高应力大断面煤巷锚杆索桁架系统试验研究

高应力构造区大断面煤巷围岩控制技术是煤矿巷道工程中亟需研究的问题之一。以峰峰集团新三矿废矸充填复杂困难煤巷为典型研究对象,综合现场调研和数值模拟分析结果得出高应力作用下大断面煤巷变形破坏特征,提出一种基于“索-拱”结构为核心的高应力煤巷围岩控制系统-锚杆索桁架,分析该支护系统基本结构,设计流程及支护预应力场分布特征,在新三矿某一置换煤巷开展工业性试验,研究结果表明,新型支护系统结构稳定,巷道围岩控制效果良好,对类似困难巷道支护具有一定的理论和实用参考价值。     

Seismic identification of geothermal prospecting in Harrat Rahat,Northern Arabian Shield

Influenced by mining activities in adjacent coal seams, stresses on rocks surrounding roadway were redistributed, and the roadways in lower coal seam were subjected to the asymmetrical roof falling and roof sagging. Considering stresses effect on the plastic zone around the roadway, numerical models were carried out by FLAC to investigate plastic zone with respect to stress ratio and direction of stresses. The relationship between the properties of surrounding rock and plastic zone boundary was also investigated by another numerical model and analytical study, whereby the tailgate stability of panel 30,501 in Tashan coal mine was implemented. It is shown that the rocks surrounding a roadway in the lower coal seam were subjected to unequal stresses, and the principal stress direction was deflected from the original direction. High stresses and big stress ratio can produce butterfly-shaped or X-shaped plastic zone. The direction of stresses was deflected, causing the plastic zone around the roadway to be transferred from the shoulder to the roof of the roadway. Consequently, asymmetrical stresses produce asymmetrical plastic zone. On this basis, the tailgate should be assigned conditions of the stresses and stress ratio at a low level. In this way, the tailgate was arranged at the position where the horizontal distance from the roadway in the lower seam to the centre line of the coal pillar in the upper seam (x) is 52.5 m, and was stable relatively.     

泥化弱胶结软岩地层中矩形巷道的变形破坏过程分析

在西部地区,一定数量的矿区处于泥化弱胶结软岩地层,此类软岩胶结性差、强度低、遇水泥化。矩形是采区巷道的常用型式,但其断面受力不均、稳定性差。在上述软岩地层中的矩形巷道承载力低、变形量大、变形持续时间长,给煤矿的安全生产带来极大困难。以内蒙古新上海一号煤矿皮带顺槽矩形巷道为背景,运用FLAC3D软件中的Cvisc黏弹塑性模型,对矩形巷道的变形破坏进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与现场监测结果对比分析。结果表明:巷道开挖支护后,受断面形状影响,矩形巷道四角出现压应力集中和顶板受拉区,巷道顶板下沉量大,底板底臌严重,两帮向巷道挤出;受围岩岩性影响,围岩进入塑性的时间快短、范围大,塑性区超出了支护体的作用范围,造成锚杆(索)的锚固效果难以完全发挥,围岩出现整体滑动的现象;巷道变形呈现出流变变形的特性,变形量随时间持续增加,持续的蠕变变形超出了支护体的可控范围,最终引起巷道的失稳破坏。     

红庆梁煤矿地应力场特征及巷道稳定性分析

针对红庆梁煤矿回采巷道变形严重问题,采用空心包体地应力测量方法对红庆梁煤矿3-1煤的地应力进行了实测,获得地应力场分布特征。应用地质动力区划法划分红庆梁井田Ⅰ—Ⅴ级断裂构造,应用“岩体应力状态分析系统”,进行应力区划分和巷道稳定性分析。研究表明:红庆梁煤矿地应力场属于以水平压应力为主导的水平构造应力场,地应力场方向对巷道稳定性影响较小;井田范围内共划分4个应力区:低应力区、正常应力区、应力梯度区、高应力区,分别占井田面积的5.9%、55.7%、27.0%、11.4%;应力大小是影响巷道稳定性的主要原因,致使处于应力梯度区和高应力区内的巷道变形严重。地应力场的分布特征分析和应力区的划分对红庆梁煤矿及类似条件矿井的采掘部署和支护设计具有重要作用。移动阅读      

