湛江港区底泥悬浮物对凡纳滨对虾仔虾成活的影响

模拟吹填、疏浚等海上施工过程所产生的底泥悬浮物浓度的变化规律,探讨不同底泥悬浮物浓度下对凡纳滨对虾仔虾成活影响。结果表明:海水中底泥悬浮物浓度超过10mg/L,持续时间超过12h时,将对凡纳滨对虾成活率产生影响,随着悬浮物实验浓度的递加,仔虾的死亡率从13.33%增至96.67%;超过80mg/L,且持续时间超过48h,将对凡纳滨对虾产生严重影响,甚至导致全部仔虾的死亡;悬浮物对凡纳滨对虾的12h、24h、36h和48h半致死量(LC50)分别为54.56、40.29、25.8和19.18mg/L。     

近江牡蛎耗氧率和排氨率的研究

采用室内实验生态学方法研究近江牡蛎的耗氧率和排氨率。结果表明,在实验温度13~33℃范围内,近江牡蛎的耗氧率(RO)和排氨率(RN)与体重(W)均呈负相关,可用Y=aW-b表示。耗氧率和温度的关系可表示为RO=-c+b1t-b2 t2,耗氧率为0.626~2.354 mg.g-1.h-1;在温度13~28℃范围内,耗氧率随温度的升高而增加,28℃时,耗氧率达最大值,温度升高至33℃时,耗氧率反而下降。排氨率与温度的关系可表示为RN=c1e d1t,排氨率为0.075~0.318 mg.g-1.h-1,且随温度的升高,排氨率呈持续升高趋势。近江牡蛎呼吸和排泄Q10值范围分别为0.631~3.399和1.046~2.288。在28℃,不同规格近江牡蛎呼吸氧原子数与排出氨氮原子数的比值(nO/nN)均达到最大值。方差分析表明,体重、温度及二者的交互作用对近江牡蛎的耗氧率和排氨率均有极显著的影响(P<0.01)。近江牡蛎的日常代谢明显高于标准代谢,耗氧率和排氨率平均值分别提高46.8%和67.7%。     

近江牡蛎富集、排出Pb、Cd的动力学及其与体内金属硫蛋白的相关性研究

应用半静态双箱动力学模型,在50、100、200μg/L 3种质量浓度条件下分两个阶段室内模拟近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)富集、排出Pb、Cd的动力学过程,研究其体内金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)浓度变化与该过程的相关性,得到近江牡蛎富集和排出的吸收速率常数k1、排出速率常数k2、生物富集因子BCF、生物学半衰期B1/2等动力学参数。结果表明:相同暴露浓度下,近江牡蛎对Cd的富集量和BCF显著大于Pb(p<0.05),因而对Cd的富集能力大于Pb;富集平衡状态下生物体内金属含量Cmax与Pb、Cd暴露浓度成良好的线性关系,说明近江牡蛎是比较理想的重金属Pb、Cd污染的指示生物;在Pb、Cd的富集实验中,MT含量均随时间变化呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,而MT对Cd污染反应比Pb更敏感,效应时间更短;排出实验中,Pb、Cd实验组的MT含量随时间呈相反的趋势波动变化;金属暴露浓度梯度与近江牡蛎体内的MT含量变化没有"剂量—效应"关系,MT不能作为Pb、Cd对水环境污染的定量标志物。     

环境因素对虎纹蛙胚胎发育的影响

就温度、盐度、pH值及水中溶氧四个环境因素对虎纹蛙胚胎发育的影响进行了系统研究.结果表明其适宜的孵化水温为20～30℃,在此温度范围内,随着温度的升高,胚胎发育速度加快,水温在(30±1)℃时,胚胎发育到鳃盖完成期需58.8h,孵化率为84.2%;水温(20±0.5)℃时,需203.9h,孵化率为89.0%;水温(25±1)℃时,需时84.0h,孵化率最高,达94.5%.盐度对虎纹蛙胚胎发育影响很大,盐度越高,胚胎畸形率越高,且发育经历时间越长,孵化水体的盐度应在1.9以下,最适宜用淡水孵化.pH过高或过低都对胚胎发育不利,孵化水体的pH值以6.5～8.5为宜.虎纹蛙胚胎发育的不同阶段对水中溶氧量要求不同,在肌肉效应期、鳃血循环期和鳃盖完成期,水中溶氧的半致死浓度分别为0.57mg/L、1.13mg/L和0.40mg/L.     

间氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸盐对泥鳅的麻醉效果

根据泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)对20~140 mg/L麻醉剂间氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸盐(MS-222)在最终麻醉状态和复苏过程中的行为特征,分别把麻醉程度和复苏过程分为6和4个时期,研究140~340 mg/L的麻醉剂MS-222在12℃和22℃条件下对泥鳅的麻醉效果,比较180 mg/L的MS-222对不同规格(5.1、11.6、28.1 g)泥鳅的麻醉效果差异。结果表明:当MS-222溶液浓度为80 mg/L时,泥鳅达到麻醉3期,可以作为泥鳅长途运输的参考剂量;泥鳅呼吸频率受麻醉程度的影响,在麻醉3期之前无显著变化,但是4期之后出现显著下降(P0.05);在MS-222质量浓度为140~340 mg/L时,水温12℃条件下的鱼体至麻醉4期的时间(下称入麻时间)小于22℃,水温12℃条件下麻醉6期的鱼体至复苏2期的时间(下称复苏时间)亦小于22℃;在水温12℃和22℃时,MS-222对泥鳅有效麻醉的质量浓度分别为180 mg/L和220 mg/L;体质量小的泥鳅入麻时间短,复苏时间长(P0.05)。MS-222对泥鳅有较好的麻醉效果,在麻醉操作时,需综合考虑水温、个体规格等因素,使用合理的麻醉浓度。     

温度对大珠母贝滤水率的影响

在实验室条件下,测定不同温度下大珠母贝[Pinctada maxima(Jameson)]的滤水率。结果表明:在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃4个温度梯度下,大珠母贝的滤水率呈逐渐上升趋势,15℃时滤水率最小,30℃时最大;大、小规格大珠母贝个体滤水率最大值分别为1.045L/h和0.838L/h,最小值分别为0.126L/h和0.102L/h;相同水温条件下,大规格组的个体滤水率大于小规格组,大规格组的单位软体部干重滤水率小于小规格组。温度和个体大小对大珠母贝的滤水率有极显著影响(P<0.01)。     

氨氮胁迫对马氏珠母贝免疫活性的影响

在实验室条件下探讨氨氮胁迫对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)血细胞密度、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的影响。结果表明:1)不同浓度氨氮(1.25~40 mg/L)胁迫3 d后,马氏珠母贝血细胞密度随氨氮浓度的增加呈下降趋势,当氨氮浓度超过5 mg/L时血细胞密度较对照组明显下降,差异极显著(P<0.01);2)血清SOD活性随实验氨氮浓度(1.25~40 mg/L)的增加而明显下降,在较低氨氮浓度(1.25~5 mg/L)时,SOD活性高于对照组,氨氮浓度超过10 mg/L时,SOD活性低于对照组,各实验组SOD活性与对照组均存在极显著差异(P<0.01);3)当氨氮浓度为1.25~20 mg/L时,马氏珠母贝血清CAT活性随氨氮浓度的增加而升高,除氨氮1.25 mg/L组外,其余各实验组血清CAT活性较对照组极显著升高(P<0.01),当氨氮浓度为30~40 mg/L时,血清CAT活性呈急剧下降趋势,且低于对照组(P<0.01);4)马氏珠母贝血清LSZ活性随实验氨氮浓度的增加而降低,当氨氮浓度为10 mg/L以下时,血清LSZ活性高于对照组,当氨氮浓度为20 mg/L以上时,血清LSZ活性较对照组极显著降低(P<0.01);5)氨氮浓度为1.25~10 mg/L时,马氏珠母贝血清ACP活性随氨氮浓度的增加而升高,且高于对照组(P<0.01),当氨氮浓度超高20 mg/L时,马氏珠母贝血清ACP活性随氨氮浓度的增加急剧降低,且低于对照组(P<0.01)。     

广东沿海牡蛎体Ni含量水平及其时空变化趋势

198 9～ 1997年间 ,为实施“南海贻贝观察”计划 ,对广东沿海 12个地点近江牡蛎体内的 Ni含量水平进行了连续监测 ,结果全部牡蛎样品均检出 Ni,含量范围为 0 .17～ 2 .37mg/kg(湿重 ) ,总平均值为0 .58mg/kg。污染评价结果显示 ,广东沿海 Ni含量总体上处于微污染—轻污染水平。牡蛎体 Ni平均含量呈珠江口海区 >粤西海区 >粤东海区的分布格局 ,其最高值出现在深圳湾、唐家湾和湛江港。 70年代后期至 1991年 ,牡蛎体的 Ni含量呈明显下降趋势 ,此后 Ni含量年际间虽有波动 ,但无显著差异     

