曹妃甸海域理化环境及营养现状研究

于2011年5月~2012年4月对曹妃甸海域的温度、盐度、透明度、溶解氧、化学需氧量、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、氨氮、活性磷酸盐、总氮、总磷、叶绿素-a、叶绿素-b、油类等理化因子和营养指标进行调查,根据调查结果进行分析,揭示了该海域理化因子的时空变化规律,对海域的营养状况进行评价,为曹妃甸海域生态系统的研究积累基础资料。结果表明,调查期间该海域溶解氧含量平均值为7.93mg/L,变化范围为3.64~11.08mg/L;化学需氧量含量平均值为1.03mg/L,变化范围为0.25~3.05mg/L;无机氮含量平均值为1.24mg/L,变化范围为0.02~6.05mg/L;活性磷酸盐含量平均值为1.75×10~(-2) mg/L,变化范围为0.10×10~(-2)~5.72×10~(-2) mg/L;叶绿素-a含量的平均值为5.60μg/L,变化范围为0.49~31.17μg/L;叶绿素-b含量的平均值为1.67μg/L,变化范围为0.31~6.81μg/L;油类含量的平均值为0.119mg/L,变化范围为0.000~0.680mg/L。N:P值均大于16,属于磷限制性海域;根据潜在富营养化评价模式,营养状态质量指数法评价模式,为磷限制潜在性富营养(ⅥP)且为富营养化水平;而通过有机污染指数计算结果来看,有机污染为中度污染。     

低盐度水体南美白对虾对饲料中钙、磷的需求

低盐度水体中 ,以不同钙、磷含量的试验饲料对南美白对虾 (Penaeus vannamei)幼虾(0 .0 1 79± 0 .0 0 2 8) g进行饲养试验。结果表明 ,饲料钙磷的交互作用对南美白对虾的特定生长率、成活率及饲料系数有显著的影响 (P<0 .0 5 )。饲料中不添加钙、磷 ,南美白对虾幼虾的生长、成活率和饲料系数最差 ;饲料中钙、磷添加量分别为 0 .8%,1 .2 %时 ,南美白对虾生长最好。饲料钙、磷对南美白对虾体组织钙、磷含量存在显著的影响 (P<0 .0 5 )。特定生长率与肌肉 Ca/ P比 ,甲壳厚 /体质量比呈显著负相关关系。     

春季海州湾临洪河口浮游植物粒级结构及环境因素

2017年4月作者对海州湾临洪河口海域16个站位的常规理化因子以及浮游植物粒级结构进行了采样和分析,结果表明:调查海域盐度和温度均值分别为35.2和11.2℃,均由近岸到外海逐渐增大;悬浮物质量浓度在3.4 mg/L～137.6 mg/L变化,均值为22.8 mg/L,由近岸到外海逐渐减少,水体逐渐清澈; pH均值为8.29,近岸低,外海高; DO均值为9.8 mg/L, COD在0.34 mg/L～6.55 mg/L变化,均值为3.42mg/L,DO和COD分布规律不明显;浮游植物粒级组成以微型与小型浮游植物为主,其叶绿素a质量浓度平均值与范围分别为1.48μg/L(0.68μg/L～3.13μg/L)、9.14μg/L(2.69μg/L～25.50μg/L),且呈现自沿岸河口向外海逐渐递减的趋势;而微微型浮游植物叶绿素a质量浓度平均值仅为0.27μg/L,且分布较不规律;小型浮游植物对浮游植物总生物量的贡献率最大,高达83.89%,微型及微微型浮游植物的贡献率分别为13.60%和2.52%;在相关性分析中,各项环境因子对小型浮游植物的分布有较大的影响,其中悬浮物、pH与小型浮游植物叶绿素a浓度表现出显著相关(P0.05),溶解氧、盐度与小型浮游植物叶绿素a质量浓度呈极显著相关(P0.01),微型、微微型浮游植物的分布与各项环境因子的相关性不明显。     

