利用单多普勒雷达资料做冷流暴雪的中尺度分析

基于单多普勒天气雷达资料采用EVAP方法反演风场, 并结合径向速度、 反射率因子、 自动气象站和探空风场等观测资料, 对2005年12月6～7日山东半岛一次冷流暴雪过程的中尺度特征进行了深入分析, 结果表明： (1)雷达回波呈狭窄带状, 移动缓慢近乎停滞, 径向速度上存在风向切变线, 烟台和威海的暴雪不同步是冷流暴雪的典型特征; (2)首次通过雷达反演证实了逆风区实际就是风场切变在径向速度图上的反映, 垂直各层水平风场存在中尺度切变线, 且与强回波带相对应, 切变线的位置决定暴雪的落区; (3)通过雷达反演风场和风廓线共同揭示出强降雪产生时对流层中层有西北风、 西南风和东北风三股气流, 明显的西南气流位于850～700 hPa, 表明冷流降雪过程并非传统认为的仅有西北冷平流, 而是不同气流辐合的结果; (4)对流层中层的西南暖平流为云的播种和反馈机制提供了有利的天气背景条件, 使得冷流降雪增强, 这在常规观测资料中无法看到。     

一次入海气旋局地暴雪的结构演变及成因观测分析北大核心CSCD

利用多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达、加密自动站、常规探空和地面等多种观测资料,对山东半岛东部地区一次局地暴雪过程的成因及动力结构演变特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)此次局地暴雪过程分为两个阶段,第1阶段为典型的黄河气旋槽前降雪,降雪强度弱,雷达回波自西南向东北传播;第2阶段降雪为气旋后部的海效应降雪,降雪强度大,1 h降雪量可达到大雪量级,雷达回波自东北向西南移动,较为少见。(2)第1阶段降雪发生在对流层中层有明显低槽、低层有气旋性环流和西南低空急流及地面有气旋的天气系统配置下,水汽来源于中国南海,降雪落区位于高空槽前西南低空气流的右前方和地面气旋的东侧。(3)第2阶段降雪发生在高空槽过后,冷空气自渤海海峡和黄海北部入侵,降雪区域低层的主导风向为东北风,东北风强于西北风,降雪的水汽和热量来源于渤海海峡和黄海,雷达回波自东北向西南移动,降雪落区位于低层的东北风中。(4)海效应降雪各时段对流层低层风场结构不同。降雪初期,山东半岛北部沿海地面存在γ中尺度低压环流,雷达径向速度上表现为低层有β中尺度涡旋,东部沿海有东南风与西北风辐合;强降雪时段,边界层内存在东北风和西北风的切变线,低压环流和切变线是造成强降雪的有利动力条件。该个例揭示了发生在黄河气旋后部、由渤海海峡和黄海影响产生的山东半岛海效应降雪,其风场结构、雷达回波移向、降雪落区与风场的关系及降水相态等和常见的典型渤海海效应降雪有明显差异。     

一次入海气旋局地暴雪的结构演变及成因观测分析

利用多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达、加密自动站、常规探空和地面等多种观测资料,对山东半岛东部地区一次局地暴雪过程的成因及动力结构演变特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)此次局地暴雪过程分为两个阶段,第1阶段为典型的黄河气旋槽前降雪,降雪强度弱,雷达回波自西南向东北传播;第2阶段降雪为气旋后部的海效应降雪,降雪强度大,1 h降雪量可达到大雪量级,雷达回波自东北向西南移动,较为少见。(2)第1阶段降雪发生在对流层中层有明显低槽、低层有气旋性环流和西南低空急流及地面有气旋的天气系统配置下,水汽来源于中国南海,降雪落区位于高空槽前西南低空气流的右前方和地面气旋的东侧。(3)第2阶段降雪发生在高空槽过后,冷空气自渤海海峡和黄海北部入侵,降雪区域低层的主导风向为东北风,东北风强于西北风,降雪的水汽和热量来源于渤海海峡和黄海,雷达回波自东北向西南移动,降雪落区位于低层的东北风中。(4)海效应降雪各时段对流层低层风场结构不同。降雪初期,山东半岛北部沿海地面存在γ中尺度低压环流,雷达径向速度上表现为低层有β中尺度涡旋,东部沿海有东南风与西北风辐合;强降雪时段,边界层内存在东北风和西北风的切变线,低压环流和切变线是造成强降雪的有利动力条件。该个例揭示了发生在黄河气旋后部、由渤海海峡和黄海影响产生的山东半岛海效应降雪,其风场结构、雷达回波移向、降雪落区与风场的关系及降水相态等和常见的典型渤海海效应降雪有明显差异。     

