基于煤层巷道开挖卸荷效应的底板冲击孕育过程研究

采用相似模拟和数值模拟研究了河南义马煤田跃进矿采掘影响下巷道底板的应力及变形规律,揭示底板冲击矿压发生前的孕育过程。研究表明,巷道底板冲击受煤层埋深、顶板条件、巷道施工布置方式等多因素影响。在巨厚坚硬上覆砾岩影响下,工作面开采增加了相邻工作面的应力水平。在厚煤层中巷道沿顶板布置留底煤,巷道开挖后,一定范围的煤层底板中的水平应力升高,垂直应力降低,增加了煤层失稳破坏的可能性。巷道开挖卸荷过程中,底板由于没有支护,垂直位移增加,底板的塑性区范围大于两帮,并产生了明显的拉伸破坏,容易使底板成为冲击破坏突破口。      

深部厚顶煤巷道围岩变形破坏机制模型试验研究

为研究深部厚顶煤巷道围岩变形破坏特性及其机制,以赵楼煤矿千米深井厚顶煤巷道为工程背景,开展了大比尺地质力学模型试验,对让压型锚索箱梁支护系统作用下的巷道围岩位移、应力演化规律进行的研究表明：巷道顶底板围岩竖向应力释放较两帮剧烈,水平应力释放反之,巷道顶板中部围岩是顶板竖向应力释放的主要部位。通过与现场试验结果对比验证,总结出深部厚顶煤巷道围岩变形破坏的3个主要特征：顶板变形破坏较两帮和底板严重、顶板围岩变形破坏主要发生在煤岩交界面以下的煤体中、巷中是顶板变形破坏的关键部位,并进一步分析了相应机制：顶板煤岩松软破碎、自承能力差、顶板及其巷中竖向应力释放相对更为剧烈、矩形巷道顶板受力状态差等因素,导致顶煤所受径向应力低,碎胀变形剧烈,且弯曲变形、离层严重,顶板受力结构恶化,最终导致顶板控制困难。     

Borehole stress monitoring analysis on advanced abutment pressure induced by Longwall Mining

The paper presented the research on the dynamic advanced abutment stress induced by longwall mining with borehole stress meters on mining side coal mass. Twenty vibrating wire borehole stress meters were installed into the extracting coal mass wall of a first mining roadway of 910 m depth in Zhuji Coal Mine, China, and were used to monitor dynamic changes in vertical and horizontal stresses. Three months of continuous monitoring and further analysis showed that the impacting distance of advanced abutment stress induced by mining in the strike of the working face along its central axis was the farthest, greater than 250 m (the face length is 220 m); it gradually decreased in the radial direction of the face from its central axis outward; the pressure peak was located within 24 m in the front of the mining coal wall; non-synchronous caving of the layered mudstone roof at the stope occurred. Comparison between vertical and horizontal stress increments indicated that the horizontal stress was much smaller than the vertical stress in the coal mass of mining side, while the latter’s magnitude determined the drastic degree of mine pressure manifestation. The study has been applied to determine the advanced support length of the working face and further provide a reliable basis to forecast such dynamic disasters as rock burst, coal and gas outburst, etc., as well as to design the asymmetric supports on both sides of a gateway.     

复用回采巷道护巷煤柱合理宽度研究

为解决高瓦斯工作面双U型巷道布置中煤柱损失大、相邻工作面复用回采巷道维护困难的难题,综合采用理论分析、数值计算和现场试验的方法,研究得到煤柱宽度对相邻两工作面之间煤柱内复用巷道围岩应力分布和变形特征的影响规律：随着巷道一侧煤柱宽度的增加,巷道围岩垂直应力峰值向一侧移动,并逐渐远离巷道;当巷道一侧煤柱较小时,巷道以窄煤柱帮变形和顶板下沉为主,随着煤柱宽度增加,底鼓增大并成为巷道主要变形。以煤柱内应力峰值比值为指标,分析煤柱宽度与巷道稳定性的关系,并将不同宽度煤柱进行了稳定性分区。研究成果成功应用于工程实践,为类似条件下巷道布置提供依据。     

