GIS面向用户的模型库及其管理系统的设计与实现——以GIS中地形分析为例

主要阐述了 GIS中模型库及其管理系统的基本概况 ,介绍了在 Windows 95环境下 ,用动态连接库 (DLL)实现模型的存储 ,用面向用户的方式实现模型维护的一种方法 ,并以此为基础建立了军事地形分析模型库。     

GIS技术在无线电波场强分析中的应用研究

无线电波场强分析在广播电视台站规划中是一项重要的工作,采用传统的电波传播模型进行场强预测时,相关的计算大多依据纸质地图用手工进行,工作强度高,结果精确性低。本文结合地理信息系统(GIS)的空间数据管理、数字地形分析等技术,构建台站与发射机实体对象,基于地理空间信息环境实现了典型电波传播场强分析模型,提高了场强计算的效率和空间位置精度,同时将人口分布信息应用到模型中,增强了台站规划的科学性;最后讨论了GIS技术在电波传播模型中进一步应用的前景。     

基于SCADA和GIS技术的供水管网调度系统

监测监控及数据采集系统(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition-SCADA)能够远程控制、监测、收集设备数据并把它传送到监控中心.地理信息系统具有捕获、管理、操作、分析与空间数据相关的数据能力,在各种空间数据的基础上建立分析模型并将SCADA系统输出的实时数据导入到模型中可以增加模型的准确度和实时性,GIS强大的图形显示能力大大增强模型可视化分析能力.介绍建立基于GIS和SCADA系统集成的供水管网调度系统并给出系统原型.     

基于DEM的小流域土地利用分析模型研究与实践

采用DEM数据和各种土地利用类型矢量数据,运用GIS空间分析方法,设计土地利用分析模型,实现各种土地利用类型在不同地形因子影响下的空间分布现状的分析和显示,为区域土地利用规划或优化土地利用结构提供决策服务.     

基于元算法的GIS数学模型库系统设计

现有的多数GIS系统中数学模型的创建模式单一、固定,已不能满足GIS发展对数学模型共享性、重用性、动态扩展和智能管理的需求。本文通过对模型库系统中模型的表示方法的研究,提出了"元算法"的概念,进而研究了GIS系统的元算法模型的分类和元算法模型之间的层次关系,并初步建立起"基于元算法的GIS数学模型库系统",实现了通过元算法模型和子算法模型之间的"聚合"生成新算法模型的功能。研究表明,这种建立数学模型库的方法能很好地实现对现有模型的管理,满足构建新模型的需求,从而为GIS提供强有力的算法支持。     

1:1万核心地形要素数据库逻辑数据模型设计

用E－R（实体联系）模型提出省级1：1万核心地形要素数据库的实体联系模型，针对MGE(Modular GIS Environment模块化地理信息系统环境）的特点进一步转化为逻辑数据模型，进行数据库物理设计，该设计成功应用于海南省1：1万核心地形要素数据库的建库实践中。     

重庆万州区山地分类定量化研究

文章在GIS技术支持下,基于水文分析模型,通过DEM数据,结合山地综合分类模型,以重庆市万州区为例,对山地进行定量化分类研究,结果表明:以负地形洼地贡献区域作为山地相对高程的起算面,完全摆脱了人为因素的影响,解决了一直以来难以确定山地相对高度起算范围的难题;以负地形洼地深度作为山地相对高程是正确可行的,且能快速获取山地的相对高程;以山地表面积代替投影面积计算山地率更切合实际.     

基于GeoStar的城市交通地理信息系统的设计与实现

通过系统分析城市交通的特点，应用城市交通地理信息系统的网络结构模型和交通网络数学模型，以武汉市建成区为例，建立武汉市交通地理信息系统（GIS－T）。该系统利用GIS强大的空间分析功能及属性库管理能力来管理交通资源。     

面向GIS数据交换与分发的2维地形编码体系

介绍由基于面分类法的大比例尺地形对象2维代码体系与SCS for GIS 2000软件系统合成的,支持景观数据、图形数据分合管理,面向地形数据采集、更新、制图以及GIS数据交换与分发的一个基础GIS解决方案.     