胶州湾内外水体部分化学、生物因子的调查分析

在 1997- 0 8～ 1998- 0 6间 5次海洋调查的基础上 ,分析讨论了胶州湾内外水体营养盐和叶绿素的季节变化特征及其影响因子。从调查来看 ,硝酸盐和磷酸盐的季节变化呈双高峰 ,分别在 8月和 12月 (硝酸盐 :7.0～ 9.0 μmol/L;磷酸盐 :0 .4～ 0 .5 μmol/L) ,低值在 10月和 6月 (硝酸盐 :1.2～2 .2 μmol/L;磷酸盐 :0 .2～ 0 .3μmol/L)。硝酸盐的值湾内明显高于湾外。磷酸盐的值各站的差别较小。相对来说氨氮的季节变化规律不太明显。分析表明营养盐的季节变化受河流径流及水体内各生态过程的共同作用。叶绿素的季节变化呈春夏季高 (2 .6～ 5 .1mg/m3 ) ,冬季低 (0 .2～ 0 .6 mg/m3 )的特征。并从浮游植物碳量平面分布进行了分析。     

长江口南支水域营养盐和叶绿素a的潮周期变化

2007年8月于长江口南支4个站位进行了营养盐和叶绿素a浓度的定点连续观测,结果表明:调查站位的营养盐和叶绿素a浓度垂直变化不大,分层不明显,表中底层平均值的相对标准偏差在0～29.86%之间,且整个潮汛期的变化基本上不具规律性,少数营养盐(如亚硝酸盐和铵盐)呈现出半日周期的变化,即高潮时浓度达到谷值,低潮时浓度出现峰值;位于长江口南支水域南部S2和S4站位的硅酸盐、磷酸盐和硝酸盐在整个潮汛期的平均值都小于北部的S1和S3站位,且S1站位的硅酸盐、磷酸盐和硝酸盐在大小潮之间平均值差异不明显,而S2站位的硅酸盐和硝酸盐大潮时平均值要高于小潮,磷酸盐则相反,此外,S4站位的叶绿素a平均值都大于其他3个站位;4个连续测站的表层叶绿素a浓度与营养盐(NO2--N、PO34--P、SiO23--Si、NO3--N、NH4+-N)相关系数低(-0.6584～0.5494),叶绿素a浓度与营养盐的周日波动相关性不明显;观测区域硅酸盐、磷酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸和铵盐的平均通量分别是238.62、1.36、84.10、1.031、0.55kg.s-1。     

不同盐度条件下亚硝酸态氮与非离子氨对花鲈幼鱼的毒性实验

在水温为25～31℃、p H 7.70~8.17、溶解氧≥5.0mg/L、自然光照的条件下,作者采用半静水法研究了亚硝酸态氮与非离子氨在不同盐度条件下对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼(50.33 g±4.35 g)的急性毒性、半致死量浓度、安全质量浓度及不同盐度条件下氨氮胁迫对花鲈幼鱼耗氧率与排氨率的影响。结果表明,花鲈幼鱼在盐度0、10、20时,亚硝酸盐安全浓度分别为16.357、52.540、58.622 mg/L,总氨氮安全浓度分别为0.794、4.625、5.163 mg/L,非离子氨安全浓度分别为0.584、2.313、1.951 mg/L。实验结果说明,盐度和氨氮联合胁迫对花鲈幼鱼的耗氧率、排氨率有显著影响,盐度10时耗氧率和排氨率最低。     

盐度对序批式生物膜反应器性能及微生物活性的影响

本文研究了盐度变化对序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)性能及微生物活性的影响。研究结果表明,进水盐度不超过1.5%时,SBBR对COD的平均去除率高于88.63%,但进水盐度为2.5%时,对SBBR的COD去除产生抑制。当进水盐度由0%增加到2.5%时,NH~+_4—N去除未受到影响,出水NO~-_3—N浓度在0.30～3.30 mg/L范围内变化,然而出水NO~-_2—N浓度从0 mg/L逐渐增大到(4.35±0.02) mg/L。比耗氧速率由进水盐度为0%时的(27.39±1.16) mg O_2/(g MLSS·h)增大至进水盐度为1.5%时的(83.41±1.17) mg O_2/(g MLSS·h),而在盐度为2.5%时比耗氧速率降低至(38.62±1.08) mg O_2/(g MLSS·h)。比氨氧化速率、比亚硝酸盐氧化速率、比硝酸盐还原速率和比亚硝酸盐还原速率均随着进水盐度从0%增加到2.5%而逐渐降低。当进水盐度为2.5%时,氨单加氧酶、亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶、硝酸盐还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶和脱氢酶的活性与盐度为0%时相比分别降低了41.48%、95.86%、28.57%、27.85%和48.13%,表明盐度增加抑制了微生物酶的活性。     