大断面综放沿空巷道煤柱合理宽度与围岩控制

确定合理的区段煤柱宽度及巷道支护型式和参数,对于提高资源回采率和巷道安全性及实现综放开采高产高效意义重大。以王家岭煤矿20103区段运输平巷为工程背景,采用FLAC3D数值分析了不同煤柱宽度下围岩主应力差、变形及破坏演化规律,认为合理煤柱宽度为6～10 m,并结合实际地质和生产条件确定试验巷道煤柱宽度为8 m。采用理论分析和现场钻孔窥视方法综合确定基本顶断裂线位于距采空区约7 m处,认为由于综放沿空巷道围岩性质结构和应力分布沿巷道中心线呈明显非对称性,将引发煤柱侧顶板严重下沉和肩角部位煤岩体错位、嵌入、台阶下沉等非对称破坏特征,靠煤柱侧顶板及肩角部位是巷道变形破坏的关键部位。在此研究基础上,针对性地提出了以高强锚梁网、不对称锚梁、锚索桁架为主体的综合控制技术,详细阐明了具体支护措施的控制机制,并进行现场应用。工程实践表明,8 m煤柱宽度合理,该支护技术能够保证窄煤柱沿空巷道围岩稳定,并已在王家岭煤矿大面积推广应用,对类似工程条件的支护技术具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。     

Mechanical analysis of a vertical-wall,semicircular-arch roadway and a repair technique using double-shell support

Roadways in coal mines normally have two vertical side walls and a semicircular arch-shaped roof when viewed in cross section, a design conducive to the stability of surrounding rocks. The North 1 main roadway in Duerping Coal Mine has suffered severe damage and the conventional support method employed there is incapable of ensuring long-term stability of the surrounding rocks. This study provides a mechanical analysis of this vertical-wall, semicircular-arch (VWSA) roadway using a mechanical model. Formulas describing stresses in the rocks surrounding a VWSA roadway were derived through complex analysis. The stress distribution in the surrounding rocks was then predicted using the formulas. Based on the results, a double-shell support structure consisting of an internal shell, a flexible interlayer, and an external shell was developed as a new technique to stabilize surrounding rocks. The functional mechanisms of the three parts and the specific construction procedure are detailed in this paper. Moreover, the key technical parameters were optimized through a comparative analysis of the surrounding rock’s deformation behavior for different shell and interlayer thicknesses. After implementation of this technique, the floor heave, relative displacement between two sides, and roof lowering in the North 1 main roadway decreased to 82, 185, and 161 mm, respectively, which meet the requirements for long-term service. This verifies the effectiveness of the proposed technique in surrounding rock control.     

Borehole stress monitoring analysis on advanced abutment pressure induced by Longwall Mining

The paper presented the research on the dynamic advanced abutment stress induced by longwall mining with borehole stress meters on mining side coal mass. Twenty vibrating wire borehole stress meters were installed into the extracting coal mass wall of a first mining roadway of 910 m depth in Zhuji Coal Mine, China, and were used to monitor dynamic changes in vertical and horizontal stresses. Three months of continuous monitoring and further analysis showed that the impacting distance of advanced abutment stress induced by mining in the strike of the working face along its central axis was the farthest, greater than 250 m (the face length is 220 m); it gradually decreased in the radial direction of the face from its central axis outward; the pressure peak was located within 24 m in the front of the mining coal wall; non-synchronous caving of the layered mudstone roof at the stope occurred. Comparison between vertical and horizontal stress increments indicated that the horizontal stress was much smaller than the vertical stress in the coal mass of mining side, while the latter’s magnitude determined the drastic degree of mine pressure manifestation. The study has been applied to determine the advanced support length of the working face and further provide a reliable basis to forecast such dynamic disasters as rock burst, coal and gas outburst, etc., as well as to design the asymmetric supports on both sides of a gateway.     

Effect of Mine Water on the Stability of Underground Coal Mine Roadways

The basic objectives of mine roadways are to provide sufficient cross sections to accommodate equipment, transport, personnel travel and ventilation. However, many roadways become damaged to the extent of needing maintenance, generally dinting, and in some cases requiring re-ripping. Strata conditions play important effects on stability of roadways and other mining activities. Weak rocks cause excessive roadway closures, and water softens some rocks and worsens the closure problem. Therefore, study on effect of mine water on the stability of underground coal mine roadways is important for underground coal mine development. A scientific discussion on the effect of water on the stability of roadways is given on the basis of results obtained by means of field investigation and laboratory tests. Based on analysis, rock in saturated condition has only between 0.19 to 0.49 of its compressive strength and 0.17 to 0.59 of its tensile strength in dry condition. Among the coal measures rock in research area, water has the most obvious effect on the strength reduction of shale. The slaking behavior of shale has also been the worst among the other. Field investigation of roadway driven in shale shown vertical closure in the wet and dry condition area reached 40–60 and 5–15 cm respectively, in 30 days after the drivage. Among the measures, drainage is considered to be the most economical and simplest method to reduce the water content in the rocks or the rock masses.     

