一次入海气旋局地暴雪的结构演变及成因观测分析北大核心CSCD

利用多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达、加密自动站、常规探空和地面等多种观测资料,对山东半岛东部地区一次局地暴雪过程的成因及动力结构演变特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)此次局地暴雪过程分为两个阶段,第1阶段为典型的黄河气旋槽前降雪,降雪强度弱,雷达回波自西南向东北传播;第2阶段降雪为气旋后部的海效应降雪,降雪强度大,1 h降雪量可达到大雪量级,雷达回波自东北向西南移动,较为少见。(2)第1阶段降雪发生在对流层中层有明显低槽、低层有气旋性环流和西南低空急流及地面有气旋的天气系统配置下,水汽来源于中国南海,降雪落区位于高空槽前西南低空气流的右前方和地面气旋的东侧。(3)第2阶段降雪发生在高空槽过后,冷空气自渤海海峡和黄海北部入侵,降雪区域低层的主导风向为东北风,东北风强于西北风,降雪的水汽和热量来源于渤海海峡和黄海,雷达回波自东北向西南移动,降雪落区位于低层的东北风中。(4)海效应降雪各时段对流层低层风场结构不同。降雪初期,山东半岛北部沿海地面存在γ中尺度低压环流,雷达径向速度上表现为低层有β中尺度涡旋,东部沿海有东南风与西北风辐合;强降雪时段,边界层内存在东北风和西北风的切变线,低压环流和切变线是造成强降雪的有利动力条件。该个例揭示了发生在黄河气旋后部、由渤海海峡和黄海影响产生的山东半岛海效应降雪,其风场结构、雷达回波移向、降雪落区与风场的关系及降水相态等和常见的典型渤海海效应降雪有明显差异。     

利用单多普勒雷达资料做冷流暴雪的中尺度分析

基于单多普勒天气雷达资料采用EVAP方法反演风场, 并结合径向速度、 反射率因子、 自动气象站和探空风场等观测资料, 对2005年12月6～7日山东半岛一次冷流暴雪过程的中尺度特征进行了深入分析, 结果表明： (1)雷达回波呈狭窄带状, 移动缓慢近乎停滞, 径向速度上存在风向切变线, 烟台和威海的暴雪不同步是冷流暴雪的典型特征; (2)首次通过雷达反演证实了逆风区实际就是风场切变在径向速度图上的反映, 垂直各层水平风场存在中尺度切变线, 且与强回波带相对应, 切变线的位置决定暴雪的落区; (3)通过雷达反演风场和风廓线共同揭示出强降雪产生时对流层中层有西北风、 西南风和东北风三股气流, 明显的西南气流位于850～700 hPa, 表明冷流降雪过程并非传统认为的仅有西北冷平流, 而是不同气流辐合的结果; (4)对流层中层的西南暖平流为云的播种和反馈机制提供了有利的天气背景条件, 使得冷流降雪增强, 这在常规观测资料中无法看到。     

一次1月山东半岛东部极端海效应暴雪的发生机制分析

利用海上浮标站、自动站、多普勒天气雷达、L波段雷达探空、NCEP/NCAR再分析逐6 h和降水等观测资料,结合EVAP雷达风场反演获得的水平风场资料,对2018年1月9—11日一次渤海海效应暴雪过程的产生机制进行了分析。结果表明:此次海效应暴雪过程是一次极端降雪事件,具有强降雪持续时间长、降雪量大、暴雪分布近γ中尺度等特征。暴雪发生前后受两次强冷空气影响,渤海和山东半岛地区持续降温,850 hPa温度降至-18～-16℃,是产生强海效应降雪的有利条件;此次冷空气明显强于12月渤海海效应暴雪,1月产生海效应暴雪的850 hPa温度中位数较12月低约5℃。受强冷空气影响时,海气温差明显增大,海洋向低层大气输送的最大感热通量可达226.8 W·m~(-2),低层大气高湿饱和,导致大气层结不稳定,不稳定局限于850 hPa以下,为浅层对流。雷达反射率因子图上具有明显的"列车效应"。造成窄带回波的原因在于出现了低层切变线,即在山东半岛北部沿海的小范围区域内出现了东北风及西西南风,形成了西北风与东北风、西西南风与东北风的切变线,触发暴雪产生。而东北风达到的高度不超过1.2 km,多在0.6 km以下。通过此次极端暴雪过程的综合观测资料分析,揭示了较少出现的1月海效应暴雪的特征,其形成的环流形势、热力不稳定、动力条件等与常见的12月海效应暴雪基本类似,主要差异在于冷空气强度较12月偏强,这可成为1月海效应暴雪的首要预报着眼点;海上浮标站、雷达风场反演技术是定量揭示海效应暴雪中尺度特征的良好资料和方法。     

