中国黄土环境研究的新进展

本文概述了中国黄土气候旋回划分，气候变化周期，黄土地层气候划分与深海沉积氧同位素曲线的对比，传统第四纪冰期划分与黄土地层气候旋回差异的原因，介绍了红褐色古土壤淀积层和古土壤类型研究的新成果，黄土形成与演变的新模型，评述了黄土石植被研究的新进展和今后黄土环境研究的趋势。     

渤海湾沿岸晚第四纪地层划分及地质意义

本文以4个钻透上更新统钻孔为例,以岩性和沉积构造为基础,采用“C、微体和孢粉等分析方法,结合气候地层和层序地层学的理论,对渤海湾晚第四纪地层进行了划分,讨论了岩相古地理和新构造特征.渤海湾沿岸晚第四纪地层可以划分为9组地层,自下而上分别为海洋氧同位素5e(MIS5e)、MIS5d、MIS5c、MIS5b、MIS5a、M...     

长江三角洲地区晚第四纪年代地层框架及两次海侵问题的初步探讨*

根据对长江三角洲地区两个以细颗粒沉积为主的晚第四纪钻孔进行OSL测年、U系测年、孢粉分析和微体古生物分析,试图建立高分辨率气候地层,从而建立本区晚第四纪的年代地层框架,并探讨本区晚第四纪的标志层和期间发生的两次海侵及其机制。研究结果显示,两孔记录的古气候波动可与深海氧同位素曲线进行对比：对应于深海氧同位素曲线第6阶段（MIS 6）,堆积厚层的河道相粗颗粒沉积及第3硬土层,反映当时气候寒冷;第5阶段（MIS 5）,为滨海湖沼沉积,沉积物的颗粒显著变细;第4阶段（MIS 4）,本区形成第2硬土层;第3阶段（MIS 3）的早期,本区也发育滨海湖沼沉积,中晚期则形成潟湖—砂坝体系,在滨海平原区普遍发育粉、细砂层;第2阶段（MIS 2）,地层由下粗上细的沉积序列构成,下部为黄灰、棕黄色粉砂,上部则为棕黄色或暗绿色硬粘土。其中MIS 6、MIS 4和MIS 2期间发育的3层硬土层可作为本区晚第四纪沉积的标志层。在MIS 5和MIS 3期间,本区均发生海侵,MIS 5时期由于古地势较高、淡水径流和陆源物质输入丰富,因此海水影响微弱;MIS 3时期的中晚期为缺乏淡水输入的潟湖—砂坝环境,从而形成广泛的海侵层。     

以气候变化为标志的中国第四纪地层对比表

随着新技术方法的不断引入和地层学多元划分理论的提出,除了传统的岩石地层、生物地层和年代地层,又开拓了地貌地层、磁性地层、土壤地层、同位素地层、事件地层和旋回地层等新的分支。高分辨率古气候研究的需要,促使我们去探索第四纪地层,特别是陆相地层新的划分方案。本文作者在各自对不同的成因类型的第四纪沉积物的研究中,都或多或少参照深海氧同位素阶段进行过地层的划分和对比的尝试,自然就产生了以氧同位素阶段为参照的划分和对比第四纪地层的设想。我们“抛砖引玉”,提出了中国第四纪ＭＩＳ地层表,只求“有”,尚不能求“准”,希望我们的工作能够推进我国第四纪地层的研究,对第四纪科学的发展作出贡献。     

西菲律宾海末次冰期以来的浊流沉积及其古环境意义

菲律宾海西部吕宋岛岸外MD98－2188钻孔揭示末次冰期以来发生过数次浊流沉积事件。研究发现浊流沉积层具有密度高、颜色亮度大等物理特征,含有较多粗沉积组分和翼足类化石碎片,说明其来源于浅海沉积物。本文运用AMS 14C测年和浮游有孔虫氧同位素建立精细的年龄模式,发现浊流沉积层段主要与末次盛冰期、冰期Heinrich变冷事件以及氧同位素4期等低海平面时期相对应,推测与千年尺度北半球气候冷期相关的海平面快速上升可能是西菲律宾海浊流沉积的触发原因。这对于认识快速气候变化的环境后果和开展西菲律宾海晚第四纪地层划分对比都有重要意义。     

