Comparison of Microphysical Characteristics of Warm-sector, Frontal and Shearline Heavy Rainfall During the Pre-summer Rainy Season in South China

Warm-sector heavy rainfall (WR), shear-line heavy rainfall (SR), and frontal heavy rainfall (FR) are three types of rainfall that frequently occur during the pre-summer rainy season in south China. In this research, we investigated the differences in microphysical characteristics of heavy rainfall events during the period of 10-15 May 2022 based on the combined observations from 11 S-band polarimetric radars in south China. The conclusions are as follows: (1) WR has the highest radar echo top height, the strongest radar echo at all altitudes, the highest lightning density, and the most active ice-phase process, which suggests that the convection is the most vigorous in the WR, moderate in the FR, and the weakest in the SR. (2) Three types of rainfall are all marine-type precipitation, the massweighted mean diameter (Dm, mm) and the intercept parameter (Nw, mm-1 m-3 ) of the raindrops in the WR are the largest. (3) The WR possesses the highest proportion of graupel compared with the FR and SR, and stronger updrafts and more abundant water vapor supply may lead to larger raindrops during the melting and collision-coalescence processes. (4) Over all the heights, liquid and ice water content in the WR are higher than those in the SR and FR, the ratio of ice to liquid water content in the WR is as high as 27% when ZH exceeds 50 dBZ, definitely higher than that in the SR and FR, indicating that the active ice-phase process existing in the WR is conducive to the formation of heavy rainfall.     

山东不同云系降水微物理参数特征

研究不同云系降水的微物理参数特征,对研究降水机制、人工影响天气、雷达定量测量降水、数值预报模式中微物理参数化方案的选择等都有一定意义。本文针对2015年济南地区的液态降水过程,基于微降水雷达(Micro Rain Radar,简称MRR)资料,研究不同云系降水的微物理参数。在400 m高度上,层状云降水0.02~0.2 mm h-1雨强样本数很大,但对累计降水量的贡献很小。混合云和对流云降水在大粒子端数浓度较高。在垂直方向上,层状云降水中的粒子的尺度较集中,中值体积直径D0平均在1 mm左右,随高度的变化不大。对流云降水在雨强大于20 mm h-1时,强垂直气流(包括上升气流和下沉气流)对粒子直径的影响较大,进而影响空中微降水雷达反演降水参数的数据质量。而垂直气流的影响对层状云降水影响较小,在层状云降水时,微降水雷达可以用来分析零度层亮带以下雨滴谱在垂直方向上的演变。     

雨滴谱垂直演变特征的微雨雷达观测研究

雨滴谱的垂直变化特征对于认识降水过程、改进模式和雷达定量估计降水等具有重要意义。利用2016年6月1日-9月30日雨量筒、微雨雷达（micro rain radar,简称MRR）和PARSIVEL雨滴谱仪连续4个月的观测数据,在对比3种仪器观测结果的基础上,研究了层状云降水不同降水强度下微物理特征量和雨滴谱垂直演变特征。结果表明:MRR与PARSIVEL雨滴谱仪观测降水强度相关性较好,且两种仪器观测的雨滴谱在中等粒子段（0.5~2.5 mm）表现出较好的一致性,而对于小粒子段（雨滴直径小于0.5 mm）PARSIVEL雨滴谱仪观测的数浓度明显低于MRR。对于弱降水（降水强度R ≤ 0.2 mm·h-1）,液水含量和降水强度随高度降低减小,雨滴在下落过程中蒸发明显。对于较强降水（R>2 mm·h-1）,随高度降低,雷达反射率因子增大,小滴数浓度减小的同时大滴数浓度增加明显,雨滴下落过程碰并作用明显。所有高度直径不超过0.5 mm的小滴对数浓度贡献均为最大。高层雨滴直径不小于1 mm的小粒子对降水强度的贡献可达50%,小粒子对降水强度贡献随高度降低减小。     

Variability of Raindrop Size Distribution during a Regional Freezing Rain Event in the Jianghan Plain of Central China

The characteristics of the raindrop size distribution(DSD) during regional freezing rain(FR) events that occur throughout the phase change(from liquid to solid) are poorly understood due to limited observations. We investigate the evolution of microphysical parameters and the key formation mechanisms of regional FR using the DSDs from five disdrometer sites in January 2018 in the Jianghan Plain(JHP) of Central China. FR is identified via the size and velocity distribution measured from a disdrom...     