软硬相间岩层底板变形研究

引入损伤变量ω理论,分析水平状软硬相间岩层在竖向应力下的应力-应变关系：再引用弹性模量E和岩层厚度L两个变形参数建立软硬相间岩层底板变形参数方程,得出竖向应力随着底板深度的增加而减小的规律：运用数值模拟软件,建立煤层开采模型,模拟软硬相间岩层底板在采动作用下的变形过程。通过数值分析底板在采动作用下的应力-应变关系和位移特征,发现竖向应力作用下软岩受到的水平应力比硬岩大,竖向应变也比硬岩大,而竖向应力和水平应变变化不大,认为在采动影响下软硬相间岩层底板中的软岩具有吸收更多的应变能来保护软岩下硬岩的变形特点。     

深部大采高沿空留巷围岩结构沉降破坏与控制

为了解决深部沿空留巷围岩控制难题,选取邢东矿(埋深850 m)1126大采高工作面沿空留巷为研究对象。采用UDEC模拟分析关键块B不同下沉量围岩的响应特征。结果表明:1实体煤帮偏应力峰值和位置与关键块B下沉量呈线性关系增大且向深部转移;2实体煤帮深部变形对关键块B下沉量的响应较弱,愈靠近煤帮表面其敏感性越强,深浅部围岩位移有明显拐点;3顶板下沉量、帮变形量与关键块B下沉量呈正指数关系;4随关键块B下沉,实体煤帮的破坏形式经历了从不稳定三角块滑落→X共轭破坏→双X共轭破坏过程。认为:1巷旁采空区充填可有效限制关键块C下沉对块体B的带动作用;2钢管混凝土支架可适应关键块B的下沉特征,具有较强的抗压缩和弯曲特性;3高性能、高预紧力锚杆可更好地提高锚固体承载和抵御变形能力;4顶桁架锚索可以锚固在关键块B上,锚固基础稳固可靠;帮锚索可以穿越帮潜在滑移面,锚固在位移拐点内的锚固区内,限制帮结构性滑移。基于此提出了巷旁采空区充填+钢管混凝土支架+顶桁架、帮锚索+高强高预紧力锚杆联合控制方案;沿空留巷完成30 d后围岩趋于稳定,顶底板和两帮最大相对移近量分别为613 mm和374 mm,实现了深部大采高沿空留巷围岩的有效控制。     

基于FlAC（3D）模型的新集一矿岩溶水危险性研究

新集一矿1#煤层为矿区埋深最大的山西组煤层,太原组灰岩含水层是1#煤层开采时威胁最大的含水层。为合理评价1#煤层受太原组灰岩突水的威胁及煤层的可采性,按照煤层底板隔水层厚度、岩性组合及其力学性质,建立了FlAC3D模型。通过该数值模型对1#煤层进行模拟40m、80m、120m三次开挖,并用顶底板岩层的主应力差来反映其所处的变形阶段,分析了顶板来压前后底板的不同应力状态对突水危险性的影响,获得了开采1#煤层的顶板最大悬顶距、底板最大破坏深度等参数,认为开挖长度达到105m时,是最易突水位置,从而为后续详细勘探和工作面设计工作提供了参考。     

煤矿巷道底板冲击矿压发生的原因及控制研究

巷道底板水平应力是导致底板冲击矿压发生的主要因素,根据巷道底板冲击矿压的特点,建立了底板冲击矿压发生条件与影响因素的力学模型,初步确定了底板冲击矿压危险性系数的表达式。当底板岩层泊松比一定时,底板冲击矿压危险性系数与巷道埋深、巷道宽度的平方、水平构造应力、巨厚坚硬老顶影响系数成正比,与弹性模量、巷道底板软弱层厚度的平方成反比。通过数值模拟,发现巷道开挖后底板煤层的水平应力升高和垂直应力降低的规律,底板应力极易达到煤层破坏极限,在支护不当和外界扰动下容易发生底板冲击矿压。最后确定了底板强度弱化减冲原理,在跃进煤矿25110工作面下巷采取底板爆破卸压措施后取得了良好效果。研究成果为解决类似条件底板冲击矿压防治问题提供了理论依据和借鉴。     