一次大范围海效应暴雪的雷达反演风场分析

用EVAP(Extended Velocity Azimuth Processing)方法对2010年12月30日发生在山东半岛的一次海效应暴雪过程进行风场反演,以了解暴雪过程中雷达回波和低层风场的特征。得出以下结论:(1)烟台和威海暴雪发生时间不同步,降雪带有明显东移的过程,对应烟台强回波带逐渐向东移动,而威海回波位置少动。(2)雷达回波开始产生于渤海,减弱也始于渤海;强回波带的位置与风场的辐合区有很好的对应关系。(3)反演风场水平切变线的移动,会引起强回波带的波动;烟台北部切变线相对稳定,南部切变线西移,致使强回波带沿顺时针方向旋转;威海南部切变线位置相对稳定,北部切变线西移,引起强回波带沿逆时针方向旋转。(4)辐合切变线是由经过辽宁南下的东北风与山东半岛的西北风(西风)辐合构成;切变线受西风分量减弱的影响而发生移动。     

用EVAP方法反演冷流暴雪的风场及检验

EVAP(Extended VAP)雷达反演方法是在忽略空气垂直运动速度而考虑云雨粒子下落速度影响的条件下,导出从雷达多仰角多普勒速度资料产生不同高度上的水平径向速度计算公式,然后利用VAP方法来反演出等高面上的二维水平风场.利用烟台多普勒天气雷达资料,采用EVAP方法反演了2005年12月山东半岛两个风场背景条件和暴雪落区均有明显差异的冷流暴雪个例水平风场.将雷达实测的径向速度、反射率因子插值到各等高面上,并与反演的同等高面风场叠加显示,以此分析反演的风场是否与原始雷达数据相符.此外,还与地面自动站风场、高空风场等实测资料进行对比,综合检验反演结果的合理性和可靠性,并进一步分析了冷流暴雪的中尺度风场结构.结果表明,反演风场与实测资料相符;EVAP方法对强风和弱风的冷流暴雪个例都可反演出不同高度的中尺度风场结构,反演的西南风与东北风、西北风与东北风之间的切变线和强回波带相对应,揭示了暴雪产生的动力机制,说明EVAP方法对不同风场条件的暴雪中尺度系统都有一定的反演能力.高时空分辨率的EVAP反演风场弥补了天气图上仅能分析出山东半岛西北风的缺憾,且反演过程中一个体扫的计算时间不足1 min,因此EVAP反演的中尺度风场信息适合在冷流降雪的短时临近预报业务中应用.     