庐山一次积冰天气过程冻雨滴谱及下落末速度物理特征个例研究

利用PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪和自动气象站观测资料及MICAPS数据,对2014年2月7~15日庐山地区积冰天气期间持续时间在5 h以上的2次冻雨过程[2月10日（个例1）和2月13日（个例2）]降水谱分布特征及下落末速度粒径分布进行研究。所观测到的两次个例均是以冻雨为主体的混合相态降水,下落末速度粒径分布偏离G-K曲线,与常规液态降水存在差异,低落速的冻雨滴随降水过程会逐渐向冰粒和干雪转化。结果表明:（1）个例1总降水粒子谱谱宽大于个例2,但峰值数密度比个例2小:个例1谱宽为10 mm,个例2谱宽为4.25 mm,两者峰值粒径均为0.5 mm;个例1降水粒子谱宽为干雪>冻雨>冰粒,个例2降水粒子谱宽为冻雨>干雪>冰粒。（2）Gamma分布更适合描述混合相态降水粒子谱以及冻雨滴谱,个例1中总降水粒子谱Gamma分布为:N（D）=20D-3.61exp（-0.08D）,冻雨Gamma分布:N（D）=76D-2.18exp（-1.11D）;个例2中总降水粒子谱Gamma分布为:N（D）=30D-4.68exp（-0.75D）,冻雨Gamma分布:N（D）=30D-4.67exp（-0.75D）。（3）混合相态降水因混有干雪或冰粒而使得下落末速度粒径谱分布表现出不同程度地向大粒径小落速方向或小粒径大落速方向延展的趋势,这为今后依据下落末速度粒径谱区分同时期降水类型提供了新的思路。     

Microphysical Characteristics of Precipitation during Pre-monsoon,Monsoon, and Post-monsoon Periods over the South China Sea

Raindrop size distribution (RSD) characteristics over the South China Sea (SCS) are examined with onboard Parsivel disdrometer measurements collected during marine surveys from 2012 to 2016. The observed rainfall is divided into pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon periods based on the different large-scale circumstances. In addition to disdrometer data, sounding observation, FY-2E satellite, SPRINTARS (Spectral Radiation-Transport Model for Aerosol Species), and NCEP reanalysis datasets are used to illustrate the dynamical and microphysical characteristics associated with the rainfall in different periods. Significant variations have been observed in respect of raindrops among the three periods. Intercomparison reveals that small drops (D < 1 mm) are prevalent during pre-monsoon precipitation, whereas medium drops (1?3 mm) are predominant in monsoon precipitation. Overall, the post-monsoon precipitation is characterized by the least concentration of raindrops among the three periods. But, several large raindrops could also occur due to severe convective precipitation events in this period. Classification of the precipitation into stratiform and convective regimes shows that the lg(N_w) value of convective rainfall is the largest (smallest) in the pre-monsoon (post-monsoon) period, whereas the D_m value is the smallest (largest) in the pre-monsoon (post-monsoon) period. An inversion relationship between the coefficient A and the exponential b of the Z?R relationships for precipitation during the three periods is found. Empirical relations between D_m and the radar reflectivity factors at Ku and Ka bands are also derived to improve the rainfall retrieval algorithms over the SCS. Furthermore, the possible causative mechanisms for the significant RSD variability in different periods are also discussed with respect to warm and cold rain processes, raindrop evaporation, convective activities, and other meteorological factors.     

Morphological Characteristics of Precipitation Areas over the Tibetan Plateau Measured by TRMM PR

The multidimensional morphological characteristics(including scale, horizontal shape and 3 D morphology) of precipitation areas over the Tibetan Plateau in summer were studied using 15 years(1998–2012) of observational data from the precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. As the scale of the precipitation area increased from 20 to 150 km, the near-surface rain rate(RRav) of the precipitation area increased by up to 78%(from ~1.12 to ~2 mm h~(-1)). Linear precipitation areas had the lowest median RRav(~1 mm h~(-1) over the eastern Tibetan Plateau),whereas square-shaped precipitation areas had the highest median RRav(~1.58 mm h~(-1) over the eastern Tibetan Plateau).The 3D morphology was defined as the ratio of the average vertical scale to the average horizontal scale, where a large value corresponds to thin and tall, and a small value corresponds to plump and short. Thin-and-tall precipitation areas and plump-and-short precipitation areas had a greater median RRav, whereas the precipitation areas with a moderate 3D morphology had the lowest median RRav. The vertical structure of the precipitation-area reflectivity was sensitive to both size and 3D morphology, but was not sensitive to the horizontal shape. The relationship between RRav and the morphological characteristics was most significant over the southern slopes of the Tanggula Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau east of 100°E. The morphological characteristics of precipitation areas are therefore closely related to the intensity of precipitation and could potentially be used to forecast precipitation and verify numerical models.     