深井孤岛工作面巷道围岩采动应力分区演化特征

针对深井孤岛工作面煤巷大变形问题,采用现场实测手段研究了回采过程中巷道和采空区应力动态演化规律以及巷道围岩变形破坏演化特征。研究结果表明：深井孤岛工作面巷道围岩应力演化与变形破坏具有显著的阶段性特征,工作面前方大于250 m范围,巷道围岩未受采动影响,围岩应力变化较小且变形主要集中在底板与煤柱肩窝;工作面前方100～250 m支护结构受力增大,巷道浅部围岩破碎,顶底板移近及煤柱内挤变形突出,巷道出现明显的非对称变形破坏;工作面前方100 m为强烈采动影响阶段,尤其是在工作面前方20～22 m围岩垂直应力与空间主应力变化比较剧烈,顶底板移近与两帮内挤变形更加突出,巷道围岩表现出明显的大变形破坏特征。根据采空区应力分区特征分析了顶板覆岩结构的动态演化过程。结合应力与变形破坏演化特征,提出了巷道支护对策,以期为深井巷道围岩控制提供一定指导。     

煤柱下底板偏应力区域特征及案例

选取某煤矿近距离煤层为工程背景,采用FLAC3D模拟了8#煤层残余煤柱底板偏应力场分布特征。结果表明：（1）底板的偏应力呈扩散状向底板传递,距离煤柱越远扩散范围越广,煤柱边缘偏应力呈45°向底板传播;（2）煤柱较窄时,中线和边缘处偏应力影响深度浅,随煤柱宽度增加,底板偏应力变化和影响深度较大,当煤柱宽度足够大时,影响深度又变浅,中部趋于原岩应力;（3）同一水平面上,偏应力呈马鞍状分布,随煤柱宽度增加,煤柱中线处和边缘处偏应力经历了先增大后减小的过程,煤柱边缘处偏应力峰值位置变化不大;（4）同一煤柱宽度,煤柱边缘偏应力峰值向深部递减且趋势减慢,同时,峰值远离煤柱且趋势加快。在自由边界受均布载荷、底板垂直应力、水平应力、切应力解析解的基础上,推导了底板偏应力解析公式,解析与模拟结果基本吻合。具体到该工程的地质条件,9205轨道巷距离煤柱边缘20 m、9205回风巷在煤柱边缘、9205运输巷在煤柱中线处,9205轨道巷维护效果最好,证明了内错式巷道且距离煤柱足够远时,偏应力较小,宏观应力环境更适合巷道围岩自稳。     

Effect of local variations of vertical and horizontal stresses on the Cenozoic structuring of the mid-Norwegian shelf

The mid-Norwegian margin has a complex history and has experienced several phases of changing horizontal and vertical stresses on regional and local scale during the Cenozoic time. In addition to regional stresses related to the opening of the North Atlantic (i.e. ridge push), local variations in stress history may be important for development, distribution and reactivation of structures in the Vøring area in Cenozoic time. Presence and stability of flexural hinge zones between areas of relative uplift and subsidence have played an important role for focusing shallow horizontal stresses within the basins. Emplacement of lower crustal bodies during break-up will, whatever the nature of these bodies, have substantial isostatic effects, and modelling show that this could cause many hundred meters of temporal uplift above the lower crustal bodies, locally exceeding 1300 m of surface uplift. Effects of intra plate stress (IPS) are modelled along three 2D transects across the Vøring Basin. Modelling shows that IPS may have given substantial vertical motions in certain areas of the mid-Norwegian shelf, both with extensional IPS at the time of break-up, and later with compressive IPS during Tertiary time. The modelling assumes a strongly reduced effective elastic thickness (EET) due to lithospheric heating at break-up and later increasing EET as the lithosphere cooled towards present time. Our modelling takes into account the tectonic and isostatic effects of loading faulting and lithospheric thinning throughout the geological history, including several phases of extension prior to the Cenozoic compression. This approach emphasizes the importance of the deformation history of the lithosphere compared to other studies that only take into account the effects of Cenozoic processes of compression and loading on the sedimentary units. We do not state that isostatic uplift or intra plate stress are the most important causes for Cenozoic uplift and compressional deformation in this area, but point to the fact that these factors locally may have played an important role in focusing deformation caused by an interplay of different mechanisms.     