一次基于综合探测资料的山东半岛冷流暴雪特征分析

利用多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达、加密自动站、浮标站、常规探空和地面等多种观测资料,对2014年12月山东半岛东部一次冷流暴雪的发生、演变特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)此次冷流暴雪发生时渤海上空500 hPa气温在-36℃左右,850 hPa气温在-18~-16℃,海面西北风12 m·s~(-1)。700 hPa以下为混合层,1000~700 hPa混合层内近乎饱和。浮标站资料显示海表面到850 hPa的较大海气温差和山东半岛较强海岸锋是产生暴雪的重要原因。(2)暴雪发生时雷达回波的PPI在30~45 dBz;每6 min雷达回波垂直剖面显示1个较强降雪回波单体持续时间可达到1h。雷达资料反演0.8 km以上风场表明:强降雪回波位于NE与NW风辐合区的东侧,冷流暴雪的水平风辐合主要在3 km以下。风廓线雷达资料表明:暴雪发生前在100m以下有弱西风存在,暴雪发生时1 50~700 m弱的西北风(6 m·s~(-1))和低层切变线辐合的共同存在,有利于降雪对流的加强;当这种弱西北风层消失后,降雪即停止。     

大连地区一次区域暴雪的特征分析和数值模拟

利用多普勒雷达资料和GTS1型数字式探空仪探测资料,分析了2006年2月6～7日大连地区暴雪过程的回波演变和要素分布特征。结果表明,降雪期间,多普勒雷达显示为20～25 dBz的层状云,回波高度不超过3 km,对流层中下层的高空冷暖平流是产生强降雪的主要原因。采用中尺度非静力模式MM5对暴雪过程进行了数值模拟,模式较好地模拟了这次过程强降雪中心的强度、位置及强降雪的变化时间。这次降雪的主要影响系统是高空槽和地面华北气旋。诊断分析了强降雪的动力和热力特征及降雪期间的中尺度特征和云物理过程。高空槽前的西南暖湿气流提供了有利的水汽条件,高空辐散和低层辐合相叠置及高空正涡度的下传,有利于垂直上升运动的加强和地面华北气旋的发展。降雪前的增暖增湿与北方冷空气的楔入使大连位于sθe能量锋区和水汽辐合区内,有利于强降雪的产生。中尺度气旋性涡旋系统的形成和发展是强降雪产生和维持的有利因素,中尺度系统维持时间相对短暂。降雪期间,云中水成物的相态分布与温度密切相关,这次降雪过程只有气、固两相粒子作用。冰相粒子主要维持在600～300 hPa,其下部与雪区相对应。冰相粒子发展加强,地面降雪增大;冰相粒子减弱消失,降雪减小停止。     

利用加密探测资料分析冷式切变线类大暴雨的动力结构

利用风廓线雷达、多普勒天气雷达、地面加密自动站和闪电定位仪等非常规观测资料,对发生在山东东南部沿海青岛的一次大暴雨天气的动力结构进行了分析,以探索如何综合应用新资料追踪暴雨的演变过程。结果表明:(1)此次大暴雨过程的影响系统是冷式切变线,冷空气从对流层低层入侵,切变线在850 hPa以下层次明显,地面冷锋逐渐演变为静止锋。(2)暴雨过程经历了两个强降雨和一个弱降雨时段,1小时30 mm以上的短历时强降雨发生在冷空气刚入侵阶段,并伴随雷电。(3)强降雨主要发生在925 hPa切变线附近,降雨分布在925 hPa切变线的东北风与850 hPa切变线的西南风叠置区域。大暴雨的分布与切变线走向基本一致。(4)在切变线移动和发展过程中,水平风有明显不同:冷空气刚影响时,对流层低层产生了明显的中尺度低压环流,是导致对流性短历时强降雨的关键因素;静止锋形成的时段内,从低层至高层,低压环流消失,代之以较强西南风与弱西北风之间的切变线;在静止锋维持的后期,低层和高层均转为西北风,仅在中层有西南风与偏北风之间的切变线,从而产生稳定性弱降雨。(5)风廓线对降雨的起止、盛衰有较强信号,风向风速自上而下顺序变化,当中层西南风风速增大且不断向下扩展,持续4 h后西南低空急流明显加强,当近地面转为东北风时,强降雨开始,强降雨阶段的显著特点是在风廓线雷达上表现为中低层强西北风和强西南风交替出现,降雨强度与交替的高度有关;当各层均转为稳定的西北风时预示降雨结束。     

