天然草地牧草产量遥感综合监测预测模型研究

利用天然草地牧草光谱观测资料、牧草产量资料、气象资料和NOAA／AVHRR资料，建立了天然草地牧草产量光谱植被指数和卫星遥感监测模型、气监测模型，提供及时准确地掌握牧草产量变化的科学手段。建立了天然草地牧草产量遥感预测模型及气象预测模型，可以根据需要提供不同时效的卫星遥感预测结果和气象模型预测结果。气象模型精度较高，但气象站点有限，往往以点代面；遥感技术宏观性强，空间信息丰富，可以弥补气象模型的不足；两者既可以互相验证，又可以取长补短。1995年以后服务表明，这些模型达到牧业气象业务服务的要求。     

关于城市交通地理信息系统模型设计的思考与改进

GIS—T模型是建立城市交通地理信息系统的主体,本文对现有GIS—T模型进行了简单的分析与评价,并且为了增加政府与公众做出决策的正确性,提出了路径畅通可靠度模型、城市交通综合指数模型、交通出行指数模型三个数学模型,以达到量化城市交通与完善GIS—T模型的目的。     

Satellite sensor modeling and 3D geo-positioning using empirical models

The need for the use of general empirical mathematical models for satellite sensor modeling and 3D geo-positioning has increased recently, mainly because of the absence of the satellite sensor information of some of the high-resolution satellites. In addition, empirical mathematical models can be applied to different satellite sensors since they are time independent mathematical models and do not require specialized commercial software packages. This paper discusses the applicability of the empirical mathematical models presented by the 3D affine model and the 3D polynomial models for satellite sensor modeling and 3D geo-positioning. The objectives of the paper are to demonstrate that (a) the 3D affine model and its modifications of the 3D polynomial models are applicable to different satellite sensors and different types of terrain, and (b) under some conditions, the empirical models can produce accuracies close to those from rigorous mathematical models.     

Modeling pedestrian shopping behavior using principles of bounded rationality: model comparison and validation

Models of geographical choice behavior have been dominantly based on rational choice models, which assume that decision makers are utility-maximizers. Rational choice models may be less appropriate as behavioral models when modeling decisions in complex environments in which decision makers may simplify the decision problem using heuristics. Pedestrian behavior in shopping streets is an example. We therefore propose a modeling framework for pedestrian shopping behavior incorporating principles of bounded rationality. We extend three classical heuristic rules (conjunctive, disjunctive and lexicographic rule) by introducing threshold heterogeneity. The proposed models are implemented using data on pedestrian behavior in Wang Fujing Street, the city center of Beijing, China. The models are estimated and compared with multinomial logit models and mixed logit models. Results show that the heuristic models are the best for all the decisions that are modeled. Validation tests are carried out through multi-agent simulation by comparing simulated spatio-temporal agent behavior with the observed pedestrian behavior. The predictions of heuristic models are slightly better than those of the multinomial logit models.     

地球重力场平差模型误差的控制

针对模型误差，给出了函数模型优选的标准；提出了衡量模型误差大小的精确度指标及实用估计方法；给出了估计函数模型拟合精度的标准差公式。     

Geometric structure simplification of 3D building models

The complexity of building models directly affects the application efficiencies of 3D urban maps. To address the challenges of building models with various structures, we propose a structural simplification method in this paper. The geometric structures of building models are classified into three categories: embedded structures, compositional structures, and connecting structures, which can be extracted separately through convex/concave analysis. Some specific rules are proposed for the simplification of geometric structures, and the building models are suggested to be simplified progressively. The robustness and efficiency of the method are demonstrated by experiments, and the applications of the Levels of detail of the building models are illustrated.     

基于GNSS的电离层模型研究进展

在利用全球导航卫星系统GNSS进行精密定位和导航时,电离层延迟误差是影响其精度和准确度的主要误差源之一,故对电离层模型研究至关重要。本文将电离层模型分成了经典电离层模型和现代电离层模型,并对经典电离层模型进行了比较,重点介绍了目前全世界电离层模型的研究热点、存在问题及研究方向。     

非线性模型线性近似的容许曲率

由于不同的非线性模型具有不同的非线性强度，使得一些非线性模型可以线性近似，而另一些则不能。本文介绍度量非线性强度的方法，提出判断非线性模型能否线性近似的数值标准——容许曲率     

Comparison of present SST gravity field models

Taking the main land of Europe as the region to be studied, the potential of the new satellite gravity technique: satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST) and improving the accuracy of regional gravity field model with the SST models are investigated. The drawbacks of these models are discussed. With GPM98C as the reference, the gravity anomaly residuals of several other models, the latest SST global gravity field models (EIGEN series and GGM series), were computed and compared. The results of the comparison show that in the selected region, some systematic errors with periodical properties exist in the EIGEN and GGM's S series models in the high degree and order. Some information that was not shown in the classic gravity models is detected in the low and middle degree and order of EIGEN and GGM's S series models. At last, the effective maximum degrees and orders of SST models are suggested.     