Coal Mine Roadway Stability in Soft Rock: A Case Study

Roadway instability has always been a major concern in deep underground coal mines where the surrounding rock strata and coal seams are weak and the in situ stresses are high. Under the high overburden and tectonic stresses, roadways could collapse or experience excessive deformation, which not only endangers mining personnel but could also reduce the functionality of the roadway and halt production. This paper describes a case study on the stability of roadways in an underground coal mine in Shanxi Province, China. The mine was using a longwall method to extract coal at a depth of approximately 350 m. Both the coal seam and surrounding rock strata were extremely weak and vulnerable to weathering. Large roadway deformation and severe roadway instabilities had been experienced in the past, hence, an investigation of the roadway failure mechanism and new support designs were needed. This study started with an in situ stress measurement programme to determine the stress orientation and magnitude in the mine. It was found that the major horizontal stress was more than twice the vertical stress in the East–West direction, perpendicular to the gateroads of the longwall panel. The high horizontal stresses and low strength of coal and surrounding rock strata were the main causes of roadway instabilities. Detailed numerical modeling was conducted to evaluate the roadway stability and deformation under different roof support scenarios. Based on the modeling results, a new roadway support design was proposed, which included an optimal cable/bolt arrangement, full length grouting, and high pre-tensioning of bolts and cables. It was expected the new design could reduce the roadway deformation by 50 %. A field experiment using the new support design was carried out by the mine in a 100 m long roadway section. Detailed extensometry and stress monitorings were conducted in the experimental roadway section as well as sections using the old support design. The experimental section produced a much better roadway profile than the previous roadway sections. The monitoring data indicated that the roadway deformation in the experimental section was at least 40–50 % less than the previous sections. This case study demonstrated that through careful investigation and optimal support design, roadway stability in soft rock conditions can be significantly improved.     

超长工作面过大断面空巷三维应力演化及综合治理技术

为解决超长工作面过大断面空巷极易发生片帮和大面积冒顶等难题,以晋城成庄矿某超长工作面为背景,建立大断面空巷的三维模型,将工作面顶板划分为煤柱顶板、空巷顶板和待采区顶板3部分。通过理论分析,推导了煤柱失稳的判据,并利用FLAC3D数值模拟分析了大断面空巷顶板应力演化过程。结果表明:煤柱宽度W≤40 m时,工作面超前支承应力与空巷超前支承应力在煤柱上叠加,煤柱开始发生塑性变形;W≤10 m时,煤柱顶板应力逐渐达到峰值16.6 MPa,煤柱发生破坏并失去承载能力,工作面超前支承应力向待采区转移,空巷顶板应力达到峰值12.7 MPa。根据空巷顶板应力演化规律,确定高水材料充填支柱支护的合理强度及空巷两帮煤壁注浆加固的时机,辅以空巷锚索梁补强,提出了大断面空巷综合治理措施,现场应用效果良好。      

