中国矿业可持续发展与煤矿开采环境问题—21世纪初矿山岩石力学面临的新机遇和挑战

列述了中国在陆地传统矿产资源、海域矿产资源、天然气、煤层气、地热等能源资源方面的相当大的开发潜力。提出了中国矿业可持续发展必须解决的若干岩石力学难题。指出了煤矿开采引发的环境问题:如采煤对土地资源的损害、对村庄的损害、对水资源的影响,以及煤炭开发和利用对大气环境生态平衡的影响。并提出了对矿区环境控制的岩石力学对策,即推行减沉开采技术;矿井水资源的保护和再利用;清洁开采技术。     

蒙陕矿区地下水环境系统及采掘扰动

针对蒙陕矿区煤炭资源高强度开发与地下水为核心支撑的生态环境保护所面临的诸多问题,根据蒙陕矿区地质与水文地质结构特征,从地下水系统与水环境相关概念内涵及其相互依存关系出发,提出了地下水环境系统的概念;并从系统的空间结构特征、行为属性及其功能控制要素特征入手,将地下水环境系统细分为"结构控制层"、"水力驱动层"和"外围扰动层"3层结构;分析研究了不同结构层的功能、作用、主要组成要素及其状态表征指标,通过分析煤炭采掘活动与地下水环境系统相关结构要素的互馈机理,得出采煤活动通过对地下水环境系统中"结构控制层"的扰动进而导致"水力驱动层"的响应是诱发地下水环境系统演变的根本原因。      

开展矿业权人勘查开采公示信息管理工作存在的问题及对策

《矿业权人勘查开采信息公示办法(试行)》实施近三年来,有力推动了矿业权人诚信体系建设,提高了矿产资源勘查开发监督管理效能,但在实际工作中也存在一些问题。本文通过对近三年来工作的梳理,提出了解决问题的方法。     

Research and application of roadway backfill coal mining technology in western coal mining area

In China’s western coal mining area, the traditional room mining technology is facing coal pillar instability, mine earthquake, large-area roof subsidence in the goaf, surface subsidence, water and soil loss, vegetation deterioration, and other environmental problems. To solve the aforementioned problems and to improve coal recovery, the roadway backfill coal mining (RBCM) method was proposed as a solution and its technical principle and key equipment were presented in this paper. In addition, the microstructure and mechanical behavior (strain-stress relation in confined compressive test) of aeolian sand and loess backfill materials were studied for a rational backfill design for underground mines. Further, coal pillar stress, plastic zone change, and surface deformation of the RBCM schemes were studied using the FLAC^3D numerical simulation software, and a reasonable mining scheme of “mining 7 m and leaving 3 m” was determined. The engineering application in Changxing Coal Mine shows that the RBCM method with loess and aeolian sand as backfill materials allows a stable recovery of coal pillars with a recovery ratio of more than 70 %. The maximum accumulated surface subsidence and the maximum horizontal deformation were measured to be 15 mm and 0.8 mm/m respectively, indicating that the targeted backfilling effect can help protect the environment and also control surface subsidence.     

龙门山中段磷矿递进成矿规律及成矿序列探讨

龙门山中段产出有泥盆系沙窝子组的什邡式磷矿、寒武系筇竹寺组清平式磷矿、震旦系观音崖组陡梯子式磷矿,三类矿床处于同一大地构造位置,地质特征既有区别也有相同之处。本文通过对三类矿床地质特征、矿床成因分析,探讨地质特征异同的原因,建立磷矿成矿序列,认为三类矿床各自既有原生同沉积特征,又有继承前期矿产或含磷层作为矿物源的特征,继承前期矿产越多,矿床越丰富,具递进成矿富集规律。同时早期矿床成矿作用较单一,后期矿床具有多期成矿、叠加成矿特征。成矿序列为：海水磷质生物、化学沉积-机械搬运簸选早期成矿-风化剥蚀、表生淋滤-再次机械搬运-海进沉积再造。     

卸压开采研究进展

大规模深部开采已成为我国采矿工业发展的必然趋势。冲击地压、大变形控制是深部开采的研究热点,它们都是由过高的深部开采地压导致的。卸压开采的目的就是要转移或释放部分高地压。总结了压力拱、支承压力、最大水平地应力、板理论、卸压支护和轴变论等卸压理论及其适用领域。从卸压机制入手对卸压施工工艺进行了简单分类。概述了卸压开采的研究方法。其结果表明：钻孔爆破是一种灵活的卸压施工工艺;未来卸压理论研究仍将遵循相似模拟、数值仿真与原位测试相结合的原则;在卸压开采的数值仿真领域,开发嵌入了LS-DYNA3D的FLAC3D软件是钻孔爆破卸压的一个值得重视的研究方向;多种卸压理论的有机结合是创新卸压施工工艺的研发方向;压力拱、卸压支护理论仍值得深入研究。     