Turbulence and Rainfall Microphysical Parameters Retrieval and Their Relationship Analysis Based on Wind Profiler Radar Data

Rainfall is triggered and mainly dominated by atmospheric thermo-dynamics and rich water vapor.Nonetheless, turbulence is also considered as an important factor influencing the evolution of rainfall microphysical parameters. To study such an influence, the present study utilized boundary layer wind profiler radar measurements. The separation point of the radar power spectral density data was carefully selected to classify rainfall and turbulence signals;the turbulent dissipation rate ε and rainfall microphysical parameters can be retrieved to analyze the relationship betweenε and microphysical parameters. According to the retrievals of two rainfall periods in Beijing 2016, it was observed that(1) ε in the precipitation area ranged from 10~(-3.5) to 10~(-1) m~2 s~(-3) and was positively correlated with the falling velocity spectrum width;(2) interactions between turbulence and raindrops showed that small raindrops got enlarge through collision and coalescence in weak turbulence, but large raindrops broke up into small drops under strong turbulence, and the separation value of ε being weak or strong varied with rainfall attributes;(3) the variation of rainfall microphysical parameters(characteristic diameters, number concentration, rainfall intensity, and water content) in the middle stage were stronger than those in the early and the later stages of rainfall event;(4) unlike the obvious impacts on raindrop size and number concentration, turbulence impacts on rain rate and LWC were not significant because turbulence did not cause too much water vapor and heat exchange.     

Comparative Analysis of the Characteristics of Rainy Season Raindrop Size Distributions in Two Typical Regions of the Tibetan Plateau

Mêdog and Nagqu are two typical regions of the Tibetan Plateau with different geographical locations and climate regimes. These differences may lead to discrepancies in the raindrop size distributions (DSDs) and precipitation microphysical processes between the two regions. This paper investigates discrepancies in the DSDs using disdrometer data obtained during the rainy season in Mêdog and Nagqu. The DSD characteristics are studied under five different rainfall rate categories and two precipitation types (stratiform and convective). For the total datasets, the number concentrations of drops with diameters D > 0.6 (D < 0.6) mm are higher (lower) in Nagqu than in Mêdog. The fitted normalized gamma distributions of the averaged DSDs for the five rainfall rate categories show that Nagqu has a larger (lower) mass-weighted mean diameter D_m (normalized intercept parameter, lgN_w) than Mêdog does. The difference in D_m between Nagqu and Mêdog increases with the rainfall rate. Convective clusters in Nagqu could be identified as continental-like, while convective precipitation in Mêdog could be classified as maritime-like. The relationships between the shape factor μ and slope parameter Λ of the gamma distribution model, the radar re?ectivity Z, and the rainfall rate R are also derived. Furthermore, the possible causative mechanism for the notable DSD variation between the two regions during the rainy season is illustrated using reanalysis data and automated weather station observations. Cold rain processes are mainly responsible for the lower concentrations of larger drops observed in Nagqu, whereas warm rain prevails in Mêdog, producing abundant small drops.     

The role of raindrop coalescence and breakup in rainfall modeling

In a one dimensional model, the microphysical properties of rainwater content (M), rainfall rate (R) and radar reflectivity factor (Z) are examined in five numerical experiments. In general, neglecting both coalescence and breakup produces less than 10% of the errors in M and R within the top 2 km of a rainshaft (below cloud base). This is true regardless of the rain intensity and downdraft strength for Mashall-Palmer distributions at the top boundary. However, as the distance from the top boundary increases, the errors of M, R and Z calculated without including the collisional processes become larger. These errors tend to increase as the rain intensity increases or the downdraft decreases. The errors due to neglecting breakup are generally larger than those resulting from the exclusion of both coalescence and breakup. At lower levels, the errors for Z are usually very large unless the rainfall is very light (less than 10 mm h⁻¹ ). For heavy rainfall with strong downdraft, coalescence and breakup can be neglected for fall distances greater than 2 km without appreciable errors. On the other hand, for heavy rainfall in a weak downdraft, coalescence and breakup must be included to ensure accuracy.     