特厚煤层小煤柱沿空掘巷数值分析及应用

沿空掘巷开采技术成功的关键主要取决于采场覆岩稳定的时间和沿空掘巷的位置。采场采动岩体运动导致围岩应力重新分布,动态采场应力作用于围岩并使其状态发生灾变是发生矿山灾害的根本原因。特厚煤层分层综采巷道布置（包括内错、外错和垂直）,合理确定煤柱尺寸、巷道支护方式和参数选择能够最大可能发挥围岩的自承能力,是提高巷道稳定的重要保证。在稳定的内应力场范围内布置小煤柱护巷,能够明显提高巷道围岩稳定状态,减少巷道维护费用。通过理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测等方法,对特厚煤层下分层沿空掘巷小煤柱不同巷道布置设计,通过煤柱的应力、应变和位移进行对比分析,确定特厚煤层下分层沿空掘巷合理的巷道位置和煤柱尺寸及上覆岩层防控技术,并得到工程验证是正确可靠的,从而为特厚煤层小煤柱开采技术提供了重要的科学依据。     

模糊等价聚类分析在王村矿围岩稳定性分析中的应用

针对澄合矿区王村矿井部分巷道及硐室围岩变形破坏严重的现状,以围岩抗压强度、围岩泊松比、侧压力系数、围岩弹性模量、巷道埋深、巷道跨度、最大应力集中系数及围岩平均移动速率作为围岩稳定性因子,通过对8条典型巷道及硐室围岩稳定性因子的现场实测,并对所得数据进行模糊等价聚类分析的基础上,将围岩稳定性划分为极不稳定、不稳定、基本稳定、稳定及非常稳定等5类。在此基础上,将围岩稳定性影响因子分为最主要因素、主要因素及一般因素3大类,进而确定各监测巷道及硐室的围岩稳定性类别。结果表明,模糊等价聚类分析具有较强的工程适用性,是解决矿井围岩稳定性分析的一种有效方法,基于该方法得到的围岩稳定性影响因子分类和围岩类别可以为合理设计围岩支护方案及其参数提供理论依据。      

Measurement of Longwall Mining Induced Strata Permeability

The paper summarizes the findings of the underground permeability measurements (using inflatable packers) undertaken at a mine site in New South Wales in Australia and highlights the difficulties encountered during packer testing. The research project was supported by the Australian Coal Association Research Project. Within this project, systematic sub-surface and underground hydrogeological monitoring and measurements were carried out e.g. underground packer tests and piezometer, extensometer, and water inflow monitoring during mining. The project was aimed at investigating the effects of longwall mining on strata pore pressure, permeability, and water inflow to facilitate prediction of mining induced aquifer interference and mine water inflow. This paper presents only the results of underground permeability tests conducted at the mine site. The tests show that the drivage of main headings (roadways) can induce a significant change in permeability into the solid coal barrier. Permeability can be seen to increase by as much as 50 times at a distance of 11.2–11.5 m from the roadway rib. The measured permeability values varied widely and strangely on a number of occasions; for example the test conducted from the main headings at 8.2–8.5 m test section in the solid coal barrier showed a decline in permeability value compared to that at 11.2–11.5 m section contrary to the expectations. The tests conducted in the roof strata near (above) the longwall goaf indicated a possibility of more than 1,000 fold increase in permeability. Though the underground packer testing appears to be a good technique for measuring in situ permeability of rocks and coal seams, the study highlighted that (1) boreholes for packer testing need to be drilled with extreme care so as to avoid any undue damage or smearing of the borehole wall and (2) a sufficient number of tests at a number of locations needs to be conducted to cater for the possible variations of the test results.     

