气温走高刷新纪录 大风肆虐吹翻列车——2007年2月——

2月，全国平均气温为0．7℃，比常年同期偏高3．5℃，为1951年以来历史同期最高值。全国平均降水量为18．0mm，较常年同期略偏多。月内，我国大部地区气温明显偏高，19个省（市、区）的月平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值；华北东部、西北东部、川渝等地的部分地区旱情持续或发展；我国中东部地区出现大雾天气，给春运交通带来不利影响；     

全国气温偏高 东北降水偏多——2008年5月——

2008年5月,全国平均气温较常年同期偏高1．0℃,为历史同期第三高。新疆月平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值,湖北、甘肃、青海为第三高。全国平均月降水量接近常年同期。黑龙江月降水量为1951年以来历史同期第二多;宁夏、重庆为历史同期最少。5月份我国主要天气气候事件有：下旬中东部地区出现大范围强降水,局地受灾严重;南方部分地区遭受雷雨大风、冰雹等强对流天气袭击;西北东部及内蒙古等地干旱持续;北方出现4次沙尘天气过程;地震灾区震后阴雨天气多,给救灾带来不利影响。     

暴雨台风局地致灾东北低温江南炎热--2009年7月--

2009年7月,我国气温较常年同期偏高,降水较常年同期偏少.全国平均气温为22.0℃,较常年同期偏高0.6℃.其中,西藏7月区域平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值,云南为次高值.全国平均降水量为109.6mm,较常年同期偏少6.3mm.但是本月,我国局地暴雨洪涝灾害多发,其中四川、湖南、山东等地的部分地区受灾严重,且青海7月区域平均降水量为1951年以来历史同期最多值.月内我国主要天气气候事件有:黑龙江低温阴雨天气持续;热带风暴苏迪罗、台风莫拉菲先后在我国华南登陆;长江中下游及其以南地区出现持续高温天气;我国部分地区遭受暴雨洪涝灾害;全国24个省(市、区)遭受强对流天气袭击.     

黑龙江低温阴雨南方持续高温——2009年7月——

2009年7月主要气候特点:气温较常年同期偏高,降水较常年同期偏少.全国平均气温为22.0℃,较常年同期偏高0.6℃.西藏7月区域平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值,云南为次高值.全国平均降水量为109.6mm,较常年同期偏少6.3mm.青海7月区域平均降水量为1951年以来历史同期最多值. 月内我国主要天气气候事件有:黑龙江低温阴雨天气持续;热带风暴苏迪罗、台风莫拉菲先后在我国华南登陆;长江中下游及其以南地区出现持续高温天气;西北、华北等地气象干旱缓解,内蒙古中部气象干旱持续;部分地区遭受暴雨洪涝灾害;24个省(市、区)遭受强对流天气袭击.     

全国气温偏高东北降水偏多

2008年5月,全国平均气温较常年同期偏高1.0℃,为历史同期第三高.新疆月平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值,湖北、甘肃、青海为第三高.全国平均月降水量接近常年同期.黑龙江月降水量为1951年以来历史同期第二多;宁夏、重庆为历史同期最少.5月份我国主要天气气候事件有:下旬中东部地区出现大范围强降水,局地受灾严重;南方部分地区遭受雷雨大风、冰雹等强对流天气袭击;西北东部及内蒙古等地干旱持续;北方出现4次沙尘天气过程;地震灾区震后阴雨天气多,给救灾带来不利影响.月内西北太平洋和南海有4个热带风暴生成,但对我国近海没有影响.     

全国大部气温偏高 中东部大雾频繁——2007年2月——

2月，冷空气活动偏弱，全国大部气温比常年同期偏高，19个省（市、区）的月平均气温创下1951年以来历史同期最高纪录；全国平均降水量较常年同期略偏多，华北东部、西北东部、川渝等地的部分地区旱情持续或发展；中东部地区频繁出现大雾天气；云南、黑龙江、新疆等地的部分或局部地区遭受雪灾和低温冷冻灾害；南方部分地区出现持续阴雨天气；辽宁、内蒙古、新疆等地的部分地区遭受沙尘和大风天气袭击。     

南方大范围强降雨 “风神”登陆广东——2008年6月——

6月,全国平均气温为20.2℃,较常年同期(19.5℃)偏高0.7℃;新疆月平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值.全国平均月降水量为111.7mm,比常年同期(97.1mm)偏多14.6mm,为近10年来最多;广东月降水量为1951年以来历史同期最多值,广西为历史同期第二多.6月份,我国南方出现大范围强降雨过程,部分地区发生暴雨洪涝灾害;宁夏中部、甘肃陇东等地气象干旱持续;局地遭受雷雨大风、冰雹等强对流天气袭击;热带风暴"风神"登陆广东深圳;地震灾区多降雨天气,对灾后重建工作不利.     

