西瓦湖及其邻近河流中双酚A的浓度分布

双酚A属于内分泌干扰物，已经被多个国家列入优先污染物名单。本文研究了西瓦湖及其邻近河流各环境介质中双酚A的浓度分布。结果表明．湖内表层水、悬浮物和沉积物中的双酚A浓度分别为6．7～37．8ng／L，0.4～3．5ng／L和3．4～50．5ng／g，西瓦湖北岸河流中双酚A的浓度则高得多，表层水、悬浮物和沉积物中的浓度分别为62．9—3035ng／L，2．5～457．7ng／L和10．5～365．7ng／g。水体和悬浮物中的双酚A浓度呈现北部站位最高，中部其次，西南角水闸附近最低的分布格局，说明其污染源主要来自北岸工业区的废水排放。沉积物中的双酚A浓度出现了中西部地区较高的反常现象，可能与该地区废泥渣的排放有关。与世界上其他地区相比．西瓦湖及其临近河流中双酚A的污染相当严重，其中河流中的双酚A浓度超过了生物效应的临界浓度，可能会对当地的多种生物造成危害。     

胶州湾及其邻近河流中壬基酚等有机污染物的分布特征

为分析青岛胶州湾及其邻近河流中的壬基酚（NP）及其短链氧乙烯醚母体化合物、壬基酚单氧乙烯醚（NP1EO）和壬基酚二氧乙烯醚（NP2EO）的污染状况和分布特征，在研究区域内设置了17个站位分别采集了海水和沉积物样品，样品经萃取、浓缩、净化后采用气质联用仪测定各污染物的浓度。胶州湾水体中的NP、NP1EO和NP2EO的浓度分别为20．2-268．7、11．2-200．4和4．8-32．5ng／L。胶州湾沉积物中上述3种污染物的浓度分别为3．6-299．3、3．8-25．2和4．9-103．2ng／g。胶州湾邻近河流中的污染物浓度远远高于湾内，其中墨水河的污染最严重，水体和沉积物中NP的浓度分别达到28656ng／L和31704ng／g。与世界其他海湾NP等污染物的浓度相比，胶州湾属于严重污染地区之一，已经超出了其生物效应临界浓度。研究区域内50％的站位中NP浓度已经超过导致扇贝苗死亡的临界浓度，10％的站位已经超过引起雄性鱼类雌性化的临界浓度。     

黄河入海口壬基酚污染分布特征

黄河口表、底层水体和沉积物中壬基酚的浓度分布特征研究结果表明,表层水体中壬基酚浓度为15.7~148.6 ng/L,平均值为47.5 ng/L;底层水体中壬基酚浓度为15.8~52.7ng/L,平均值为31.0 ng/L;表层沉积物中壬基酚浓度为2.31~5.47 ng/g,平均浓度为3.87ng/g。黄河口水体中壬基酚浓度呈现由河道向出海口外逐渐降低的趋势;河道中表层沉积物壬基酚含量高于出海口外。黄河口水体中壬基酚浓度低于文献中报道的海河口水体中的浓度,表层沉积物中壬基酚含量低于珠江口文献报道值。水体中壬基酚浓度超过抑制藤壶附着浓度(10 ng/L),河道最上游的站点水体中的浓度超过影响太平洋牡蛎幼苗的发育并增加幼苗死亡率的浓度(100 ng/L)。     

酚类污染物对金鱼卵黄蛋白原诱导的雌激素效应研究

以雌二醇为阳性对照,通过雄性金鱼卵黄蛋白原的诱导实验研究壬基酚、辛基酚、双酚A和2,4-二氯酚4种酚类污染物的雌激素活性,同时探讨金鱼作为实验生物的敏感性。不同浓度梯度的酚类污染物暴露14d后,以酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定金鱼血浆中的卵黄蛋白原含量,同时测定肝脏指数。结果表明,4种酚类污染物均可诱导金鱼体内卵黄蛋白原的合成并且提高其肝脏指数。雌二醇、壬基酚、辛基酚和双酚A诱导雄性金鱼卵黄蛋白原合成的最低可见效应浓度分别为0.005,15,5,10μg/L,且诱导量随暴露浓度的升高呈明显的剂量-效应关系,可以采用Weibull函数进行非线性拟合,其半效应浓度EC50分别为0.078,255.7,79.6和113.4μg/L。2,4-二氯酚诱导能力较弱,最大诱导量比阳性对照组低4个数量级,4种酚类化合物的雌激素活性强弱顺序为辛基酚双酚A壬基酚2,4-二氯酚。可见金鱼可以作为类雌激素化合物筛选和检测的敏感实验生物。     

南美白对虾淡养过程中虾池水质测定与分析

对 4个南美白对虾淡化养殖虾池池水的温度、盐度、p H值、溶解氧、营养盐 (硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵盐、磷酸盐 )、叶绿素 a的变化进行了测定和分析 ,结果表明 :( 1 ) 4个虾池池水的温度为 2 3～ 2 9℃ ,盐度为 1 .1 0 0～ 1 .5 0 0 ,p H值为 8.1～ 8.8,溶解氧质量浓度为 4.84～ 6.95mg/L,基本适合南美白对虾生长过程中对水质的要求 ;( 2 ) 4个虾池池水中的无机氮和无机磷含量几乎全部超过富营养化阈值 ,其质量浓度的平均值分别为 0 .436mg/L和 0 .1 5 3mg/L。硝酸盐是总氮的主要存在形式 ,铵盐与亚硝酸盐在水体中的含量较高 ,但均低于南美白对虾要求的安全质量浓度 ,其质量浓度平均值分别为 82 .2 3μg/L和 5 5 .0 5μg/L。叶绿素 a含量很高 ,但在各虾池池水中的含量变化不一 ,与无机氮含量呈负相关。N/P值为 0 .5 8～ 1 1 .5 8,个别虾池达 32 .5 6,但各虾池绝大部分时间的 N/P值为 5以下。     