4种海洋贝类多糖提取和保湿性研究

以马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)、企鹅珍珠贝(Pteria penguin)、翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)和近江牡蛎(oyster)的内脏团为原料提取、纯化多糖,与甘油、聚乙二醇400(PEG-400)、丙二醇和1,3-丁二醇四种常规保湿剂进行比较.结果表明,在相对湿度为44%时,前12h 吸湿率顺序为:马氏珠母贝<近江牡蛎<企鹅珍珠贝<翡翠贻贝< PEG-400<1,3-丁二醇<甘油<丙二醇;在相对湿度为80%时,前12 h 吸湿率顺序为:近江牡蛎<马氏珠母贝<企鹅珍珠贝<1,3-丁二醇<翡翠贻贝< PEG-400<甘油<丙二醇.前12 h 的保湿率顺序为:近江牡蛎>翡翠贻贝>马氏珠母贝>企鹅珍珠贝>甘油>1,3-丁二醇>丙二醇> PEG-400.翡翠贻贝吸湿性多糖优于其他贝类多糖,稍低于常规保湿剂.在相对湿度为80%时,前12 h 翡翠贻贝多糖的吸湿率大于常规保湿剂1,3-丁二醇,翡翠贻贝多糖保湿性稍弱于近江牡蛎,但强于其他贝类多糖和常规保湿剂要强一些     

咸水体修复过程中含水层物理堵塞试验研究

针对山东半岛大沽河下游咸水体修复过程中含水介质物理堵塞的问题,采用室内模拟试验,系统研究了悬浮物质量浓度和粒径对咸水体含水介质物理堵塞的影响,并通过测定人工回灌过程中渗透系数的时空变化,定量分析和评价含水介质物理堵塞的机理和程度.结果表明:悬浮物质量浓度和粒径是影响含水介质渗透性的关键因素;在悬浮物质量浓度分别为50、100、200 mg·L—1的条件下,含水介质的等效渗透系数分别为其初始值的38％、20％0和10％;随着注入悬浮物质量浓度、注入时间的增加和入渗深度的减小,相对渗透系数不断减小;悬浮物的粒径越小,迁移距离越大,造成渗透系数下降区的厚度越大;随着悬浮物粒径的不断增大,粒径大的颗粒容易被截留在表层,造成表层渗透系数下降幅度增大,其余各层渗透系数下降幅度随深度增加而减小.     

粤西镇海湾近江牡蛎线粒体16S rRNA基因序列变异分析

采用聚合酶链式反应 (PCR)技术对粤西镇海湾水域的近江牡蛎Crassostrearivularis(Gould)群体 2 7个个体的线粒体DNA16SrRNA基因序列片段进行扩增 ,获得大约 5 0 0bp的扩增产物。PCR产物经纯化后进行序列测定 ,经ClustalX同源排序 ,除去引物及部分端部序列 ,得到4 14bp的核苷酸片段。 2 7个个体共检测到 2个变异位点 ,均为颠换位点 ,没发现碱基位点插入、缺失及转换位点 ,共 3种单倍型 ,每个单倍型只有一个碱基的差异。运用DNASP软件计算得该群体的核苷酸多样性和平均核苷酸差异数分别为 0 .0 0 0 36和 0 .14 815。此结果提示镇海湾近江牡蛎群体遗传多样性已很低 ,很有必要从其他分布区引进近江牡蛎亲贝来扩大该种群的遗传多样性     

海洋短小芽孢杆菌ZH1-6菌株的鉴定及生物学特性

从新鲜近江牡蛎中分离到一株拮抗细菌,命名为ZH1-6,该菌对金黄色葡萄球菌、乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌及大肠杆菌等多种病原菌有较强的抑制作用。通过形态学观察、常规生理生化指标测定、16SrDNA序列测定和同源性分析,鉴定该菌株为短小芽孢杆菌。研究表明:ZH1-6能利用多种碳、氮源,其生长温度范围为10-50℃,生长pH范围为pH3-10,最适初始pH为6.0。     

Seasonal distribution and relationship of water mass and suspended load in North Yellow Sea

The concentration of suspended load can be determined by its linear relationship to turbidity. Our results present the basic distribution of suspended load in North Yellow Sea. In summer, the suspended load concentration is high along the coast and low in the center of the sea. There are four regions of high concentration in the surface layer: Penglai and Chengshantou along the north of the Shandong Peninsula, and the coastal areas of Lüshun and Changshan Islands. There is a 2 mg/L contour at 124°E that separates the North Yellow Sea from regions of lower concentrations in the open sea to the west. And there is a 2 mg/L contour at 124°E that separates the North Yellow Sea from regions of lower concentrations in the open sea to the west. The distribution features in the 10 m and bottom layer are similar to the surface layer, however, the suspended load concentration declines in the 10 m layer while it increases in the bottom layer. And in the bottom layer there is a low suspended load concentration water mass at the region south of 38°N and east of 123°E extending to the southeast. In general, the lowest suspended load concentration in a vertical profile is at a depth of 10 to 20 m, the highest suspended load concentration is in the bottom near Chengshantou area. In winter, the distribution of suspended load is similar to summer, but the average concentrations are three times higher. There are two tongue-shaped high suspended load concentration belt, one occurring from surface to seafloor, extends to the north near Chengshantou and the other invades north to south along the east margin of Dalian Bay. They separate the low suspended load concentration water masses in the center of North Yellow Sea into east and west parts. Vertical distribution is quite uniform in the whole North Yellow Sea because of the cooling effect and strong northeast winds. The distribution of suspended load has a very close relationship to the current circulation and wind-induced waves in the North Yellow Sea. Because of this, we have been able to show for the first time that the distribution of suspended load can be used to identify water masses.     