基于非线性误差模型的参数估计

测量平差与数据处理所涉及到的误差模型大多为非线性模型。对非线性模型作线性化处理必然导致信息的损失和牲的改变。因此,在非线性模型空间内进行测量平差与数据处理是学科发展的必然趋势。在对非线性函数误差模型与非线性随机误差模型作出假定的基础上,本文着重讨论了关系型函数模型与相关型函数模型中参数的估计准则与解算方法。     

神经网络融合模型在大坝安全监控中的应用

为了提高大坝安全监控模型的预测精度并检验模型的泛化能力,研究大坝安全监控的统计模型、BP神经网络模型及遗传神经网络模型,并提出基于这两种神经网络的融合模型,结合某拱坝长期的变形观测数据,对上述几种模型进行试算。分析结果表明,所建立的融合模型与其他模型相比具有较高的预测精度,且泛化能力较强,具有良好的适用性。     

面向虚拟地理环境的Linux平台地理分析模型服务化封装方法

地理分析模型是对现实世界中地理过程的抽象与表达,是虚拟地理环境能够反映真实世界的重要工具。随着地理学的发展,跨领域、多学科合作式地理建模逐渐成为地理学的研究趋势,地理分析模型共享与重用也已经成为研究热点之一。然而,地理分析模型运行平台的差异性导致了其在共享与重用上存在困难,表现在用户难以直接透明共享不同平台下的模型。目前,地理分析模型运行平台主要包含Windows与Linux,Linux平台上存在大量模型,但相关模型服务共享与重用研究相对较少。本文面向Linux平台不同操作系统,分析其差异性及安全性,设计模型服务化的安全策略;面向Linux平台下地理分析模型的异构特征,设计了模型基本信息描述接口、行为接口及部署接口,实现Linux系统下地理分析模型的服务共享与重用。本文以system for automated geoscientific analyses（SAGA GIS）中的网格分析模型为例,对所设计的Linux平台下地理分析模型服务化封装方法进行了验证,显示了所设计封装策略的可行性,为Linux平台下地理分析模型的共享与重用提供了理论与方法基础。     

Paleoart: Visions of the Prehistoric Past

Abstract

Cartography in general, and building solid landscape models in particular, requires an interdisciplinary set of skills in order to be done well. Traditional handcrafted construction methods provide quality results, but are extremely labour-intensive and therefore costly. Modern methods using digital terrain models (DTMs) and computer numerical control (CNC) milling are fast and accurate, but the finished models are visually less than optimal. Solutions are proposed using DTMs and CNC milling to create landscape models in which the initial shaping is done mechanically and the fine details are carved by hand. This ‘balanced approach’ to landscape modelling combines the time- and cost-advantages of modern digital technology with the quality of traditional handcrafted techniques resulting in highly accurate landscape models which still retain the artistic ‘feel’ of the human touch.     

非均匀地表蒸散遥感研究综述

本文评述了目前常用的遥感估算地表蒸散方法,包括地表能量平衡模型、Penman-Monteith类模型、温度—植被指数特征空间方法、Priestley-Taylor类模型和其他方法。然而使用这些方法估算地表蒸散时会面临严重的尺度效应,而产生尺度效应的根本原因之一是地表异质性,在分析了非均匀下垫面对水热通量遥感反演造成的影响后,介绍了面积加权、校正因子补偿与温度降尺度3种尺度误差纠正方法;并从地面观测实验的角度简述了非均匀下垫面水热通量真实性检验的研究;最后探讨了将来建立更具时空代表性的非均匀下垫面地表蒸散遥感估算模型可能会面临的一些挑战。     

GIS地形分析模型库管理系统的设计与实现

GIS地形分析中模型数量庞大、存储样式多种多样,因此,实现对模型资源的有效管理是基于GIS进行地形分析的关键技术.文中通过对GIS地形分析模型库的研究,提出GIS地形分析模型库管理系统的设计思想和总体框架,并开发系统原型,提高模型的可重用性,基本满足GIS地形分析模型管理的需要.     

基于遥感影像的煤矿沉陷区水深反演研究

目前,用遥感研究水深多集中于沿海及内陆水域,煤矿塌陷地水深反演研究很少。本文以徐州九里塌陷湖为例,通过分析水深值与水体反射率的关系,得到各单因子的线性、非线性反演模型,经分析其误差相对较大;选取各水深分段内误差较小的因子,最终建立多元回归模型,其绝对误差、相对误差均优于单因子模型。     

Digital Archiving and On-line Publishing of Old Relief Models

Abstract

Although people rarely think of relief models when speaking about cartographic products, these artefacts are probably the most impressive way of visualizing landscapes. Unlike traditional maps or globes, most relief models are unique, vulnerable hand-made objects. Digital archiving is an important step in their preservation. There are special tools for this task, but these equipments are rather expensive, and libraries or other institutes that usually own these models cannot spend too much. The authors examined various on-line tools to create digital 3D representation of relief models using a set of photographs as source. These tools create point cloud and textured triangle mesh based on matching patterns on the photos. A workflow was developed which uses these web services and produces the digital 3D version of relief models. This paper introduces the method, discusses the details of successful photographing, the possible post-processing of the results. A new web site, using the X3DOM technology to show the digitized models to the general public, is also introduced.     

Comparison of present SST gravity field models

IntroductionSince 2000 , with the launch of CHAMP satellite,several series of high-accuracy and high-resolutionstatic Earth’s gravityfield models have been createdbased on aboundent SST data. With these models ,the research in solid geophysics ,oceangraphy,andgeodesy can be promoted greatly[1].In this paper ,the SSTgravity models’accura-cyin various frequently domainis studied.First-ly,the difference among these models is compu-ted and compared,and then their accuracyis an-alyzed. Fina…     

现有SST重力场模型的比较研究

分析了最新的卫星跟踪卫星（satellite—to—satellite tracking，SST）地球重力场模型EIGEN系列和GGM系列在欧洲大陆部分与GPM98C模型重力场异常残差的差异，研究了新一代卫星重力方法对于提高区域重力场模型精度的潜力以及存在的问题。比较结果说明，SST重力场模型的较高阶部分精度不理想，而在中低阶部分，SST模型表现出在原有经典重力场模型中并未包含的信息。