采动影响下软岩巷道破坏机理及控制

以淮北某煤矿109轨道大巷为研究对象,构建采动影响下大巷破坏的弹塑性力学模型,从而得出巷道围岩内表面的位移解。对轨道大巷进行“锚杆注浆”,通过现场实测,得出“锚杆注浆”能提高破碎围岩的强度,改善岩体的性质,有效控制围岩的变形。对采动影响下巷道围岩变化机理以及巷道围岩应力变化进行系统分析,为该矿后续巷道支护以及相近条件下巷道的治理提供了借鉴。      

进路分步开挖背景应力场演化规律研究

鲁中小官庄铁矿由于埋藏深、地压大、矿体倾角比较缓、矿岩破碎,是国内有名的难采矿山之一。进路开挖以后支护巷道破坏严重,其围岩变形为无收敛变形,也是国内支护较难的矿山之一。针对小官庄铁矿情况,为掌握其地压活动规律,应用东北大学岩石破裂过程分析系统（RFPA）,模拟其采用无底柱分段崩落法进路开挖过程,对进路开挖过程巷道围岩应力变化进行数值分析。发现随着进路开挖,导致进路出现片帮、底鼓、顶板下沉等现象,并且在矿岩接触带出现高应力集中,导致两进路之间的间柱破坏严重,并随着进路开挖应力逐步向新开挖两进路之间的间柱转移,开挖顺序造成边界矿体出现高应力集中,导致边界矿体难采。数值分析结果可以看出：进路的开挖顺序是导致小官庄铁矿进路围岩破坏的一个主要原因。     

深井孤岛工作面巷道围岩采动应力分区演化特征

针对深井孤岛工作面煤巷大变形问题,采用现场实测手段研究了回采过程中巷道和采空区应力动态演化规律以及巷道围岩变形破坏演化特征。研究结果表明：深井孤岛工作面巷道围岩应力演化与变形破坏具有显著的阶段性特征,工作面前方大于250 m范围,巷道围岩未受采动影响,围岩应力变化较小且变形主要集中在底板与煤柱肩窝;工作面前方100～250 m支护结构受力增大,巷道浅部围岩破碎,顶底板移近及煤柱内挤变形突出,巷道出现明显的非对称变形破坏;工作面前方100 m为强烈采动影响阶段,尤其是在工作面前方20～22 m围岩垂直应力与空间主应力变化比较剧烈,顶底板移近与两帮内挤变形更加突出,巷道围岩表现出明显的大变形破坏特征。根据采空区应力分区特征分析了顶板覆岩结构的动态演化过程。结合应力与变形破坏演化特征,提出了巷道支护对策,以期为深井巷道围岩控制提供一定指导。     

Research on mining-induced deformation and stress,insights from physical modeling and theoretical analysis

The dynamic change of mining-induced stress is the main reason for large deformation of surrounding rock. To investigate the influence of mining-induced stress and deformation is important for appropriate supportive design. It also helps to raise the safety and productivity of longwall mining operations. In this paper, Weijiagou Coal Mine in Southwest China was selected as the case study. In order to research on the deformation and breakage of overlying strata, physical modeling test was carried out on the self-developed rotatable physical similar test system. By using digital image correlation (DIC) technique, the deformation of strata and development of cracks in the process of coal seam excavation were acquired, meanwhile, mining-induced stress was also monitored by pressure cell and strainmeter. According to the mechanical structure of stope, the height of the destressed zone has a significant influence on stress distribution. In order to minimize the discrepancy between the physical model test and theoretical analysis, the dimension of the plastic zone of roadway was added into the mining panel width, and the gap between the experimental and theoretical results reduced.     

大断面厚顶煤巷道顶板冒落破坏的上限分析

根据大断面厚顶煤巷道顶板的破坏特性,考虑了顶板围岩应力水平与支护荷载的影响,利用Hoek-Brown强度准则及其相关联的流动法则,构造出厚顶煤巷道顶板的冒落破坏机构。基于塑性力学中的上限分析方法,结合变分原理,推导得到了大跨度厚顶煤巷道顶板的冒落破坏机制,并以赵楼煤矿某巷道现场实践为例,分析了不同计算参数对顶板冒落破坏机制的影响。计算研究表明：随着岩体经验参数A、抗拉强度、抗压强度及支护荷载的增加,冒落体尺寸随之增大,而当岩体经验参数B、围岩应力及岩体重度增加时,冒落体尺寸则随之减小;冒落体尺寸代表了巷道顶板安全性能的大小,其尺寸越大,表明使巷道顶板发生冒落破坏所需外力功越多,顶板安全性能也越高;岩体经验参数B、围岩应力水平与支护荷载对顶板围岩破裂机制影响较为显著,参数B决定了冒落体的破裂形状,随着参数B的增加,冒落破裂迹线的曲率不断减小;增大支护阻力是提高顶板稳定性的有效途径,其研究结果可为大断面厚顶煤巷道支护设计提供一定的理论依据。     