高温天气范围大东北地区降水多

2009年6月,我国气温较常年同期偏高,降水较常年同期偏少.全国平均气温为20.1℃,较常年同期偏高0.6℃.浙江6月平均气温为历史同期最高值,上海、江苏、青海、宁夏、甘肃均为次高值.全国平均降水量为90.5mm,较常年同期偏少6.5mm.江西、西藏6月平均降水量均为1951年以来历史同期次少值.月内我国主要天气气候事件有:黑龙江、吉林出现罕见持续低温阴雨天气,其中黑龙江6月平均降水量为1951年以来历史同期最大值;南方局部地区发生暴雨洪涝灾害;22省区遭受强对流天气袭击;西北地区东北部及山西北部、西藏东部等地干旱发展;热带风暴莲花、浪卡先后登陆福建、广东;下旬,高温席卷我国17省市.     

长江中下游遇大范围雨雪 西北出现今年首次沙尘天气（2007年1月）

1月，全国平均气温为-4．5℃，比常年同期偏高1．4℃。上旬，西藏旬平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值、黑龙江为次高值；下旬，黑龙江旬平均气温为1951年以来最高，宁夏、吉林、山西为次高值；黑龙江、吉林月平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值，西藏月平均气温为1954年以来历史同期次高值。全国平均降水量为11．1mm，较常年同期（12．1mm）偏少。月内，我国长江中下游地区出现大范围雨雪天气，湖北、安徽遭受雪灾；东部地区出现大雾天气，部分地区交通受到影响；云南西南部干旱缓和，华北、辽宁、广西、西藏干旱发展；26-27日西北地区出现今年第一次沙尘天气；长江以南地区多阴雨天气。     

全国大部气温偏高中东部大雾频繁

2月,冷空气活动偏弱,全国大部气温比常年同期偏高,19个省(市、区)的月平均气温创下1951年以来历史同期最高纪录;全国平均降水量较常年同期略偏多,华北东部、西北东部、川渝等地的部分地区旱情持续或发展;中东部地区频繁出现大雾天气;云南、黑龙江、新疆等地的部分或局部地区遭受雪灾和低温冷冻灾害;南方部分地区出现持续阴雨天气;辽宁、内蒙古、新疆等地的部分地区遭受沙尘和大风天气袭击。1天气概况1.1降水2月全国平均降水量为18.0mm,较常年同期(16.4mm)略偏多。月降水量,东北东部、黄淮及其以南大部地区一般在10mm以上,其中江汉、江淮西部…     

Summer dryness in a warmer climate: a process study with a regional climate model

Earlier GCM studies have expressed the concern that an enhancement of greenhouse warming might increase the occurrence of summer droughts in mid-latitudes, especially in southern Europe and central North America. This could represent a severe threat for agriculture in the regions concerned, where summer is the main growing season. These predictions must however be considered as uncertain, since most studies featuring enhanced summer dryness in mid-latitudes use very simple representations of the land-surface processes ("bucket" models), despite their key importance for the issue considered. The current study uses a regional climate model including a land-surface scheme of intermediate complexity to investigate the sensitivity of the summer climate to enhanced greenhouse warming over the American Midwest. A surrogate climate change scenario is used for the simulation of a warmer climate. The control runs are driven at the lateral boundaries and the sea surface by reanalysis data and observations, respectively. The warmer climate experiments are forced by a modified set of initial and lateral boundary conditions. The modifications consist of a uniform 3 K temperature increase and an attendant increase of specific humidity (unchanged relative humidity). This strategy maintains a similar dynamical forcing in the warmer climate experiments, thus allowing to investigate thermodynamical impacts of climate change in comparative isolation. The atmospheric CO ₂ concentration of the sensitivity experiments is set to four times its pre-industrial value. The simulations are conducted from March 15 to October 1st, for 4 years corresponding to drought (1988), normal (1986, 1990) and flood (1993) conditions. The numerical experiments do not present any great enhancement of summer drying under warmer climatic conditions. First, the overall changes in the hydrological cycle (especially evapotranspiration) are of small magnitude despite the strong forcing applied. Second, precipitation increases in spring lead to higher soil water recharge during this season, compensating for the enhanced soil moisture depletion occurring later in the year. Additional simulations replacing the plant control on transpiration with a bucket-type formulation presented increased soil drying in 1988, the drought year. This suggests that vegetation control on transpiration might play an important part in counteracting an enhancement of summer drying when soil water gets limited. Though further aspects of this issue would need investigating, our results underline the importance of land-surface processes in climate integrations and suggest that the risk of enhanced summer dryness in the region studied might be less acute than previously assumed, provided the North American general circulation does not change markedly with global warming.     