海洋环境影响评价中溶解氧评价方法的改进初探:以官井洋为例

2014年官井洋增养殖区溶解氧含量在4.24~8.62 mg/L之间,平均值为6.70 mg/L,在夏季形成低氧环境(5 mg/L),使得鲍鱼在养殖中受到溶解氧影响,虽影响不大(溶解氧标准指数不超过1.5),应引起重视。水温对全年溶解氧含量变化起到主要因素。海洋环境影响评价中溶解氧评价方法的改进:1)首先在《环境影响评价技术导则地面水环境》(HJ/T 2.3-1993)中饱和溶解氧含量计算公式基础上增加盐度影响因子,统一饱和溶解氧含量的计算方法;2)并针对现有评价方法存在赋值不正常以及结果无法描述实际情况等的不足,在建议修改《海水水质标准》中溶解氧的分类范围的基础上,提出新的溶解氧标准指数算法,并将取样层次内所有(或特定)生物安全生存的溶解氧浓度作为溶解氧评价标准。     

夏冬季三沙湾海水营养盐含量的时空变化特征及与环境因子的相关性

根据2012年8月和2013年1月对三沙湾海域开展的海域水质现场连续调查数据,阐述了无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量时空变化特征及其与环境因子的相关性.结果表明,三沙湾海域夏冬季无机氮含量范围分别为0.059～1.669、0.569～0.940 mg/dm^3,均值为0.582、0.676 mg/dm^3,活性磷酸盐含量范围分别为0.036～0.071、0.050～0.070 mg/dm^3,均值为0.056、0.060 mg/dm^3.无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量的高值区出现在陆源径流入海区及大量网箱养殖区,总体呈湾顶向湾口递减趋势,氮磷含量表层高于底层,冬季高于夏季,大部分海域都超过第四类海水水质标准.根据CN/CP比值评价结果显示,三沙湾大部分海域浮游植物的生长为氮限制.相关性分析表明,三沙湾海域无机氮与硝酸盐含量相关性极显著（r=0.989）,表明硝酸盐是无机氮的主要存在形态;无机氮还与盐度（r=-0.923）和温度（r=0.939）有极显著的相关性,论证了沿岸径流对三沙湾营养盐的输入有重要影响.活性磷酸盐与铵盐、亚硝酸盐含量存在显著的正相关.本次调研结果为三沙湾海域富营养化研究提供基础数据.     

南海神狐海域亚硝酸盐垂直分布特征及影响因素

对南海神狐海域亚硝酸盐垂直分布进行了调查研究,探讨了亚硝酸盐分布规律的影响因素,结果表明,亚硝酸盐含量在水深75~100m处出现最大值,含量范围为0.136~0.260μmol·L~(-1),其他水层含量均0.005μmol·L~(-1)。与之相关的铵盐和硝酸盐却没有相似的分布规律,铵盐含量在整个水层中没有明显的分布规律,硝酸盐的含量随水深增加而增大。鉴于此,又对和其相关的物理、化学参数做了分析,发现亚硝酸盐独特的分布规律受铵盐浓度、温度、酸度、溶解氧含量、有机物含量等多种因素影响。     

利用盐田卤水池塘养殖卤虫的研究

1988年和1989年,作者在山东省盐场利用盐田卤水池进行了卤虫池塘养殖的研究。研究内容包括微藻培养试验、卤虫群体生长能力试验和间捕法养殖卤虫试验。通过试验在6个投饵池塘获得的鲜活卤虫产量为423.5—551.0公斤/亩(平均491.6公斤/亩),在4个不投饵池塘获得的产量为240.5—299.5公斤/亩(平均272.3公斤/亩)。本文报告了以上三个试验的内容和结果,并对卤虫养殖中出现的几个问题进行了讨论。     

Spatial distribution and community structure of phytoplankton,ciliates and zooplankton coupled to environmental factors in the Sousse saltern (Sahel of Tunisia)

The composition and distribution of the main planktonic halophilic microorganisms were studied in 12 ponds of different salinity levels, ranging from 38 to 328, in the saltern of Sousse, Tunisia, in relation to environmental factors. Nutrient concentrations increased with decreasing salinity in the ponds. Phytoplankton, ciliate and zooplankton communities were very diverse and varied spatially in relation to salinity in the ponds and to nutrient availability. Phytoplankton were dominated by diatoms, followed by dinoflagellates, in primary ponds where salinities were <100, and by the Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae in ponds with higher salinity. Zooplankton were dominated by copepods in the ponds of lowest salinity and by the brine shrimp Artemia salina in the most saline ponds. Within the planktonic community as a whole, diatoms, Spirotrichaea and copepods (68.9%, 89.9% and 71.05%, respectively) dominated in the lower-salinity ponds whereas Chlorophyceae, heterotrichs and Artemia salina (49.19%, 50.4% and 90%, respectively) dominated in the ponds of higher salinity. Despite the considerable constraint imposed by salinity, other environmental factors such as temperature also play a role in regulating the planktonic communities.     