利用ESAR极化数据的复杂地形区森林地上生物量估算

利用机载E-SAR传感器获取的P-波段全极化SAR数据与实测林分样地数据,分析不同极化方式后向散射系数在地形起伏区与森林地上生物量（AGB）的响应关系,以改进的水云模型为基础,建立了融入地形因子的分析性模型。采用遗传算法确定模型的最优参数,并对模型在不同坡度情况下的可靠性、稳定性进行分析,同时通过与常用模型相对比,确定水云分析模型在复杂地形区估算AGB的优势。结果表明：在森林AGB处于较低值的情况下,后向散射系数（HH、HV、VV）变化趋势与AGB变化趋势保持一致,但随着AGB值的增大,这种一致性仅在HV极化方式下继续保持,因此相比之下,HV极化方式更适用于复杂地形区生物量的估算。地形对森林AGB的估算具有极大的影响,后向散射系数与AGB的相关性随着地形坡度的增加而减小。5种模型估算森林AGB的能力大小排序为：水云分析模型 > 二次模型 > 对数模型 > 指数模型 > 线性模型。地形起伏较小的地区估算稳定性排序为：水云分析模型 > 二次模型 > 对数模型 > 指数模型>线性模型。地形起伏较大的地区估算稳定性排序为。水云分析模型 > 二次模型 > 线性模型 > 指数模型 > 对数模型。利用水云分析模型对研究区AGB估算,其实测AGB与模型估算的生物量值决定系数为0.597,RMSE为30.876 t/hm²,拟合精度为77.40%。     

Buildings and terrain unified – multidimensional dual data structure for GIS

3D city models are widely used in many disciplines and applications, such as urban planning, disaster management, and environmental simulation. Usually, the terrain and embedded objects like buildings are taken into consideration. A consistent model integrating these elements is vital for GIS analysis, especially if the geometry is accompanied by the topological relations between neighboring objects. Such a model allows for more efficient and errorless analysis. The memory consumption is another crucial aspect when the wide area of a city is considered – light models are highly desirable. Three methods of the terrain representation using the geometrical–topological data structure – the dual half-edge – are proposed in this article. The integration of buildings and other structures like bridges with the terrain is also presented.     

基于GIS的新疆民航空管系统的研究与实现

在航空运输系统中,空中交通管理肩负着维护飞行秩序、监督飞行活动、保证空中交通安全的重要职责。近年来GIS技术的应用发展很快.在多个领域取得了成功的应用。在民航空管系统中,地理信息与空管信息密不可分,是民航空管系统中不可缺少的一部分。本文利用地理信息系统(GIS)对地形数据、遥感数据、地物点、航路、空域、作业区等进行数字化处理,并基于地理信息系统在新疆民航空管系统实现相关功能,如GIS展示、数据交互、测量分析、地图交互和观察模式等。该系统的的建成将促进新疆空管保障能力显著提升,保证空中交通更加安全顺畅。     

基于Creator、3DSMax和ArcEngine的三维城市建模方法

通过Creator和3DSMax联合使用构建三维建筑模型,在GIS中对原始影像进行了纠正,并生成了Ter-rain地形文件,应用ArcEngine和VS 2008（C#）进行二次开发,实现了银川市三维城市浏览与管理。     

A Hybrid System of Expanding 2D GIS into 3D Space

A hybrid system that integrates two-dimensional (2D) GIS and three-dimensional (3D) visualization has been developed to provide unique solutions to application domains where traditional 2D GIS and 3D visualization cannot alone provide a solution. In this paper, we focus on three key issues in realizing such an integrated system, including large-scale terrain rendering, 2D and 3D combination display (for example, rendering 2D GIS layers in 3D space), expanding traditional 2D GIS analysis functions into a 3D environment, and visualizing 3D geographical data. A generic framework is developed to integrate 3D visualization with various types of 2D GIS, such as commercial GIS software, open source GIS software and spatial databases. A prototype 2D and 3D hybrid system that seamlessly integrates 2D GIS (developed with ArcEngine) and 3D rendering engine (developed with DirectX) is then developed based on the framework. In this hybrid system, 2D and 3D data are viewed within the same scene. Multiple 2D GIS layers are overlaid on the base terrain using a Level of Detail (LOD) model. Advanced query functions, data accessing, data management and spatial analysis, which are executed in the traditional 2D GIS, are provided to users in a 3D environment by continuously transforming information between the 2D GIS subsystem and the 3D subsystem. The 3D data are organized and displayed by Keyhole Markup Language (KML) and textured 3D models in the COLLAborative Design Activity (COLLADA) format. The prototype demonstrates that this hybrid system has effectively addressed the three key issues identified above and that it can seamlessly integrate 2D GIS and 3D visualization. The hybrid system has great potential to be employed in many application domains, such as urban planning, landscape design and environmental decision making, among others, to enhance the 3D design capability and facilitate public participation in the planning, design and decision-making process.     