暴雪过程中多普勒雷达速度产品分析

利用多普勒天气雷达提供的强度、径向速度、风廓线产品及衍生产品对2008年1月25—29日南京持续性暴雪天气回波的演变过程以及回波不同阶段风场垂直结构及其动力条件的变化进行了分析,结果表明:存在持续的低空东北气流以及风向垂直切变的风场结构是这次暴雪天气产生的主要环境特征,暖平流和中层强西南急流有利于产生持续的暴雪,低层辐合、高层辐散及较大的垂直上升运动为暴雪的产生提供了动力条件;任意高度出现西北风,可以作为强降雪将会趋于减弱的临近预报指标。     

“09.11.10”石家庄特大暴雪中尺度风场分析

利用常规观测、雷达资料以及四维变分方法反演的风场资料,对2009年11月10-12日石家庄特大暴雪过程的形势场和中尺度风场结构进行了详细分析.从影响系统来看,此次特大暴雪过程分为两个阶段:回流降雪和西来槽降雪.回流降雪是特大暴雪的主要时段,此阶段西部山区降雪明显大于东部平原;而西来槽降雪阶段全区降雪比较均匀.由雷达反射率因子和径向速度可见:10日降雪具有对流性质,而且回波不断地自西部山区向石家庄市区移动,产生“列车效应”,造成市区及西部降雪强度较大;11-12日回波强度弱,降雪强度也较弱.分析雷达四维变分反演风场得到如下结论:(1)反演风场能够准确展现东风影响的时间和高度、西来槽影响的始末,对预报员定性外推降雪的强度起到非常好的参考作用.(2)低层水平反演风场上,存在一个比较窄的东风带,回波沿东风带自西向东移动,石家庄市区处于北到东北风的“回流墙”附近,东移回波在此堆积,移速减慢,影响时间较长;同时,市区附近存在风向性和风速性辐合,致使回波在石家庄附近加强或维持.(3)反演风场垂直剖面图上,东风回流降雪阶段,低层东风区上空存在一个“反气旋”,强回波位于“反气旋”所包围的范围.     

2015年11月22日内蒙古中部地区回流暴雪天气过程分析

利用气象常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、卫星云图及呼和浩特多普勒天气雷达资料,对2015年11月22日内蒙古中部地区暴雪天气过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:在中高纬"两槽一脊"的环流形势下,500和700 h Pa短波槽、700h Pa西西南急流和地面倒槽是这次暴雪的主要影响系统,属于回流暴雪天气过程。700 h Pa西西南急流对暖湿空气的输送和水汽的强烈辐合为暴雪提供了充足的水汽条件,低层水汽辐合出现时刻降雪开始且辐合最强时出现最强降雪;高低空急流耦合加强了系统性上升运动,700 h Pa西西南暖湿空气在850 h Pa偏东气流上爬升,冷暖空气交汇及其垂直切变导致强烈的上升运动;"冷垫"与"暖盖"相配合是产生暴雪的热力条件,强降雪出现在锋区最强至减弱期间且低空急流建立后。中尺度系统云团是造成暴雪天气的直接系统,最强降雪中心与TBB≤220 K移动区域一致。片状回波中30~35 d Bz的强带状回波造成此次暴雪过程中局部强降雪,零速度线呈现"S"结构,当冷锋过境,低层转为偏北风后降雪趋于结束。     

2009年晚秋河北特大暴雪多普勒雷达特征分析

利用石家庄新乐CINRAD/SA雷达资料、加密自动站资料和四维变分同化风场反演资料,分析了2009年11月10-12日河北地区发生的有历史记录以来的特大暴雪天气过程。结果表明,这次特大暴雪过程可分为切变线回流降雪和西风槽降雪两个阶段。切变回流降雪回波为对流性层云和积云的混合云,西风槽降雪回波为层状云且无零度层亮带,对流性降雪回波的垂直结构与盛夏暴雨回波结构类似,是产生这次极端降雪的重要原因;径向速度场分布存在"牛眼"特征、零等速度线出现"S"形、反"S"形和不连续线。当同时出现暖平流、风向辐合及风速辐合时,降雪维持;当同时出现暖平流、风向辐散及风速辐散时,降雪减弱;从地面到1.2km的边界层内存在边界层辐合线,垂直风切变的辐合抬升使垂直运动增强、降雪强度增大。     

