏模型模拟结果一致。此外,在翁氏模型的输入参数中增加土壤质地信息(土壤组分含量、粒径尺度)改善了翁氏模型在沙漠地区的模拟结果,特别是对于包含大量小粒子的沙漠土壤类型,如黏土和黏质壤土,模拟误差从6%9%降低至4%以下。由于翁氏模型是美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)全球同化和预报系统的重要组成部分,对翁氏模型的改进将提高沙漠地区卫星资料的利用率并有望改进数值天气预报的准确度。     

实时GPS水汽探测技术中的电离层延迟订正

在水汽监测网中,利用精密预报星历得到的结果与精密星历的结果相差很小,因此可以采用精密预报星历进行实时的水汽探测。由于电离层延迟对水汽影响较大,因此必须加以消除。详细地介绍了Klobuchar模型、双频观测值求解电离层延迟和双频观测值线性组合无电离层延迟3种方法的推导过程。将3种方法消除电离层延迟的影响大小作一比较,认为双频观测值线性组合无电离层延迟是最好的方法。     

Soil moisture prediction over the Australian continent

Summary This paper describes an attempt to model soil moisture over the Australian continent with an integrated system of dynamic models and a Geographic Information System (GIS) data base. A land surface scheme with improved treatment of soil hydrological processes is described. The non-linear relationships between soil hydraulic conductivity, matric potential and soil moisture are derived from the Broadbridge and White soil model. For a single location, the prediction of the scheme is in good agreement with the measurements of the Hydrological and Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX). High resolution atmospheric and geographic data are used in soil moisture prediction over the Australian continent. The importance of reliable land surface parameters is emphasized and details are given for deriving the parameters from a GIS. Predicted soil moisture patterns over the Australian continent in summer, with a 50 km spatial resolution, are found to be closely related to the distribution of soil types, apart from isolated areas and times under the influence of precipitation. This is consistent with the notion that the Australian continent in summer is generally under water stress. In contrast, predicted soil temperatures are more closely related to radiation patterns and changes in atmospheric circulation. The simulation can provide details of soil moisture evolution both in space and time, that are very useful for studies of land use sustainability, such as plant growth modelling and soil erosion prediction.With 12 Figures