江淮地区极端降水特征及其变化趋势的研究

利用1961~2011年江淮地区5~9月无缺测的71站逐日降水资料,做基于POT(Peaks-Over-Threshold)的广义Pareto分布(GPD),研究江淮地区极端降水的分布特征及其变化趋势。结果表明:(1)皖赣交界处阈值最大,西北和东南部较小,且江淮大部分地区阈值的线性趋势系数为正,其中湖北东部和江西北部的站点,趋势达0.8 mm(10 a)-1以上,并通过了显著性水平0.01的MK(Mann-Kendall)检验。(2)江淮地区中东部多存在连续性极端降水,因此文中采用基于极值指数的自动分串技术获得近似独立的极值样本。(3)尺度参数大值区位于江淮南部,西北、东南以及淮河以北较小,且线性趋势系数在大部分地区均表现为正值,表明出现降水极大值的概率增加。(4)皖赣鄂交界处是极端降水发生概率大值区,而西北、东南及安徽中部地区较小,且极端降水在大部分地区有增加的趋势,特别是在大别山附近及河南东部,2年和20年重现水平的趋势分别达6 mm(10 a)-1和20 mm(10 a)-1以上。     

微降水雷达测量精度分析

利用数值模拟的方法,讨论了利用微降水雷达MRR(Micro Rain Radar)雷达功率谱密度反演降水参数时,MIE散射(米散射)效应、垂直气流(包括上升气流、下沉气流)对数浓度N、雷达反射率Z、雨强I、液态含水量LWC等参数的影响。MIE散射主要影响直径为1.20~4.00 mm的粒子,MIE散射效应影响的N、Z、I、LWC偏差的平均值分别为2.74 m-3 mm-1、1.47 d BZ、0.0061 mm h~(-1)、0.0004 g m-3。下沉气流使反演液滴直径偏大,上升气流使得反演的液滴直径偏小,下沉气流的影响更大,尤其是对低层影响大于高层。例如,在300 m高度上,当液滴直径为2.67 mm时,下沉气流为2.00 m s-1时,理论上反演的直径为8.07 mm,超出了MRR探测的阈值,其相对误差值能接近200%。下沉气流使得反射率谱向大粒子方向平移,且谱型展宽;上升气流则相反。将MRR资料与同步观测的THIES雨滴谱仪数据进行比对,分析MRR资料的可靠性。选取2015年4月1日01~12时(协调世界时)山东济南的一次降水过程,将MRR在300 m高度上反演的雷达反射率因子、雨强、数浓度、中值体积直径与雨滴谱仪资料进行对比。结果表明:两种仪器探测的Z、I、N、中值体积直径D0在时间序列上都有较好的吻合度,变化趋势和幅度相近,Z、I、D0的平均偏差分别为1.19 d BZ、0.34 mm h~(-1)、0.36 mm。MRR反演的I值偏大,而粒子直径偏小,分析了产生偏差的主要原因,除了探测系统偏差、分析方法本身存在的偏差外,上升气流导致的偏差不容忽视。这些结果初步验证了微降水雷达观测的功率谱密度及其反演方法的可靠性。     

Raindrop size distribution parameters estimated from polarimetric radar variables in convective cells around Okinawa Island during the Baiu period

Convective cells with low echo-top heights are commonly observed in the humid environments typical of the Baiu season around Okinawa Island. Representative convective cells with low echotop heights include convective cells in the stratiform and convective rain zones accompanying a precipitation system, as well as isolated convective cells. Raindrop size distribution (DSD) parameters (the median volume diameter D ₀ and the normalized intercept parameter N _w) for the three types of convective cells were clarified by estimation from polarimetric radar measurements. The estimated D ₀ values in the mature stages of a convective cell in a stratiform rain zone were approximately 1.2 mm, with radar reflectivity (Z _h) of 40–45 dBZ, and the estimated N _w ranged from 32000–100000 mm^?1 m^?3. In contrast, for a convective cell in a convective rain zone, and also for an isolated convective cell, the estimated D ₀ was approximately 2 mm with Z _h of 40–45 dBZ, and the estimated N _w values were in the range 1000–10000 mm^?1 m^?3. The variations in the estimated D ₀ and N _w within the lifetimes of the convective cells suggest the following microphysics: for the convective cell in the stratiform rain zone, a high number-concentration of small raindrops contributed to the increase in Z _h, whereas for the convective cell in the convective rain zone and the isolated convective cell, large raindrops contributed to the increase in Z _h, and raindrop coalescence processes were predominant at altitudes below 2 km ASL. This study characterized precipitation particle distributions for three convective cells, with low echo-top heights, representing the humid environment of Okinawa Island during the Baiu period. In particular, the precipitation particle distribution for the convective cell in the stratiform rain zone, which differs markedly from those of the convective cell in the convective rain zone and the isolated convective cell, was characterized.     