霍东矿区煤炭资源开采对土壤质量的影响

以霍东矿区某煤矿为例,在沉陷区取30组土壤试样进行土壤化学性质及常量养分分析,然后采用层次分析法对沉陷区土壤质量进行评价,得到沉陷区耕地质量综合指数,然后通过与正常农田综合指数对比发现地裂缝和地面塌陷对耕地质量影响很大,大部分农田处于"轻度损坏",局部为"中度损坏",建议进行填埋复垦和生态修复。     

榆神矿区最上可采煤层赋存规律及开采危害程度

为研究榆神矿区最上可采煤层赋存及开采对萨拉乌苏组含水层危害程度,依次分析了榆神矿区最上可采煤层赋存特征、最上可采煤层与上覆主要含（隔）水层空间分布规律及组合类型,基于基载比和采高的最上可采煤层覆岩导水裂隙带发育规律、煤层开采对萨拉乌苏组含水层危害程度,将榆神矿区开采受危害程度分为4类:自然保水区、保水采煤区（影响大区和影响小区）、采煤失水区及采煤无水区。结果表明:受构造及剥蚀作用影响,榆神矿区最上可采煤层及上覆基岩呈差异剥蚀,煤露头线从SE向NW呈阶梯状分布,最上可采煤层上覆基岩由NW到SE方向逐渐变薄。榆神矿区西部（三、四期）最上可采煤层开采后对萨拉乌苏组含水层危害程度小或没影响;榆神矿区东部（一、二期）最上可采煤层开采后对萨拉乌苏组含水层危害程度大。      

培育矿权市场,促进矿业发展

分析了江西省矿权市场相对滞后的主要原因,提出培育矿权市场、促进矿业发展的建议.     

神南矿区煤炭开采水资源漏失量评价分区

针对神南矿区煤炭开采与水资源保护的矛盾问题,通过野外踏勘资料、钻孔资料及压水试验数据等,分析了研究区水资源分布特征、土层物质含量和渗透特征以及区内工程地质条件对保护砂层潜水所起的作用。把(导水)裂隙带、岩层厚度、土层厚度作为分区因子,根据煤层采动对浅层地下水的影响程度,将研究区划分为严重失水区、一般失水区、轻微失水区和无影响区4个区;结合地貌特征,进一步细分为梁峁漏失区、梁峁无影响区、严重失水区(砂层)、一般失水区(砂层)、轻微失水区(砂层)和风沙滩地无影响区6个区。该研究成果可为区域水环境和生态环境保护提供科学评价依据。      

煤炭国家规划矿区管理及与煤炭矿区辨析

针对煤炭国家规划矿区与煤炭矿区易混淆不清问题,基于相关标准和通知,详细解读了煤炭国家规划矿区和煤炭矿区的定义,梳理了第一、二批煤炭国家规划矿区和《全国矿产资源规划（2016-2020年）》划定的煤炭国家规划矿区基本情况,并从划定目的、划定依据和形成时段等方面详细阐述了二者的区别。指明煤炭国家规划矿区划定主管部门是自然资源部,划定主要目的是控制矿权设置,规范矿业权管理;煤炭矿区划定主管部门是国家发展改革委,划定目的主要是为生产开发做准备。在未来煤炭国家规划矿区管理工作中,建议加强煤炭规划矿区基本理论、划定标准及规划矿区内矿产资源与环境影响等方面的研究。      

An integrated technology for gas control and green mining in deep mines based on ultra-thin seam mining

With the increasing demand for coal resources, coal mining has gradually entered into the deep strata of coal seams. Although the increase in mining depth improves energy security, it is associated with severe hazards, especially coal and gas outburst. Protective seam mining is an efficient method for gas control and has been widely used in major coal-producing countries. However, studies on deep ultra-thin protective seam (thickness 0.1–1 m, average thickness 0.5 m) mining and its related problems have been rarely reported. Focusing on the challenges resulting from deep mining (mining depth >1100 m) and the research gap, a coal and gas co-exploitation technique, which combines the gas control technology and green mining (including coal preparation and backfilling), has been proposed in this work. Significant benefits have been achieved in the twelfth coal mine of the Pingdingshan coalfield (study area) following the implementation of this technique. The application of the gas control technology markedly improved the gas drainage efficiency, promoted increased gas utilization, and reduced the greenhouse gas emission, providing notable economic and environmental benefits. In addition, implementation of green mining improved the coal quality, relieved the burden of the transport system, and, in particular, effectively prevented surface subsidence, thus protecting the ecological environment of the mining area, which offered significant economic, environmental, and social benefits. The practice in the twelfth coal mine could be used as a valuable example for coal mines with similar geological conditions.     