Continental vegetation as a dynamic component of a global climate model: a preliminary assessment

A simplified vegetation distribution prediction scheme is used in combination with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) and coupled to a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1) which includes a mixed-layer ocean. Employed in an off-line mode as a diagnostic tool, the scheme predicts a slightly darker and slightly rougher continental surface than when BATS' prescribed vegetation classes are used. The impact of tropical deforestation on regional climates, and hence on diagnosed vegetation, differs between South America and S.E. Asia. In the Amazon, the climatic effects of removing all the tropical forest are so marked that in only one of the 18 deforested grid elements could the new climate sustain tropical forest vegetation whereas in S.E. Asia in seven of the 9 deforested elements the climate could continue to support tropical forest. Following these off-line tests, the simple vegetation scheme has been coupled to the GCM as an interactive (or two-way) submodel for a test integration lasting 5.6 yr. It is found to be a stable component of the global climate system, producing only ~ 3% (absolute) interannual changes in the predicted percentages of continental vegetation, together with globally-averaged continental temperature increases of up to + 1.5 °C and evaporation increases of 0 to 5 W m^–2 and no discernible trends over the 67 months of integration. On the other hand, this interactive land biosphere causes regional-scale temperature differences of ± 10 °C and commensurate disturbances in other climatic parameters. Tuning, similar to the q-flux schemes used for ocean models, could improve the simulation of the present-day surface climate but, in the longer term, it will be important to focus on predicting the characteristics of the continental surface rather than simple vegetation classes. The coupling scheme will also have to allow for vegetation responses occurring over longer timescales so that the coupled system is buffered from sudden shocks.     

Numerical analysis of a thermotopographically-induced mesoscale circulation in a mountain basin using a non-hydrostatic model

Summary The boundary-layer wind field during weak synoptic conditions is largely controlled by the nature of the landscape. Mesoscale (sub-synoptic) circulations result from horizontal gradients of sensible heat flux due to variation in local topography, variation in surface-cover, and discontinuities such as land-sea contrasts. Such flows are usually referred to as thermally-driven circulations, and are diurnal in nature and often predictable. In this paper we use a state-of-the-art non-hydrostatic computer model to shed light on the physical mechanisms that drive a persistent easterly wind that develops in the afternoon in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand. The easterly – Canterbury Plains Breeze (CPB) – is observed early in the afternoon and is often intense, with mean wind speeds reaching up to 12 m s⁻¹. Although computer modelling in mountainous terrain is extremely challenging, the model is able to simulate this circulation satisfactorily. To further investigate the mechanisms that generate the Canterbury Plains Breeze, two additional idealized model experiments are performed. With each experiment, the effects of the synoptic scale wind and the ocean around the South Island, New Zealand were successively removed. The results show that contrary to previous suggestions, the Canterbury Plains Breeze is not an intrusion of the coastal sea breeze or the Canterbury north-easterly, but can be generated by heating of the basin alone. This conclusion highlights the importance of mountain basins and saddles in controlling near-surface wind regimes in complex terrain.     

A cold air lake formation in a basin — a simulation with a mesoscale numerical model

Summary A formation of a cold air lake in a basin is studied with a mesometeorological model.A dynamic Boussinesq hydrostatic mesoscale numerical model is developed in a staggered orthogonal grid with a horizontal resolution of 1 km and with a varying vertical grid. The topography is presented in a block shape so that computation levels are horizontal.The mesometeorological model is tested in three idealized topography cases (a valley, a single mountain, a basin) and test results are discussed.In an alpine basin surrounded by mountains and plateaus the air is supposed to be stagnant at the beginning of the night. Due to differences in radiation cooling an inversion layer is formed in the basin and local wind circulation is studied by model simulations.With 14 Figures     

Effects of a Fence on Pollutant Dispersion in a Boundary Layer Exposed to a Rural-to-Urban Transition

Simultaneous particle-image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence combined with large-eddy simulations are used to investigate the flow and pollutant dispersion behaviour in a rural-to-urban roughness transition. The urban roughness is characterized by an array of cubical obstacles in an aligned arrangement. A plane fence is added one obstacle height h upstream of the urban roughness elements, with three different fence heights considered. A smooth-wall turbulent boundary layer with a depth of 10h is used as the approaching flow, and a passive tracer is released from a uniform line source 1h upstream of the fence. A shear layer is formed at the top of the fence, which increases in strength for the higher fence cases, resulting in a deeper internal boundary layer (IBL). It is found that the mean flow for the rural-to-urban transition can be described by means of a mixing-length model provided that the transitional effects are accounted for. The mixing-length formulation for sparse urban canopies, as found in the literature, is extended to take into account the blockage effect in dense canopies. Additionally, the average mean concentration field is found to scale with the IBL depth and the bulk velocity in the IBL.     