Effects of small ponds on stream water quality and macroinvertebrate communities

Six small constructed ponds (surface area 500–7500 m², catchment area 28–158 ha) in rural and native forest catchments in the Auckland region had poorer water quality than the streams they replaced. Temperature (24°C) and dissolved oxygen (DO) (4 mg/litre) criteria were exceeded for up to 46% and 84% of days, respectively, during a critical 40‐day summer period. The poor conditions found in ponds, even within undeveloped native forest catchments, indicated that the physical characteristics of ponds (e.g., lack of shade, organic sediments) affected water quality independently of other factors (e.g., land use, riparian protection). The frequency and severity of the exceedences were related to pond size, retention time, and catchment land use; the most degraded conditions were found in rural ponds with largest surface areas and longest retention times. Ponds affected water quality and macroinvertebrate communities downstream. Exceedences of temperature and DO criteria occurred more frequently and were more severe downstream than upstream of ponds. Ponds in rural catchments increased mean daily stream temperatures 3.1–6.6°C during the critical summer period, and temperature differences were three times higher than those in bush catchments (0.8–2.0°C). Elevated temperatures were observed for hundreds of metres downstream owing to the slow rate of cooling (1°C/ 100 m), expanding the extent of adverse effects well beyond the “footprint” of the pond. Macroinvertebrate community composition (sample area 1–3 m²) and values of four commonly used metrics appeared to be significantly affected by ponds in rural and native forest catchments. These finding have important management implications that should lead to modifications (e.g., breaching dams) of the estimated 4500 existing ponds in the Auckland region, where possible, and restrictions on proposals for new “on‐line” ponds.     

厦门潘涂虾池及其附近内湾各态氮的季节性变化特征

1996年6月至1997年2月，对厦门市潘涂垦区两口虾池及附近内湾不同形态氮的含量与动态进行调查。结果显示虾池的可溶性有机氮（DON）含量明显高于邻近内湾，颗粒有机氮（PN）多数时间也高于内湾，而邻近内湾可溶性无机氮（DIN）含量则明显比池内的高。虾池中的氮主要以DON形态存在（59．76％），DIN，PN含量较少（9．37％和20．87％）；邻近内湾则是以DIN为主（59．97％），其次为DON（29．55％），PN所占比例最小（10．48％）。吓池与邻近内湾不同形态氮的季节变化也存在一定差异。     

四个拟穴青蟹养殖池水环境中细菌群落结构的比较研究

本研究在福建、广东沿海选取了四个拟穴青蟹养殖池(编号为FJ-CB、FJ-SC、GD-C、FJ-C)作为研究水样的采集地点,通过构建上述水样中细菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库来探究青蟹养殖水体环境中的菌群结构组成.从四个所构建文库中共获得201条16S rRNA核酸序列,分析结果表明:FJ-CB、FJ-SC、GD-C和FJ-C站位的优势菌群分别为红细菌目(Rhodobacterales,25.00%)、红细菌目(Rhodobacterales,30.88%)、蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria,39.58%)和蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria,62.16%);所构建文库中也检测到一些特有菌群序列,例如浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)等.基于不同养殖水环境中优势菌种、特有菌种的区别,一方面反映了不同养殖场管理方式的不同,另一方面也表明各养殖池水质营养程度的差异.综上所述,本研究揭示了各站位拟穴青蟹养殖水环境中基本菌群的组成特征,对于青蟹等甲壳类海洋动物养殖病害的有效防治具有重要参考价值.     

蓝,绿藻在浙江河口区霍乱弧菌可持续滋生的生态效应：Ⅰ.钱塘江河？…

为探索埃尔托霍乱弧菌致病常发区自然水体与其存活的有关因素,于1997年4月～1998年2月在钱塘江河口区霍乱多发地进行了4个季度月的现场生态调查.结果表明: 霍乱老疫区水域和非疫区的对照水域中其生态环境有明显差异.在老疫区水体中浮游植物密度大,其范围在105～107个/dm3,种类也多,仅蓝、绿藻在春季时就有35种;异养细菌数量高,其范围在105～106个/cm3,其中黄杆菌属,假单胞菌属和芽胞杆菌属占优势;弧菌数量在101～102个/cm3.对照水体中浮游植物密度小,在102～103个/dm3,种类明显少,蓝、绿藻只有4～7种;异养细菌数比老疫区水体的数量低2～3个数量级,在102～104个/cm3;弧菌在一年四季均未检出.     