黄河流域陕北煤炭开采区厚砂岩对覆岩采动裂隙发育的影响及采煤保水建议

煤炭开采活动导致的煤层顶板覆岩地质条件变化及采动裂隙发育是损害地下关键含水层的直接原因,也是造成矿区生态环境退化的根源。煤层顶板覆岩结构中发育的厚砂岩作为一种典型的地质条件,其对覆岩采动裂隙的发育规律具有重要的影响。为此,在分析研究区主采煤层赋存地质条件及其分布规律的基础上,选择陕北煤炭开采区曹家滩煤矿主采2?2煤层顶板覆岩为地质原型,采用FLAC3D数值模拟平台模拟分析了厚砂岩不同厚度和位置对覆岩采动裂隙发育形态和发育高度的影响,并以此提出了相应的“采煤保水”建议。结果表明:研究区2?2煤层顶板覆岩中厚砂岩平均厚度25 m,距2?2煤层平均间距76 m;厚砂岩距煤层30 m时,覆岩采动裂隙表现为“矩形—L形—马鞍形”的动态变化特征,距煤层70 m时表现为“L形—倒梯形—马鞍形”变化特征,距煤层大于95 m时全程表现为“马鞍形”特征;覆岩采动裂隙最大发育高度随厚砂岩层位的升高而先减小后增大;厚砂岩厚度H≥30 m、距煤层间距L>95 m,或H≥60 m、L>60 m时,可有效阻挡采动裂隙向上发育贯穿厚砂岩;在充分考虑厚砂岩对覆岩采动裂隙发育规律的影响,选择合适的空间位置和开采阶段进行合理的覆岩减损和保水防治,实现“边采边治、边采边护”的绿色开采模式。该研究成果可为黄河流域中游陕北煤矿区煤炭开采与生态环境保护协调发展提供理论指导。      

露天采矿活动对矿区土地资源影响因素分析

矿产资源开发在促进地方经济快速发展的同时也对区域土地资源带来严重影响.基于对甘肃敦煌某花岗岩矿开采状况实地调研,利用灰熵理论和主成分分析法分析了露天采矿对土地资源破坏主要影响因素及其关联度,建立了以主要影响因素为参数的矿山开采对土地资源影响预估模型.结果表明:采坑对矿区内土地资源影响最为显著,矿堆和矿渣堆的影响接近且较...     

小庄矿井采煤对地下水的影响及保水采煤措施

针对煤炭开采易造成地表塌陷及含水层破坏等问题,采用类比法计算了彬长矿区规划新建的矿井——小庄矿井开采导水裂缝带高度,在此基础上分析了采煤对地下水的影响,并提出保水采煤的措施。经计算,采用分层开采时产生的导水裂隙带最大高度为147.84 m,在三盘区将导通安定组隔水层,造成宜君组、洛河组承压含水层破坏,导通区域面积为0.773 6 km2。因此,在可能导通的区域应进行保水采煤以保证安定组隔水层的稳定,从而达到保护具有供水意义的含水层和保障矿井生产安全的双重目的。      

Geochemical study of different-aged mining dump materials in the Freiberg mining district, Germany

Historical mining dumps are useful archives for the investigation of weathering processes. The objective of this study was to investigate the weathering behavior of waste-rock material derived from the 800-year-old silver ore mining in Freiberg, Germany. For identifying time-dependent weathering indices, dumped material of four dumps of different ages and corresponding rock was examined regarding the geochemical composition. The dumped material is characterized by high contents of heavy metal containing sulfidic ores, such as pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite and galena. Acid mine drainage is produced by the oxidative weathering of the sulfide minerals and causes the increased dissolving of soluble metals with increasing age of dumps. As a result of these weathering processes, a clear depletion of chalcophile elements in the older dump material (800 years) compared to the youngest dump (100 years) was observed. In the soil horizons downstream the dumps, high quantities of heavy metals (e.g., up to 12,000 ppm As, 3,300 ppm Pb, 640 ppm Zn), mainly adsorbed on organic matter, were determined and indicate a time-dependent element transfer from the dumps into their surrounding soils.