基于风廓线雷达资料的暴雪天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料和风廓线雷达产品对平顶山市2014年2月5—6日的暴雪天气过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:欧亚地区"两槽一脊"的环流背景下,700 h Pa西南急流、850 h Pa切变线和地面中尺度辐合线是这次暴雪的影响系统。风廓线雷达水平风资料可以清楚地展示暴雪过程风场"天南地北"的垂直结构及其变化特点。2500 m以上出现西南急流,同时720 m以下出现东北风,降雪开始。2500 m以上西南急流最大风速达到20m·s~(-1),近地面出现12 m·s~(-1)的东北风,降雪开始加大;近地面东北风减弱,降雪减弱;西南急流消失,近地面层出现偏北风,降雪停止。垂直速度的大小与降雪的强弱一致,降雪越强,速度越大;垂直速度小于0.5 m·s~(-1),降雪停止。大气折射率常数C2n在-144~-120 d B且接地,为降雪时段。降雪越强,C2n越大;C2n小于-144 d B时,降雪停止。垂直速度、折射率结构常数等指标的变化能够反映降雪的开始、发展和结束及降雪的强度,为精细化预报提供参考。     

乌鲁木齐“12·27”高影响大暴雪天气综合分析

2017年12月27—28日,乌鲁木齐出现大暴雪天气(简称"12·27"),强降雪伴4级阵风致能见度低并造成雪阻,严重影响了民航运输和城市交通等。本文利用MICAPS常规资料、乌鲁木齐天气雷达和风廓线雷达等资料,综合分析了这场大暴雪天气成因。结果表明:中亚低槽和地面冷锋是这场大暴雪天气的主要影响系统;水汽通过西南和偏西路径输送至乌鲁木齐,700～850 h Pa水汽贡献大;200 hPa高空西南急流维持、高层辐散低层辐合、地面冷锋和迎风坡地形抬升共同增强乌鲁木齐上升运动和水汽聚合,致降雪强度强;小时雪强2 mm的强降雪时段雷达回波强度20 dBZ,具有弱对流性,同时段850 hPa水汽通量散度值4×10-5 g·(cm2·hPa·s)-1;风廓线雷达探测高度抬升至8000 m后5 h乌鲁木齐开始降雪,强降雪时段4000 m以下Cn2-128 dB。     

用EVAP方法反演冷流暴雪的风场及检验

EVAP(Extended VAP)雷达反演方法是在忽略空气垂直运动速度而考虑云雨粒子下落速度影响的条件下,导出从雷达多仰角多普勒速度资料产生不同高度上的水平径向速度计算公式,然后利用VAP方法来反演出等高面上的二维水平风场.利用烟台多普勒天气雷达资料,采用EVAP方法反演了2005年12月山东半岛两个风场背景条件和暴雪落区均有明显差异的冷流暴雪个例水平风场.将雷达实测的径向速度、反射率因子插值到各等高面上,并与反演的同等高面风场叠加显示,以此分析反演的风场是否与原始雷达数据相符.此外,还与地面自动站风场、高空风场等实测资料进行对比,综合检验反演结果的合理性和可靠性,并进一步分析了冷流暴雪的中尺度风场结构.结果表明,反演风场与实测资料相符;EVAP方法对强风和弱风的冷流暴雪个例都可反演出不同高度的中尺度风场结构,反演的西南风与东北风、西北风与东北风之间的切变线和强回波带相对应,揭示了暴雪产生的动力机制,说明EVAP方法对不同风场条件的暴雪中尺度系统都有一定的反演能力.高时空分辨率的EVAP反演风场弥补了天气图上仅能分析出山东半岛西北风的缺憾,且反演过程中一个体扫的计算时间不足1 min,因此EVAP反演的中尺度风场信息适合在冷流降雪的短时临近预报业务中应用.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on