Evaporation from a blanket bog in a foggy coastal environment

Frequent fog severely restricts evaporation from blanket bogs in Newfoundland because it more than halves the radiant energy input, and it eliminates the vapor pressure deficit, resulting in evaporation at the equilibrium rate (average = 0.99 during fog). During these periods, there is no surface resistance to evaporation because the bog has been wetted by fog drip, and although the latent heat flux dominates over sensible heat (average = 0.8), both are small. In contrast, the surface dries during clear periods, increasing the surface resistance to evaporation so that sensible heat becomes more important ( = 1.05). When the mosses are dry, evaporation is below the equilibrium rate ( = 0.87), although the higher available energy ensures that actual evaporation is higher. During clear periods, daily evaporation averaged 2.5 mm, compared to 1.1 and 0.7 mm for fog and rain, respectively. The suppressed evaporation at this site is important in maintaining appropriate hydrological conditions for blanket bog development.     

Parameterization of a momentum source in a tropical cumulus ensemble

Summary An eddy effect of tropical deep convection on the large-scale momentum, resp vorticity budget is investigated. The process is specified by a simple parameterization approach which is based on a concept of rotating clouds exerting a momentum on the large-scale flow. The cloud rotation is associated with the thermal properties of a cloud ensemble by the principle of conservation of potential vorticity. A decomposition of cloud classes is applied in consistency with the thermodynamical parameterization scheme of Arakawa and Schubert (1974).The parameterization is tested with observations of GATE74, Phase III. The data are processed on a B/C-scale grid (55km) in a region within 9N and 16N, and between 21W and 27W, and with a vertical resolution of 41 levels. The parameterization results correspond to the observed patterns, especially in situations with strong large-scale wind shear. The findings suggest that certain large-scalle flow regimes provoke convective scale momentum generation rather than redistributing large-scale momentum by convective circulations.With 10 Figures     

Spatial structure of a jet flow at a river mouth

The present work concentrates on the latest data measured in the Jordan river flow in lake Kinneret. Spectral characteristics of fluctuating velocity components have been obtained and processed. The three-dimensional structure of turbulence along the flow has been described. The main features of the jet flow turbulence in the river mouth are: a) The supply of turbulent energy changes due to different mechanisms along the flow. b) The structure of turbulence formed in the river decays rapidly along the flow, and c) In the sand area and beyond it, a significant generation of turbulent energy occurs. Quantitative estimations of the above effects were carried out.     

Atmospheric dispersion of a heavier-than-air gas near a two-dimensional obstacle

Flow over a two-dimensional obstacle and dispersion of a heavier-than-air gas near the obstacle were studied. Two species, one representing air and the other representing the heavier-than-air gas were treated. Equations for mass and momentum were cast in mass-averaged form, with turbulent Reynolds stresses and mass fluxes modeled using eddy-viscosity and diffusivity hypotheses. A two-equation k- turbulence model was used to determine the effective turbulent viscosity. Streamline curvature and buoyancy corrections were added to the basic turbulence formulation. The model equations were solved using finite difference techniques. An alternating-direction-implicit (ADI) technique was used to solve the parabolic transport equations and a direct matrix solver was used to solve the elliptic pressure equation.Mesh sensitivities were investigated to determine the optimum mesh requirements for the final calculations. It was concluded that at least 10 grid spaces were required across the obstacle width and 15 across the obstacle height to obtain valid solutions. A non-uniform mesh was used to concentrate the grid points at the top of the obstacle.Experimental measurements were made with air flow over a 7.6 by 7.6 cm obstacle in a boundary-layer wind tunnel. Smoke visualization revealed a low-frequency oscillation of the bubble downstream of the obstacle. Hot-wire anemometer data are presented for the mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy at the mid-plane of the obstacle and the mid-plane of the downstream recirculation bubble. A single hot-wire probe was found to be suitable for determining mean streamwise velocities with an accuracy of 11 %. The downstream recirculation bubble was unsteady and had a length range from 3 to 8 obstacle lengths.The experimental results for flow over the obstacle were compared with numerical calculations to validate the numerical solution procedure. A sensitivity study on the effect of curvature correction and variation of turbulence model constants on the numerical solution was conducted. Calculations that included the curvature correction model gave a downstream recirculation bubble length of 5.9 obstacle lengths while excluding the correction reduced this length to 4.4.In the second part of the study, numerical calculations were performed for the dispersion of a heavier-than-air gas in the vicinity of the two-dimensional obstacle. Characteristics of an adiabatic boundary layer were used in these calculations. The densities of the contaminant gases were 0, 25 and 50% greater than the air density. Calculations were performed with the contaminant injection source upstream and downstream of the obstacle.Use of the pressure gradient model reduced the size of the dense gas cloud by as much as 12%. The curvature correction model also affected the cloud expanse by reducing the effective turbulent viscosity in the downstream recirculation bubble. The location of the injection source had the largest impact on the cloud size. The area of the cloud within the 5 % contour was three times larger for downstream injection than for upstream injection.