一次β-中尺度暴风雪的成因及动力热力结构

利用多普勒雷达、地面加密自动站监测资料、常规观测资料、4DVAR雷达风场反演和中尺度数值模式WRF模拟结果,对华北东部一次β-中尺度暴风雪的成因和影响天气系统的热力、动力结构及演变进行了分析。结果表明,(1)造成暴风雪的天气系统是回流形势下的冷锋锢囚锋,其在形成过程、生命史、尺度范围等方面均与温带气旋锢囚锋不同。(2)暴风雪过程分为东路弱冷锋降雪、锢囚降雪、西路强冷锋降雪3个阶段。降雪回波顶高在3～4km,回波强度均在35dBz以下。降雪量集中在锢囚降雪阶段。(3)风廓线(VWP)下层东风层和上层西南风的厚度在降雪各阶段不同,东风急流和西南风急流的变化和配置与降雪量关系密切。锢囚降雪阶段,地面和低层水平风场具有β-中尺度气旋性环流,是造成降雪回波旋转且长时间维持的动力。"人"字状回波的形成是因为风向或风速辐合线的作用。(4)锢囚锋的垂直结构和锢囚过程表明,西路冷锋比东路冷锋陡峭且势力强大,暖湿气团被东西两侧冷锋夹挤、抬升;锢囚时,两侧锋面形成冷式锢囚;锢囚消失时,大风首先在900hPa高度附近出现,进而下传到地面。     

“09.11.10”石家庄特大暴雪中尺度风场分析

利用常规观测、雷达资料以及四维变分方法反演的风场资料,对2009年11月10-12日石家庄特大暴雪过程的形势场和中尺度风场结构进行了详细分析.从影响系统来看,此次特大暴雪过程分为两个阶段:回流降雪和西来槽降雪.回流降雪是特大暴雪的主要时段,此阶段西部山区降雪明显大于东部平原;而西来槽降雪阶段全区降雪比较均匀.由雷达反射率因子和径向速度可见:10日降雪具有对流性质,而且回波不断地自西部山区向石家庄市区移动,产生“列车效应”,造成市区及西部降雪强度较大;11-12日回波强度弱,降雪强度也较弱.分析雷达四维变分反演风场得到如下结论:(1)反演风场能够准确展现东风影响的时间和高度、西来槽影响的始末,对预报员定性外推降雪的强度起到非常好的参考作用.(2)低层水平反演风场上,存在一个比较窄的东风带,回波沿东风带自西向东移动,石家庄市区处于北到东北风的“回流墙”附近,东移回波在此堆积,移速减慢,影响时间较长;同时,市区附近存在风向性和风速性辐合,致使回波在石家庄附近加强或维持.(3)反演风场垂直剖面图上,东风回流降雪阶段,低层东风区上空存在一个“反气旋”,强回波位于“反气旋”所包围的范围.     

Modelling the Interaction Between a River Surface and the Atmosphere at the Bottom of a Valley

The role of a river of small dimensions in driving the surface exchange of sensible and latent heat fluxes at the bottom of a valley is investigated using large-eddy simulation (LES). Simulations were performed using different valley topographies, river widths and large-scale wind speed and direction. In all cases, the river acted as a sink of both sensible and latent heat during daytime. Despite the general agreement concerning the flux direction above the river surface, specific differences exist between the simulations. The topography enhances the wind divergence caused by the river, and the larger negative surface fluxes above the river occur when there are no slopes, a consequence of larger wind speeds above the river. For large-scale winds aligned with the valley axis, the surface fluxes depend on the large-scale wind speed, but this dependence is reduced if the large-scale wind is perpendicular to the valley axis. There is a minimum of temperature and a maximum of specific humidity above the river surface. The scalar budgets show that sensible heat flux converges above the river, being balanced by the warm air subsidence at the centre of the valley. Latent heat fluxes, on the other hand, converge above the river surface, and they are balanced by the horizontal advection of humidity towards the river margins.     