网络环境下全球地形数据组织

阐述了地理信息系统空间数据库的发展,分析了全球地形数据管理对数据组织结构的要求和数据高效索引的需求。在此基础上提出了适合于网络环境下地理信息系统中海量地形数据管理以及全球地形环境构建的多分辨率四叉树金字塔地形数据管理模型,并阐述了其中涉及到的主要技术问题的解决方案。     

基于GIS的彭州市崩塌滑坡地质灾害地形因素分析

基于ArcGIS平台,利用DEM数据资料,选择位于四川西北部的彭州市作为研究区域,提取了区内高程、地形起伏等地形因子;统计了5.12震后区内39个滑坡点,58个崩塌点,建立了地形地貌与崩塌滑坡地质灾害之间的关系:这类地区对应的地貌类型主要是海拔高程较高的山坡地带。实验证明,利用GIS技术,结合数字地面模型,进行崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害的地形因子相关性分析,结果可靠,对防灾减灾具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Multiresolution Terrian Model in GIS

DEM, which becomes a major component of geographic information processing in earth and engineering sciences, has been studied in the GIS literature for a long time. We use DEM to represent the terrain in GIS. The more data are available, the better representations of a terrain can be built. But not all tasks in the framework of a given application necessarily require the same accuracy, and even a single task may need different levels of accuracy in different areas of the domain. Multiresolution models, such as LOD, offer the possibility of representing and analyzing a terrain at a range of different levels of detail. In this paper, some key issues in multiresolution DEM model are studied. Three main models are focused on Hierarchical TIN(HTIN), multiresolution terrain model based Delaunay and Hierarchical Dynamic Simplification. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are analyzed. The technology of tile to tile edge match is studied to maintain the consistency between adjacent edges and tile edges in HTIN model. And the Hypergraph based Objected oriented Model(HOOM) is presented to divide and code spatial area and describe the terrain feature in adding and deleting points based on Delaunay rule retriangulating. The conclusions have been drawn in the end.     

Phenomenon-based Specification of the Digital Representation of Terrain Surfaces

The phenomenon known as 'terrain' is a continuous surface. However, when a digital terrain representation is based on a regular raster (i.e. a DEM) the digital surface is commonly not continuous. This is the case for the derivation of variables such as slope, aspect, and curvature values as performed in today's Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Often, there is no surface specified at all, as, for instance, when flow lines or watersheds are constructed. The discrepancy between the phenomenon to be modelled and its digital representation causes the terrain analysis results to be less accurate than they could be. Furthermore, if more than one type of terrain information is derived the results are likely to be based on different specifications of the seemingly same terrain surface. The combined application of the derivation results will likely introduce inconsistencies. This paper suggests founding the specification of digital terrain representations on a careful analysis of the properties of the phenomenon. The paper details the reasons for, and advantages of, continuous surface representations and emphasises the importance of a comprehensive documentation of the conceptual models underlying digital terrain representations. A review of suitable interpolation approaches for the specification of terrain surfaces is given. The paper discusses how the resulting digital surfaces are analysed and how measurement uncertainty may be accounted for.     

基于GIS的城市人防工程空间分析模型的建立与实现

为提高城市人防工程的管理水平,利用地理信息系统技术(GIS)的空间分析功能,首先在分析城市人防工程的实体—关系模型(E-R模型)的基础上,根据GIS空间分析的特点,提出了基于空间分析的城市人防工程的数据库结构;其次,根据城市人防工程规划、管理和施工的需要,建立了城市人防工程设备的承载力、辐射范围缓冲图、人口疏散隐蔽路线最佳路径、地下人防工程3维分析等几种空间分析模型,并对各种模型的表示内容和实现方法进行了阐述,从而实现了城市人防工程的可视化和动态化管理。该模型在广州市人防工程综合管理信息系统应用后,提高了广州市的城市人防工程的管理水平,促进了该人防办的数字化进程。