淮南矿区地应力条件及其对煤层顶底板稳定性的影响

通过现场地应力测量和理论分析以及数值模拟计算,研究了淮南矿区地应力分布规律,探讨了圆形硐室围岩应力分布和不同侧压下回采工作面顶板稳定性分布。研究结果表明:淮南矿区原岩应力主要表现为自重应力场,除局部构造应力集中外,不存在高构造应力;区内侧压力系数λ值一般为0.49~1.49,平均为0.92,并且与测点距地表深度有一定的趋向性,表现为在浅部λ值较大,变化范围也大,而在深部λ值渐小,变化范围也缩小;回采工作面顶底板稳定性与侧压系数λ的大小密切相关,且随侧压系数λ的增大,顶板垂直位移减小,顶板岩层易于形成结构平衡而保持稳定,但底板垂直位移量增大,且易于形成底鼓破坏。这些认识为研究区煤层顶底板岩层支护控制提供了科学依据。      

彬长矿区软底巷道变形特征及影响因素分析

通过对蒋家河煤矿ZF1404工作面巷道变形特征的分析,初步总结出了彬长矿区巷道变形的影响因素:应力场的不均衡分布为控制因素;软岩底板、厚度不均、埋深较大和倾角较小为内在因素;矿山压力、顶板淋水和软岩遇水膨胀为直接因素;采动影响为间接因素。变形严重区位于赵坡向斜轴部及两侧。结合实际生产过程中采取的巷道维护措施,认为合理规划采掘布局和采掘接替、合理留设护底煤、不同区段采取不同的支护措施、及时抽排工作面涌水等治理措施能有效防止软底巷道变形,确保该工作面正常安全生产,具有一定的借鉴意义。      

大断面切眼主应力差转移规律及支护技术

为解决厚煤层大断面切眼支护难题,选取某煤矿5206切眼为研究对象,采用UDEC模拟研究了切眼宽度为6～10 m的过程中,围岩主应力差、变形、裂隙场的响应特征,结果表明：顶、底、两帮主应力差分布形态均呈浅部逐渐升高、深部降低特征;随着切眼宽增加,顶板主应力差峰值呈先恒定后降低,底板主应力差呈先降低再恒定,而两帮主应力差逐渐升高的趋势;主应力差峰值向深部转移幅度：两帮>顶板>底板。顶板和两帮深部位移曲线呈指数关系向深部递减,而底板深部变形曲线有明显拐点,呈台阶式降低,表面最大位移呈顶板>两帮>底板;围岩裂隙场分3个区：裂隙贯通区、裂隙发育区、微裂隙区,半椭圆状分布,裂隙贯通程度呈中间大于两侧、浅部大于深部。认为：高性能锚杆可以更有效地限制裂隙滑移,双桁架锚索可锚固在顶板肩角无裂隙区和深部预应力叠加区,可有效加强支护顶板,抵消部分主应力差。基于此,提出了高强、高预紧力锚带网和双桁架锚索联合控制技术,支护完成后10 d自稳,顶板累计离层3 mm,顶底板相对移近量125 mm,两帮相对移近量94 mm。     

软弱厚煤层沿空留巷变形破坏特征及控制研究

针对软弱厚煤层综放开采沿空留巷动压显现明显,顶板易出现不均匀切顶下沉等问题。通过现场调研、理论分析和数值模拟,阐明了软弱厚煤层综放开采沿空留巷动压显现特征和变形机制,提出了软弱厚煤层沿煤层顶板布置沿空留巷变形协同支护体系。研究结果表明：综放开采采出厚度大,沿煤层底板留巷时沿空留巷煤层顶板承载能力差,“底板−巷旁支护体−顶板”支护体系载能力不协调,是造成软弱厚煤层沿空留巷产生大变形的主要原因;沿煤层顶板留巷变形协同支护体系的提出提高了沿空留巷帮部、顶底板及巷旁支护体的协同承载能力,可有效地保证软弱厚煤层沿空留巷的围岩稳定。研究成果在古城煤矿的成功应用,证明了该支护体系在软弱厚煤层综放沿空留巷中的可行性。     

Seismic identification of geothermal prospecting in Harrat Rahat,Northern Arabian Shield