On the appearance of a cold front with a narrow rainband in the vicinity of the Alps

Summary First intensive observations of a narrow cold frontal rainband in southern Germany are described. The observations by Doppler radar and surface observations are in good agreement with others made in Great Britain and at the west coast of the United States. There are no principal differences between the observations close to the sea and those during the passage of the front across the Alpine foreland. The observed coexistence of short and elongated precipitation cells is explained by the local modification of convergence and vorticity. When approaching the Alps the precipitation patterns increased in size due to the upslope winds, and the pre-frontal low-level jet is reorganized completely in a manner such that the cross-frontal circulation was enhanced while the pre-frontal low-level jet disappeared.With 20 Figures     

On the theory of a steady circulation in a baroclinic ocean

Some results are presented of numerical experiments associated with calculations of stationary fields of current velocity and temperature in the ocean. Results obtained by two different approaches to the theory of ocean circulation are compared: without regard for horizontal exchange under conditions of bottom sticking and with due regard for horizontal exchange in case of bottom slipping.     

气温走高刷新纪录大风肆虐吹翻列车

2月,全国平均气温为0.7℃,比常年同期偏高3.5℃,为1951年以来历史同期最高值。全国平均降水量为18.0mm,较常年同期略偏多。月内,我国大部地区气温明显偏高,19个省(市、区)的月平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值;华北东部、西北东部、川渝等地的部分地区旱情持续或发展;我国中东部地区出现大雾天气,给春运交通带来不利影响;云南、黑龙江、新疆等地的部分或局部地区遭受雪灾和低温冷冻灾害;南方部分地区出现持续阴雨天气;辽宁、内蒙古、新疆等地的部分地区遭受沙尘和大风天气袭击。1我国大部气温明显偏高,部分地区气温创1951年以来历史同期…     

Impact of a sea breeze on the boundary-layer dynamics and the atmospheric stratification in a coastal area of the North Sea

In-situ sodar and lidar measurements were coupled with numerical simulations for studying a sea-breeze event in a flat coastal area of the North Sea. The study’s aims included the recognition of the dynamics of a sea-breeze structure, and its effects on the lower troposphere stratification and the three-dimensional (3D) pollutant distribution. A sea breeze was observed with ground-based remote sensing instruments and analysed by means of numerical simulations using the 3D non-hydrostatic atmospheric model Meso-NH. The vertical structure of the lower troposphere was experimentally determined from the lidar and sodar measurements, while numerical simulations focused on the propagation of the sea breeze inland. The sea-breeze front, the headwind, the thermal internal boundary layer, the gravity current and the sea-breeze circulation were observed and analysed. The development of a late stratification was also observed by the lidar and simulated by the model, suggesting the formation of a stable multilayered structure. The transport of passive tracers inside the sea breeze and their redistribution above the gravity current was simulated too. Numerical modelling showed that local pollutants may travel backward to the sea above the gravity current at relatively low speed due to the shearing between the landward gravity current and the seaward synoptic wind. Such dynamic conditions may enhance an accumulation of pollutants above coastal industrial areas.     

塔里木盆地东北缘一次强对流天气过程中的阵风锋特征研究

利用地面自动站逐小时观测、多普勒天气雷达及WRF模式高分辨率数值模拟,分析2016年7月塔里木盆地东北缘一次强对流天气过程中的阵风锋特征。结果表明,阵风锋前沿较强的辐合抬升运动不断触发多个对流单体,其中大部分单体与其后方的对流系统合并且进一步发展,使得强对流天气不断发展和维持。在对流系统快速发展阶段,阵风锋前沿水平风的垂直切变造成湿位涡的斜压分量显著增强,从而增强局地的条件对称不稳定,为对流系统的发展和维持提供了重要的不稳定能量。不稳定能量释放需要的锋生强迫作用主要是由阵风锋前方的辐合辐散项和倾斜项决定,而阵风锋前沿附近的水平形变项及其上方的非绝热加热项提供相对较弱的贡献。     