利用生物控制养殖池污染的研究

利用陆基围隔对微生物制剂、底栖滤食性贝类、大型藻类控制养殖池污染进行了研究。研究表明,微生物制剂效果明显,利生健浓度达到6mg/L时即可显著降低池塘底泥的自污染速率,底泥中总氮积累速率仅为对照组的45.4%,对虾存活率提高53.25%,并能有效缓解水体中的氨氮压力。底栖滤食性贝类效果不明显,底播密度过大会加快底质的氮污染。菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)适宜底播密度为100g/m2,100g/m2处理组水体中的氨氮含量、水体和底泥中的氮积累速率在各处理组中最低,但差异不显著(p<0.05)。结果还表明,江蓠(Gracilaria tenuistip)在池塘中受到微藻竞争、浮泥以及透明度变化影响,生长较差。同时,本文通过对养殖池塘污染物基本概况的初步分析,提出了养殖环境综合治理的初步设想。     

Effects of oil on phytoplankton metabolism in natural and experimental estuarine ponds

A low level oil spill was simulated in small shallow natural estuarine marsh ponds in Ocean Springs and in experimental impoundments near St. Louis Bay, Mississippi. In the natural tidal pond in situ light and dark BOD bottle experiments on the phytoplankton community revealed a 44 to 65 % reduction in primary production and a 30 to 50 % reduction in respiration 2 weeks after spillage of 1·45 mg Empire Mix crude oil per litre of water. Two months after the spill, primary productivity and respiration in the oiled pond were only 17% and 7% lower, respectively than in the control pond. In the experimental impoundments at a concentration of 0·2 mg Arabian, Empire Mix and Nigerian oil per litre of water, in situ radiocarbon uptake by phytoplankton was lower—but not significantly lower—than that of the control impoundment. One to two months later, primary productivity was significantly higher in the Nigerian and Arabian oil ponds than control and Empire Mix ponds. The changes in plankton metabolism in both natural ponds and impoundments were evaluated on the basis of data simultaneously obtained from adjoining control ponds.     

The concept of ecological succession applied to phytoplankton over four consecutive years in five ponds featuring a salinity gradient

The distribution of phytoplankton abundance, biomass and species composition coupled with environmental factors and metazooplankton was studied relatively intensively and over a period of four consecutive years in five ponds featuring a gradient of increasing salinity from near to that of sea water to a nine-fold concentration from 2000 to 2003. The results indicate that the physical characteristics of the water (temperature and salinity) were quite similar over the years. Nutrients, which were concentrated in pond A1, decreased with increases in salt concentration. The composition of the phytoplankton community showed strong seasonality. Diatoms dominated in the first ponds A1, A16 and C2-1, followed by dinoflagellates. Chlorophyceae dominated the phytoplankton community in the hypersaline ponds M2 and TS. Cyanobacteriae were relatively abundant in ponds M2 and TS. The highest phytoplankton density and biomass were found in the ponds with the highest salinity due to the proliferation of Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta: Volvocales). The inter-annual study of phytoplankton succession in the Sfax solar salterns showed slight differences among the years of study due to the stability of the environmental conditions. Phytoplankton communities were permanently primitive, stage 1 – structured as they failed to build complexity because of salt stress which operates for longer and above any other variables. This reduced frequency of disturbance to the existing course of regulation, allowed the community to “mature” from its “primitive” state, rather than experience frequent structural setbacks.     

斑节对虾节水型养殖期间虾池硫化物含量的变化特征

在斑节对虾节水型养殖期间,观测了虾池底质和海水中硫化物含量的变化.结果表明,投放有益微生物的试验池与未投放有益微生物的对照池相比,底质硫化物含量波动较小,增高的速度较慢、增幅较小.在养殖后期试验池底质硫化物含量只增高了 68%,而对照池的增高了 252%.养殖过程中海水硫化物浓度呈阶段式和波浪式增高,在试验池中其浓度多数时间比对照池中的低.有益微生物能在一定程度上抑制水体和底质中硫化物的积累,但对老化虾池效果较差.由于节水型养殖模式利用有益微生物分解养殖过程中产生的有机物,采用单细胞藻类吸收利用营养盐,使养殖环境质量得到改善.