急倾斜软硬互层巷道变形破坏机制及支护技术研究

针对急倾斜软硬互层巷道围岩大变形控制难题,采用现场试验、理论分析和数值仿真等多种手段,研究急倾斜巷道围岩变形破坏机制,研究结果表明：急倾斜软硬互层巷道的变形与破坏具有非对称性,偏压作用明显,呈现顶板下滑,底板臌起的相互错动变形特征,底臌严重且易片帮冒顶。巷道断面与岩层倾斜方向的钝角部位受侧向约束小,因而剪切滑移变形较大,是产生非对称变形破坏的关键部位;下帮围岩变形破坏较上帮更为严重。基于急倾斜巷道的变形破坏特点,提出在锚- 网-索耦合支护的基础上利用锚索、底角锚杆等对产生差异变形破坏的关键部位进行加强支护的方法,巷道大变形得到了有效控制。     

Numerical Investigation of the Dynamic Mechanical State of a Coal Pillar During Longwall Mining Panel Extraction

This study presents a numerical investigation on the dynamic mechanical state of a coal pillar and the assessment of the coal bump risk during extraction using the longwall mining method. The present research indicates that there is an intact core, even when the peak pillar strength has been exceeded under uniaxial compression. This central portion of the coal pillar plays a significant role in its loading capacity. In this study, the intact core of the coal pillar is defined as an elastic core. Based on the geological conditions of a typical longwall panel from the Tangshan coal mine in the City of Tangshan, China, a numerical fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in three dimensions (FLAC^3D) model was created to understand the relationship between the volume of the elastic core in a coal pillar and the vertical stress, which is considered to be an important precursor to the development of a coal bump. The numerical results suggest that, the wider the coal pillar, the greater the volume of the elastic core. Therefore, a coal pillar with large width may form a large elastic core as the panel is mined, and the vertical stress is expected to be greater in magnitude. Because of the high stresses and the associated stored elastic energy, the risk of coal bumps in a coal pillar with large width is greater than for a coal pillar with small width. The results of the model also predict that the peak abutment stress occurs near the intersection between the mining face and the roadways at a distance of 7.5 m from the mining face. It is revealed that the bump-prone zones around the longwall panel are within 7–10 m ahead of the mining face and near the edge of the roadway during panel extraction.     

深部厚顶煤巷道围岩变形破坏机制模型试验研究

为研究深部厚顶煤巷道围岩变形破坏特性及其机制,以赵楼煤矿千米深井厚顶煤巷道为工程背景,开展了大比尺地质力学模型试验,对让压型锚索箱梁支护系统作用下的巷道围岩位移、应力演化规律进行的研究表明：巷道顶底板围岩竖向应力释放较两帮剧烈,水平应力释放反之,巷道顶板中部围岩是顶板竖向应力释放的主要部位。通过与现场试验结果对比验证,总结出深部厚顶煤巷道围岩变形破坏的3个主要特征：顶板变形破坏较两帮和底板严重、顶板围岩变形破坏主要发生在煤岩交界面以下的煤体中、巷中是顶板变形破坏的关键部位,并进一步分析了相应机制：顶板煤岩松软破碎、自承能力差、顶板及其巷中竖向应力释放相对更为剧烈、矩形巷道顶板受力状态差等因素,导致顶煤所受径向应力低,碎胀变形剧烈,且弯曲变形、离层严重,顶板受力结构恶化,最终导致顶板控制困难。     

Three Zones and Support Technique for Large Section Incline Shaft Crossing Goaf

Aiming at the construction and control problems of fractured rock mass when large section inclined shaft through goaf in this paper, and with the new digging belt conveyer incline shaft at No. 6 mine of Pingdingshan as the study subject, three zones of overlying strata in goaf and stability control of surrounding rock in incline shaft was studied. According to the actual mining situation and the engineering geological conditions, the methods of empirical formula and field tracking were used to determine the height of three zones of overlying strata and the length corresponding to the new digging belt conveyer incline shaft. At the same time, the mechanical characteristics of surrounding rock in caving zone analyzed by laboratory experiment. And the compacted conditions of rock strata in goaf with the Ding_5–6 coal seam was obtained through the field, so that “rigid U steel arch+ pouring concrete” supporting scheme was put forward. In addition, the mechanics principle of U steel inverted arch was analyzed by mechanical theory, which finally determined the concrete support parameters and construction scheme for surrounding rock of incline shaft in caving zone. Through field practice and late monitoring, the result shown that the stability of surrounding rock was well controlled, and surrounding rock began to stabilize and its deformation rate was less than 1 mm/d in the stable stage of monitoring.