Effects of algal concentration and initial density on the population growth of Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin （Crustacea, Cladocera）

The effects of algal concentration and initial density on the population growth of the estuarine cladocera,Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin,were evaluated in an indoor experiment.A 2 × 4 layout that included two algal concentrations(Chlorella pyrenoidosa,1 × 106 and 3 × 106 cell/mL) and four inoculation densities(100,200,300 and 400 ind./L) were established.Diaphanosoma celebensis were reared in 150 mL flasks containing 50 mL of algal medium at 22°C,under salinity of 10 and a photoperiod of 12 h L:12 h D.T...     

Seasonal changes in Porteresia coarctata (Tateoka) beds along a subtropical coast

Shoot density, standing crop (above- and below-ground biomass) and habitat of salt marsh grass Porteresia coarctata were investigated along the coast of Bakkhali estuary, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh from January to December 2006. Shoot density of P. coarctata was influenced by season and was found to be higher (>2 500 shoots/m 2 ) in post-monsoon and minimal in monsoon season; plants were particularly active in vegetative propagation during pre-monsoon. Above-ground biomass was greater along the protected coast compared with the exposed one in this estuary. Below-ground biomass was higher (7.75-269.53 g DW/m 2 ) than that above ground (2.20-114.75 g DW/m 2 ). Standing crops of P. coarctata showed a negative relationship (R=-0.77; P<0.05) with sedimentation rate, while seasonal activity influenced sedimentation. The recorded sedimentation rate was lower (6.09 mg/(cm 2 ·d)) in pre-monsoon and highest (14.55 mg/(cm 2 ·d)) in monsoon season. The mean value of pore water salinity was higher (34.25±5.05) during post-monsoon and lowest (18.0±3.71) in monsoon season. The soil was sandy clay in this P. coarctata bed; it consisted of 86% sand, 13% clay and 1% silt. Soil organic matter dropped during the monsoon season (0.78%-0.67%) and was highest ((2.17±1.42)%-(2.3±1.47)%) during post-monsoon, probably owing to accumulation of decomposed peat on the marsh surface. The mean pore water NH 4 -N concentration ranged from 2.44±1.65 to 3.33±1.82 μg/L, with a minimum air temperature of 22.09°C in post-monsoon and a maximum of 31.16°C in pre-monsoon. Variations of physico-chemical parameters in the soil, water, and climate governed biological parameters of P. coarctata in the Bakkhali estuary, and were comparable with estuarine environments elsewhere.     

Determining suspended sediment concentration and settling velocity from PC-ADP measurements in the Beibu Gulf, China

Modeling sediment transport depends on several parameters, such as suspended sediment concentration (SSC), shear stress, and settling velocity. To assess the ability of Pulse-Coherent Acoustic Doppler Profiling (PC-ADP) to non-intrusively quantify spatial and temporal SSC and settling velocity at seabed, a field experiment was conducted in the Beibu Gulf (Tonkin Gulf), in the South China Sea. The spatial profiles and temporal variations in SSC at 1 m above bottom were derived from PC-ADP acoustic backscatter intensity determinations after being calibrated with the optical backscatter sensor (OBS) measurements at the same elevation. The PC-ADP and OBS results agreed well. The temporal settling velocity obtained from Rouse profiles agreed well with the Soulsby formula based on size information by LISST (laser in situ scattering and transmissometry). Tides and tidal currents are diurnal in the gulf. SSC increased with increasing ebb and flood flow, and it rapidly decreased with the increase of distance from the seabed. The maximum SSC at 0.16 m and 1.3 m above bottom reached 816 mg/L and 490 mg/L during spring tides, respectively. The sediments consisted of mineral particles 23-162 μm in diameter and 0.05-2.04 cm/s in settling velocity. Generally, both the SSC and settling velocity followed variations in the bottom friction. Results suggest that PC-ADP is able to provide reasonable SSC and settling velocity measurements of both profiles and time series for a long study period.     

Salinity tolerance and growth response of juvenile <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis mossambicus</Emphasis> at different salinity levels

1　Introduction　Theuseofnaturalresources ,includingthosebeingofseeminglymarginalvalue ,isanimportanthumanactivitydesignedtoincreasefoodproductionandin come .Inagriculture ,soilsmaybetoosalinetosup portprofitablecrophusbandry ,yetsuchsoilmaybeusedalternat…