Influenced by mining activities in adjacent coal seams, stresses on rocks surrounding roadway were redistributed, and the roadways in lower coal seam were subjected to the asymmetrical roof falling and roof sagging. Considering stresses effect on the plastic zone around the roadway, numerical models were carried out by FLAC to investigate plastic zone with respect to stress ratio and direction of stresses. The relationship between the properties of surrounding rock and plastic zone boundary was also investigated by another numerical model and analytical study, whereby the tailgate stability of panel 30,501 in Tashan coal mine was implemented. It is shown that the rocks surrounding a roadway in the lower coal seam were subjected to unequal stresses, and the principal stress direction was deflected from the original direction. High stresses and big stress ratio can produce butterfly-shaped or X-shaped plastic zone. The direction of stresses was deflected, causing the plastic zone around the roadway to be transferred from the shoulder to the roof of the roadway. Consequently, asymmetrical stresses produce asymmetrical plastic zone. On this basis, the tailgate should be assigned conditions of the stresses and stress ratio at a low level. In this way, the tailgate was arranged at the position where the horizontal distance from the roadway in the lower seam to the centre line of the coal pillar in the upper seam (x) is 52.5 m, and was stable relatively.     

近距离上保护层开采瓦斯运移规律数值分析

采动裂隙是瓦斯运移的通道,搞清瓦斯运移规律是瓦斯治理的前提。在考虑岩石动态破坏过程和含瓦斯煤岩渗流-应力-损伤耦合的基础上,结合平煤五矿实际地质条件和开采工艺,建立了数值计算模型,应用RFPA-Gas程序模拟了近距离上保护层采动顶底板岩层变形破坏、裂隙演化规律与瓦斯运移规律。模拟结果较好地再现了保护层开采过程中煤岩层应力变化、顶底板损伤及裂隙演化过程,得到了上覆岩层移动的“上三带”（冒落带、裂隙带和弯曲下沉带）和底板变形的“下两带”（底板变形破坏带和弹塑性变形带）。得到了被保护层瓦斯流量分布、瓦斯压力分布和透气系数的变化规律,卸压煤层瓦斯透气性增大了2 500倍,得到了煤壁下方压缩区和膨胀区之间的张剪瓦斯渗流通道,并将保护层底板压缩区和膨胀区的瓦斯渗流特征提炼出来：压缩区对应的是渗流减速减量区、膨胀区由卸压膨胀陡变区和卸压膨胀平稳区组成,分别对应着渗流急剧增速增量区和渗流平稳增量区。指出卸压膨胀陡变区是瓦斯突出危险区,为近距离保护层开采瓦斯治理指明了方向。实践表明,瓦斯治理效果显著。     

应力干扰下煤层顶板水平井穿层分段压裂规律

穿层压裂是提高煤层顶板水平井产气量的关键技术，而应力干扰对煤层顶板水平井穿层分段压裂效果具有重要影响，为此，建立顶板水平井穿层分段压裂数值模型，研究应力干扰对穿层分段压裂裂缝扩展的影响规律。结果表明:煤层的岩石力学参数、压裂段间距和压裂施工方式是影响顶板水平井穿层压裂段间干扰的3个重要因素，随着煤层泊松比的降低，叠加应力逐渐增加，段间干扰程度增加；随着段间距离的增加，叠加应力逐渐减少、应力干扰逐渐减弱；顶板岩层内的叠加应力和应力干扰程度明显大于煤层；渗流扩散泄压施工产生的叠加应力明显低于连续压裂施工，段间干扰程度明显降低。研究得出连续施工的中硬煤层分段间距在90 m左右，软煤层分段间距在70~80 m较合理。扩散泄压压裂施工段间距相应降低，中硬煤层的分段间距在70 m左右、软煤层分段间距在60 m左右较合理。工程实践表明，顶板水平井分段压裂裂缝穿透了煤层，形成了较长裂缝，取得了较好的产气效果，实现对煤层的高效穿层压裂改造，研究结果为顶板水平井穿层压裂段间距优化提供了理论依据。