江淮梅雨期极端对流微物理特征的双偏振雷达观测研究

为研究梅雨期极端对流系统的微物理特征,利用2013—2014年江淮梅雨期间南京溧水S波段双偏振雷达探测资料和地面自动站小时降水资料,统计分析了两类极端对流降水系统的微物理特征及差异。这两类极端对流系统的定义基于地面降水强度和雷达回波顶高,分别为所有对流中降水强度最强的1%（R类:小时降水强度>46.2 mm/h）和对流发展高度最高的1%（H类:20 dBz回波顶高>14.5 km）。结果显示这两类极端对流系统仅有30%的样本重合,显示了二者之间的弱相关性。对于相同的反射率因子Z_H,R类极端对流系统的近地面差分反射率因子Z_DR通常较H类极端对流小约0.2 dB,表明R类极端对流具有较小的平均粒径。结合双偏振雷达反演的粒子大小和相态分布显示,虽然两类极端对流都表现出海洋性对流降水特征,但R类极端对流较H类极端对流的总体雨滴粒径更小而数浓度更高,导致R类极端对流系统的地面降水更强。与R类极端对流系统相比,H类极端对流系统的上升运动更强,将更多的水汽和过冷水输送到0℃层以上,有利于形成更大的冰相粒子（如霰粒子等）,并通过融化形成大雨滴。以上研究表明,梅雨期降水强度和对流发展深度并没有必然的联系,极端降水主要是中等高度的对流引起。      

A Comprehensive Observational Analysis for the Effects of Gas Cannons on Clouds and Precipitation

To analyze the effects of gas cannons on clouds and precipitation, multisource observational data, including those from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis, Hangzhou and Huzhou new-generation weather radars, laser disdrometer, ground-based automatic weather station, wind profiler radar, and Lin''an C-band dual polarization radar, were adopted in this study. Based on the variational dual-Doppler wind retrieval method and the polarimetric variables obtained by the dual-polarization radar, we analyzed the microphysical processes and the variations in the macro - and microphysical quantities in clouds from the perspective of the synoptic background before precipitation enhancement, the polarization echo characteristics before, during and after enhancement, and the evolution of the fine three-dimensional kinematic structure and the microphysical structure. The results show that the precipitation enhancement operation promoted the development of radar echoes and prolonged their duration, and both the horizontal and vertical wind speeds increased. The dual-polarization radar echo showed that the diameter of the precipitation particles increased, and the concentration of raindrops increased after precipitation enhancement. The raindrops were lifted to a height corresponding to 0 to -20 ℃ due to vertical updrafts. Based on the disdrometer data during precipitation enhancement, the concentration of small raindrops (lgNw) showed a significant increase, and the mass-weighted diameter Dm value decreased, indicating that the precipitation enhancement operation played a certain“lubricating”effect. After the precipitation enhancement, the concentration of raindrops did not change much compared with that during the enhancement process, while the Dm increased, corresponding to an increase in rain intensity. The results suggest the positive effect of gas cannons on precipitation enhancement.     

X波段双极化雷达在北京夏季降水估测中的应用

利用X波段双极化雷达和地面自动雨量站数据对北京地区2009年夏季降水进行分析,先采用低通滤波、衰减订正等方法对数据质量进行控制,提取了单位差分传播相移Kdp之后,分别拟合出X波段双极化雷达参数与降水之间的两个关系式:Zh=159R1.37及R=13.9Kdp0.81,最后再分别利用这些拟合公式对北京地区进行降雨估测。结果表明:雷达用这两个公式估测的降雨量与地面实测降雨量有较好的一致性;且当每小时降雨量大于10mm时,Kdp-R的估测比Zh-R估测更稳定、准确;通过平均标准差统计可知,Kdp-R估测精度明显高于Zh-R估测精度。     