冬季胶州湾及其周边河流中酚类环境激素的分布特征

分析青岛胶州湾及其临近河流中丁基酚、辛基酚、二氯酚和双酚A等环境激素的污染特征。结果表明,胶州湾水体中上述4种污染物的浓度分别为<1.2~28.0,<1.2~16.1,<2.7~9.5和<3.8~161.5ng/L;胶州湾沉积物中上述4种污染物的浓度分别为<1.0~1.4,<1.0~2.8,<0.8~1.6和<0.7~5.4ng/g。胶州湾内上述污染物均呈现东高西低的分布格局,说明湾内污染与沿岸工业分布和河流输入密切相关。胶州湾周围河流中上述污染物浓度远远高于湾内,其中墨水河污染最严重。文中同时讨论了酚类环境激素对当地生物的潜在危害。     

甲醛对Nessler法和次氯酸酚盐法测定养殖水体总氨氮的影响

水体中含一定浓度的甲醛 ,用 Nessler法测得的总氨氮 (TAN)浓度远远高于实际浓度 ,差异百分数最高达 4 5 0 .0 6 % ;用次氯酸酚盐法测得的总氨氮 (TAN)浓度则明显低于实际浓度 ,差异百分数最高可达 84 .77%。甲醛浓度范围为 10～ 4 0 mg/ L、TAN浓度为 1～ 10 mg/ L,通过双因素有重复观察值的交叉实验 ,得到如下矫正式 :(1)用 Nessler法测 TAN时 ,Y=4 .0 5 2 9- 0 .0 72 4 x1+ 0 .2 0 6 4x2 ,标准误差为 1.3381;(2 )用次氯酸酚盐法测 TAN时 ,Y=0 .1196 + 0 .0 345 x1+ 1.0 0 2 2 x2 ,标准误差为 0 .4 6 2 7。 Y为 TAN实际浓度 (mg/ L) ,x1为甲醛浓度 (mg/ L) ,x2 为测得的 TAN浓度(mg/ L )。比较含氨氮水体与不含氨氮水体中的甲醛浓度 ,方差分析结果表明 ,没有显著差异。     

酚类污染物对菲律宾蛤仔抗氧化和解毒系统相关酶活性的影响

壬基酚、辛基酚、二氯酚和双酚A是水环境中普遍存在的酚类污染物,由于其内分泌干扰活性和致癌性近年来受到广泛的关注.本研究以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为受试生物,研究4种典型酚类污染物暴露对其内脏组织和鳃组织中抗氧化酶包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)以及解毒酶谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性的影响.研究结果表明:壬基酚低浓度处理组(0.05～0.2 mg/L)3种酶活性无显著变化,高浓度处理组(0.4 mg/L),SOD、CAT和GST 3种酶活性均受到显著抑制,抑制率分别为56.6％,59.0％和35.5％.在实验浓度范围(0.05～0.4 mg/L)内,二氯酚能够显著抑制内脏组织CAT活性,双酚A能够显著抑制鳃组织GST活性.3种酶活性变化对于酚类污染物的响应呈现较好的规律性,因此可以作为生物标志物联合指示水体中的酚类污染.     

珠江广州河段水环境中多环芳烃的组成及其垂直分布特征

对珠江广州河段白鹅潭水域采集水柱一条,并按 6 层采集水样,根据美国 EPA 标准对多环芳烃进行了定量分析.结果显示,广州河段水环境中多环芳烃和 16 种优控多环芳烃浓度范围分别为 2 602.4 ～ 5 145.2 ng/L和 987.1～ 2 878.5 ng/L;颗粒相和溶解相多环芳烃的含量范围分别为 1 249.3 ～ 3 614.9 ng/L和 919.6 ～ 2 848.8 ng/L.多环芳烃垂向分布特征具有环数越高,其在水柱中下层水体中的含量越高特征,表明水柱可明显分为上层和中下层两层水体,两层水体多环芳烃的组成、污染物的输入方式均有较大的差异,中下层水体高环数的多环芳烃与河口水动力条件密切相关;初步分析表明在涨、落急过程中随流速加大可能引起表层沉积物再悬浮作用造成二次污染.     

渤海南部辛基酚和双酚A污染状况研究

研究采用固相萃取(SPE)-气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对2012年5月份渤海南部表层海水中的辛基酚(OP)和双酚A(BPA)的污染状况进行了调查。结果表明,渤海南部56个站位表层海水中OP均有检出,浓度范围1.50~20.1 ng/L,平均浓度4.17 ng/L,BPA均有检出,浓度范围1.50~275 ng/L,平均浓度34.8 ng/L。OP高浓度分布在漏油事故区Y系列和黄河口南部、莱州湾西部湾口以及SL20站位,且莱州湾湾口普遍高于湾内;BPA总体分布莱州湾沿岸站位浓度普遍较高。渤海南部表层海水中OP污染较胶州湾等水体严重,BPA浓度部分站位浓度已达到泥螺胚胎生成的4周10%效应浓度(EC10)。由此可知,渤海南部已经受到OP和BPA不同程度的污染,有可能对生物带来一定的生态风险。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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