Scaling of the Vertical Spreading of a Plume of a Passive Tracer in a Rough-Wall Neutral Boundary Layer

The influence of surface roughness on the dispersion of a passive scalar in a rough wall turbulent boundary layer has been studied using wind-tunnel experiments. The surface roughness was varied using different sizes of roughness elements, and different spacings between the elements. Vertical profiles of average concentration were measured at different distances downwind of the source, and the vertical spread of the plume was computed by fitting a double Gaussian profile to the data. An estimate of the integral length scale is derived from the turbulence characteristics of the boundary layer and is then used to scale the measured values of plume spread. This scaling reduces the variability in the data, confirming the validity of the model for the Lagrangian integral time scale, but does not remove it entirely. The scaled plume spreading shows significant differences from predictions of theoretical models both in the near and in the far field. In the region immediately downwind of the source this is due to the influence of the wake of the injector for which we have developed a simple model. In the far field we explain that the differences are mainly due to the absence of large-scale motions. Finally, further downwind of the source the scaled values of plume spread fall into two distinct groups. It is suggested that the difference between the two groups may be related to the lack of dynamical similarity between the boundary-layer flows for varying surface roughness or to biased estimates of the plume spread.     

On the dynamics of a solitary vortex

The dynamic equilibrium of a solitary vortex of permanent form but arbitrary shape is investigated on a β plane. The vortex is assumed to propagate in the east-west direction. Forces and moments acting on the vortex are computed and the balances between them obtained. The dynamic balances are required for the equilibrium of the vortex and represent the conditions necessary for the existence of a solitary vortex of permanent form. These conditions have two useful expressions, one as integral constraints on the vortex structure and the other as formulas for the propagation speed of the vortex. For the latter, the speed is shown to be proportional to the averaged velocity moment of the vortex and inversely proportional to its averaged relative vorticity. The propagation speed also depends on the size of the vortex; it increases with size for westward propagation and decreases with size for eastward propagation. The effect of current shear on the vortex is also investigated. The results of this study are applicable to the nonlinear barotropic vortex in a nondivergent fluid as well as to the baroclinic vortex, provided that the latter satisfies the quasigeostrophic approximation.     

冰针是降水现象吗?--逻辑学在测报中的应用分析一例

在地面气象测报业务学习中,冰针这种天气现象引起了我们的注意,其中问题之一是:冰针是降水现象吗?     

Potential Influence of a Developing La Niña on the Sea-Ice Reduction in the Barents–Kara Seas

Abstract

The potential influence of a developing La Niña on Arctic sea-ice annual variability is investigated using both observational data and an atmospheric general circulation model. It is found that during the developing phase of an eastern Pacific (EP) La Niña event in June, July, and August (JJA) and September, October, and November (SON), the sea-ice concentration (SIC) over the Barents–Kara Seas declines more than 15%. The local atmospheric circulation pattern associated with the EP La Niña is characterized as a weak decrease in geopotential height over the Barents–Kara Seas, combined with an anticyclone in the North Atlantic. The corresponding southerly winds push warm waters northward into the key sea-ice reduction region and directly accelerate sea-ice melt. Meanwhile, the abundant moisture contained in the lower troposphere is transported into the Arctic region by winds resulting from the local barotropic structure. The humid atmosphere contributes to both net shortwave and longwave radiation and thus indirectly accelerates the decline in sea ice. Simulations by the European Centre Hamburg Model, version 5.4, are forced by observed sea surface temperature anomalies associated with EP La Niña events. The results of the simulations capture the North Atlantic anticyclone and reproduce the moisture transport, which supports the premise that an EP La Niña plays a crucial role in sea-ice reduction over the Barents–Kara sector from the perspective of atmospheric circulation and net surface heat flux.