基于机载Ka波段云雷达和粒子测量系统同步观测的积层混合云对流泡特征

利用机载Ka波段云雷达（Airborne Ka-Band Precipitation Cloud Radar, KPR）和粒子测量系统（Droplet Measurement Technologies, DMT）,分析了2018年4月22日黄淮气旋背景系统下积层混合云中对流泡的动力和微物理特征。首先,对Ka波段云雷达观测的山东地区春季36个对流泡样本按照回波强度、水平尺度、回波顶高三个参量进行统计,结果表明平均回波强度为20～30 dBZ的对流泡占69%。对流泡水平尺度为15～30 km,占61%。对流泡最大回波顶高集中在6～8 km,比周边层云高2～4 km。之后,对4月22日积层混合云中的对流泡个例微物理参数进行统计,结果表明对流泡内部以上升气流为主,最大上升气流速度达到1.35 m s?1,平均上升气流速度为0.22 m s?1;对流泡内过冷水含量比较高,最大含水量为0.34 g m?3,平均含水量为0.15 g m?3。对流泡内冰晶数浓度是泡外的5.5倍,平均直径是泡外的1.7倍。结合云粒子图像探头,发现对流泡前沿和尾部冰粒子以柱状和辐枝状为主,而对流泡核心区域冰粒子以聚合体形式存在。冰粒子通过凇附过程和碰并过程增长,过冷水含量不足时冰粒子的凇附增长形成柱状粒子,含量充足时可迅速凇附成霰粒子。对流泡内降水形成的微物理机制不完全相同,主要依赖过冷水含量。当云中有充足的过冷水分布时,高层冰晶通过凇附增长形成霰粒子,通过融化层后形成降水;当云中缺少过冷水时,降水的形成主要通过水汽凝华过程形成冰雪晶,然后雪晶通过聚合过程实现增长。     

Relationship between stable isotope ratios and drop size distribution in tropical rainfall

We carried out simultaneous measurements of drop size distribution (DSD) and stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions (??¹⁸O and ??D) of rain at the National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), southern India, during September?COctober 2006, with the aim of understanding microphysical processes leading to rain formation. The MST radar at NARL was operated continuously during rain events, while rain samples were collected at very short time intervals (<1?h), to capture small changes (>0.2?? and >2??) in their ??¹⁸O and ??D. The slope of the local meteoric water line (??D?C??¹⁸O line), was 8.07?±?0.47, similar to that of global meteoric water line, confirming that the precipitation occurred under isotopic equilibrium, and was unaffected by some anomalous process; further, the evaporation of rain drops at the cloud base was insignificant. Whenever the isotopic variations were larger during a rain event (>2??) there was a significant negative correlation between the ??¹⁸O and DSD. The possible explanation is that larger drops are mostly associated with convective rather than stratiform rain, and ¹⁸O (and D) depletion in convective rain is relatively more. Bin-resolved microphysical models incorporating water isotopologues could benefit by considering drop size spectra, which could improve the match with stable isotope observations of precipitation.     

喀什市降水日变化特征分析

利用1994～2013年5～9月喀什市气象站逐小时降水资料,分析喀什近20a降水日变化特征。研究表明,20时至翌日06时为降水量的高值阶段,最大值出现在01时,07时至19时为降水量的低值时段,最小值出现在16时。降水频次的高值区为00时至07时,降水最不易产生的时间为17时。降水强度最高值在20时,次高值为01时,也是累积降水量较大时刻,降水强度最低值出现在15时也是累积降水量的低值区。喀什的降水主要以短时性降水（1～3h）为主,多发生在傍晚至夜间,1h降水频次最多的是量级≤1mm的降水,但1.1mm≤R1≤3.0mm量级的降水贡献率最高。小雨、中雨及大雨降水过程最易发生时段均为前半夜,下午为各量级降水过程发生最少的时段。     

山东三类降水云雨滴谱分布特征的观测研究

利用激光雨滴谱仪2009年8月—2010年10月观测获取的滴谱资料,分析了山东省三类云降水雨滴微结构参量特征及滴谱随降水过程的演变特征。按照降水云系不同分别对各微物理参量进行比较,结果表明,各值由大到小排序依次均为积雨云、混合云和层状云。三类云降水过程中雨强与雨滴数浓度和最大直径间存在较好的相关关系;层状云和混合云降水以直径小于2 mm的雨滴为主,而积雨云降水以1~3 mm的雨滴对雨强贡献最大。层状云降水雨滴谱很窄,呈单峰或双峰型;积雨云降水雨滴谱宽,在大滴端呈多峰结构;混合云降水谱宽介于前两者之间。另外,统计得到该地区三类云降水的Z-I关系式,为雷达定量测量降水提供了一定的参考。