择优法降水集合预报试验的研究

基于集合平均预报方法的基础上，提出了择优法降水集合预报方法，以多物理过程集合预报系统为例，对该方法进行阐述和试验。利用集合预报系统各成员过去24 h预报的500 hPa和700 hPa温度差（T500-700）与实况温度差的相关系数作为集合预报成员的筛选因子，选择相关系数较大的成员作为集合成员进行降水集合预报试验。初步试验结果表明，择优法降水集合预报要略优于集合平均法的预报，24 h降水集合预报有所改善。择优法降水集合预报简单易行，在计算资源有限的情况下，可优先计算择优的成员，因此比集合平均法节约计算时间，提高集合预报时效，具有一定的业务应用价值。     

基于最小二乘支持向量机集成的降水预报模型

准确的降水天气预报是一个十分重要的研究课题。以中国气象局的T213和日本的细网格数据资料为基础，首先利用粒子群——投影寻踪对众多气象物理因子降维，其次在低维子空间利用四种线性回归方法提取降水系统的线性特征，四种神经网络模型提取降水系统的非线性特征；最后利用最小二乘支持向量机对其集成，对广西6月的逐日降水量进行试验结果表明，该模型预报稳定性好，预报准确率较高，具有较好的业务应用前景。     

夏季省级分区降水概率预报自动化系统

利用多年气象观测资料，数值预报产品，各种天气系统及相互配置与多年降水资料进行了相关统计，精选了与降水密切相关的因子，利用多因子条件下的概率组合方法，建立了夏季省级分区降水概率预报经系统。在实际预报业务中取得了较好的预报效果。     

降水概率预报业务应用系统的研究

降水是大气中不同尺度天气系统相互作用的结果,降水概率预报是利用现代科技和手段,对未来天气出现降水的可能性用百分率定量表达的一种天气预报方法。黑龙江省气象台于１９９６年开始了对哈尔滨市降水概率预报系统的研究工作。这里简要介绍该预报系统的研究情况。     

2004年西南地区多物理集体合预报系统试验及初步检验

利用美国PSU／NCAR的高分辨率中尺度非静力MM5模式，选择不同的积云对流参数化方案和边界层方案，构造西南地区多物理集合预报系统，于2004年8月16～9月30日进行了准业务试验。对四川区域短期降水集合预报结果的检验表明，利用双线性插值方法获得的站点预报值较利用临近格点的降水平均值更具有实际参考价值；对比分析表明，对于小雨到暴雨量级的降水，集合预报优于大部分集合预报成员，对大于100mm以上的极端降水预报能力有待提高；分析显示，以Anthes-Kuo和Kain-Fritsch积云对流参数化方案构造的集合预报成员对四川区域暴雨以上量级的预报效果不明显，因而对集合预报系统中参数化方案的选取，集合预报成员的构成，还有待进一步试验分析与优化。     

AREMS/973模式系统对2004年中国汛期降水实时预报检验

2004年夏季5～8月，AREMS/973模式系统投入了业务运行，模式区域主要覆盖了中国大陆及周边临近地区，该模式系统基于中国气象局MICAPS/9210业务数据平台，每天2次、完全自动的实时预报24 h累积降水。作者主要对每日0000 UTC时起报的24 h累积降水预报场进行综合检验，由此对AREMS/973模式系统的24 h降水预报能力给予客观的评价。AREMS/973模式系统对于中国汛期降水具有很强的预报能力，其24 h 累积降水的月总降水分布很好地反应了汛期各时期主雨带的位置、强度及范围，同时该模式系统能够准确预报出独立降水事件的发生和发展，其中，长江中下游和东北地区预报降水与观测降水的时间位相吻合最好；除了5月和8月华北地区、5月西南东部地区、以及5月和6月长江中下游地区，AREMS/973模式系统预报的降水强度总体上弱于观测降水强度，且对于25 mm 以上量级的降水过程， 模式预报的降水范围小于观测降水范围。AREMS/973模式系统预报降水的能力随着降水量级的增大而减小，降水量级愈大，模式预报技巧愈低，对于50 mm 以上量级的降水过程，模式系统预报降水事件的发生概率类似于随机偶然事件的发生概率。5月，长江中下游地区降水预报略优于其他地区，其次是华南地区，6月雨带北移至江南和江淮地区，此时，长江中下游地区降水预报显著优于其他地区，7月末至8月华北雨季开始，降水预报最优区北移至华北地区，即AREMS/973模式系统降水预报最优区随着雨带的北移而北移，主雨带所在区域往往也是模式降水预报最优的地区。作者对此进行了初步探讨。     

天气动力学组合因子在MOS降水预报中的应用

利用我国的数值产品ＨＬＡＦＳ格点场资料,结合内蒙古地区降水系统的天气动力学演变特征,构造出能反映降水系统的天气动力学发展机制的结构特征因子,采用ＭＯＳ方法建立预报方程。用较短的样本资料建立ＭＯＳ预报方程,提高了ＭＯＳ预报方程的预报能力和适应性。试验结果表明,该ＭＯＳ预报方程计算稳定并具有很好的预报能力和效果,易于业务化。     

区域增强模式数值预报系统及其性能

介绍一个新的中尺度模式业务数值预报系统，即区域增强模式数值预报系统，该系统具有较高的分辨率，并能在广州区域气象中心现有条件下进行实时业务预报。大量准业务预报试验表明，该系统对影响华南的种类主要大气过程、尤其是台风和前汛期暴雨等过程有较强的预报能力。对１９９３、１９９４、１９９５年所有影响华南的台风过程的预报检验其降水邓产分明显高于国家气象中心降水预报模式等大尺度模式的预报，同时，台风路径的预报误差     

基于生成对抗网络GAN的人工智能临近预报方法研究

研究设计了基于生成对抗网络(Generative Adversarial Networks,GAN)的人工智能临近预报方法,并进行了业务试验。该方法利用广东12部S波段天气雷达2015—2017年海量雷达拼图资料进行人工智能学习来做临近预报。GAN方法从一系列雷达观测资料中,运用卷积法提取回波图像信息建立预报模型,并通过损失函数训练模型,得到基于人工智能技术的临近预报。对2018年发生在广东地区的4个天气过程的外推预报试验表明,GAN方法对对流天气过程的回波位置、形状及强度的临近预报多数情况下与实况基本一致,具有较好的预报效果。但是该方法预报的回波范围偏大,对层状云降水的预报效果较差。对西风带系统引起的降水,西南季风降水,东风系统引起的降水以及台风降水的18个个例1 h预报的3个级别的回波强度检验发现,GAN方法对中等强度回波的预报较好,但对强回波的预报效果仍有待提高。     

动力延伸预报产品释用方法的研究

目前以数值形势预报为基础的动力产品释用方法主要有模式输出统计法（ＭＯＳ）和完全预报方法（ＰＰＭ）。由这两种方法建立的预报方程缺乏明确的物理意义,所以文中提出了一种动力与统计相结合的方法。该方法从大尺度大气动力学方程组出发,推导出月降水距平百分率与月环流场的关系,从而建立了月降水距平百分率预报方程,随后利用月动力延伸预报的５００ｈＰａ高度场和实际降水场资料反演出月降水距平百分率预报方程的系数。该方程经过独立样本检验,表明这种方法对利用动力延伸集合预报的环流形势作月降水距平预报具有一定的能力。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on