黄土高原西部会宁地区66万年以来冰期—黄土旋回的孢粉记录

根据野外剖面观测及古地磁资料,将会宁黄土地层与兰州、洛川黄土地层进行对比。在孢粉分析的基础上,把该区约66万年以来的植被与气候演变历史划分为13个阶段,并将其与深海沉积氧同位素阶段及冰期旋回进行了对比。约66万年以来,该地植被变化于温性针阔叶混交林与荒漠草原之间,气候变化于温暖半湿润-寒冷干旱之间。     

黑龙江中游第四纪地层中的融冻变形构造及其意义

在第四纪地层中存在一类与冰期寒冷气候有密切关系的、独特的变形构造,通称为“融冻变形”、“冰缘现象”、“多边形构造”、“冰楔”、“热喀斯特”等等。这类构造在欧洲和北美第四纪冰川分布区及其边缘的第四纪地层中广泛分布,有很多描述与研究。作为第四纪冰川的同时或准同时现象,对于阐明第四纪气候特点及某些沉积过程具有一定的意义。在我国各地陆续发现了一些这类现象,正在引起第四纪地质工作者注意。黑龙江地区第四纪地层中的融冻变形构造是很典型的,本文仅对野外观察的现象作简要报导並作初步讨论。     

香港近海第四纪研究──(香港)地区与全球对比表

通过对ＷＢ７钻孔的研究及过去资料的分析，香港近海第四纪地层层序至少可以识别出１０个海相与陆相交替的沉积序列。ＷＢ７钻孔位于香港西薄寮海峡，对该钻孔进行了连续取样。本文列出了两张地区性与全球沉积序列对比表，最早的海相沉积和陆相沉积年龄分别早于倒数第４次间冰期和倒数第５次冰期，地层对比表中把香港的第四纪地层与磁性地层、氧同位素地层、超微体化石组合及澳大利亚南部滨岸沙丘序列，新几内亚Ｈｕｏｎ半岛和印度尼西亚Ｓｕｍｂａ半岛的海岸阶地，美国大西洋海岸平原氧同位素序列，中国黄土阶段及海侵，东南亚的海岸和近海沉积进行了初步的对比。     

根据湖相沉积碳氧同位素估算青藏高原古海拔高度

青藏高原湖相沉积碳氧同位素、海拔高度与年均气温存在函数关系。对青藏高原南部14个不同海拔高度的第四纪湖相沉积露头,在剖面不同部位采集了35个湖相沉积样品,结合海拔高度与年均气温的相关分析,建立了湖相沉积碳氧同位素古海拔高度计。再对青藏高原南部、青藏高原北部、东昆仑南部和柴达木盆地不同地点出露的渐新世、中新世早中期、上新世—早更新世湖相沉积地层,分别取样进行碳氧同位素分析,计算不同时期的古年均气温和古海拔高度。结果表明,青藏高原大部分地区中新世早中期整体隆升至海拔约4000m高度,五道梁—东昆仑南部中新世早中期整体隆升至海拔约3500m高度,柴达木盆地中新世早中期隆升至海拔约2500m高度。这些资料对认识青藏高原隆升时代和气候环境演化具有重要意义。     

试论我国华北地区第四纪冰期间冰期气候的孢粉组合特征

人类的出现、第四纪冰期的来临,被公认为第四纪以来发生的两大事件。用冰期和间冰期来划分我国第四纪地层是著名地质学家李四光教授所开创并致力研究和极力倡导的。目前越来越多的学者运用冰期间冰期,即从气候地层学观点来划分第四系。国内外大量研究资料表明,第四纪开始时,出现全球性冰期寒冷气候。此时堆积物及其所产化石组合,为确定第四系下限提供了可靠证据。第18届国际地质学会议也建议,以晚第三纪以来第一次明显的气候变冷作为划分第四系下限的依据之一。也就是承认第四纪开始是一次寒冷的冰期气候。W.H.Zagwijn(1960,1974)根据孢粉资料,将荷兰的雷     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the