中国沿海方格星虫属(星虫动物门)的研究

本文报道作者采自我国沿海的方格星虫属共计5种,分隶于2亚属。反孔亚属印度方格星虫和方格亚属裸体方格星虫、挪威方格星虫、强壮方格星虫、拟安氏方格星虫。     

中国沿海管体星虫属(星虫动物门)的研究

报道作者采自我国沿海管体星虫属共计4种。其中富岛管体星虫Siphonosomafunafuti(Shipley)在我国是首次记载。     

广东大鹏湾星虫类的初步研究

我国大鹏湾的星虫类(sipuncula)过去未曾报道。作者自1980—1983年进行了我国南海星虫类区系分类的调查采集。本文就1983年5月至6月在大鹏湾采集的标本共132个，初步鉴定为5种，分隶于4属。     

西沙群岛星虫类研究Ⅲ石管星虫属Lithacrosiphon

本文连续报道南海西沙群岛星虫类的第三部分即石管星虫属（Lithacrosiphon）。本属系1902年由Shipley氏订立。据文献记载属中的种均分布于热带海，通常钻孔于珊瑚石中。作者仅鉴定了马岛石管星虫（Lithacrosiphon maldiuensis Shipley）一种。本属在中国海是首次记载。     

裸体方格星虫和可口革囊星虫精子超微结构的比较分析

用透射电子显微镜,观察了裸体方格星虫和可口革囊星虫精子的超微结构.这2种星虫成熟精子均由头部、中部和尾部组成,但其精子头部的超微结构不尽相同:裸体方格星虫精子的头部与可口革囊星虫精子的头部相比较小,由棒状"八"字形顶体与哑铃形细胞核及顶体下腔构成,而顶体下腔内没有明显的顶体棒结构.可口革囊格星虫精子的头部虽也由顶体、顶体下腔和核组成,其顶体呈圆弧形,精核为鸭梨形,核物质电子密度高,核内含空泡,顶体下腔中似有一顶体棒结构.这2种星虫精子的中部和尾部基本类似,仅中部的线粒体数目不同,裸体方格星虫精子的线粒体略少,有4～5个,而可口革囊星虫精子有5～7个.精子的尾部由远端中心粒延伸而出,均为细长鞭状,由轴丝及包绕轴丝的质膜组成,轴丝为典型的"9+2"结构.研究结果表明,精子的超微结构可以作为鉴别这2种星虫的依据.     

星虫动物繁殖生物学研究进展

星虫(Sipunculida)是一小类不分节、蠕虫状的海产体腔动物。目前,世界上已记录星虫共约16属250多种,我国已发现2科8属36种。星虫动物门下只设立一个星虫纲一个星虫目,其下分为4科,分别为Golfingiidae科,Phascolosomatidae科,Sipunculidae科和Aspidosiphonidae科。其中Golfingiidae科的种类最多,占总种数近半。星虫动物主要栖息于潮间带至浅海的沙、泥沙底质及岩礁、珊瑚礁、藻场的沉积沙泥环境中,营埋栖生活,温带至热带海域均有分布。绝大多星虫种类具有经济价值,不仅是底栖经济鱼类和甲壳类优质的天然饵料,不少种类还是海珍食品。光裸方…     

西沙群岛星虫类研究Ⅲ——石管星虫属Lithacrosiphon

本文连续报道南海西沙群岛星虫类的第三部分即石管星虫属(Lithacrosiphon)。本属系1902年由Shipley氏订立。据文献记载属中的种均分布于热带海,通常钻孔于珊瑚石中。作者仅鉴定了马岛石管星虫(Lithac-rosiphon maldivensis Shipley)一种。本属在中国海是首次记载。     

方格星虫属动物的研究进展

方格星虫纲（Sipunculidea Hasehek,1883）方格星虫目（Sipunculiformes Cutler et Gibbs,1985）方格星虫科（Sipunculidae Quatrefages,1865）方格星虫属（Sipunculus Linnaeus,1766）动物广泛分布于大西洋、太平洋、印度洋、地中海、红海和加勒比海等海域。全世界11种,我国5种,主要分布于东南沿海。     

中国沿海星虫动物门名录

取1980～1989年间在我国沿海进行星虫动物区系调查的标本和有关资料做了整理、鉴定,共39种,分隶于2纲,4目,6科,12属。其中1种在我国为首次记录。     

西沙群岛星虫类研究Ⅰ

星虫类广泛分布于三大洋中，主要产于热带和亚热带浅海和近岸水域。有许多种类栖息于珊瑚礁间。关于我国西沙群岛星虫类的研究，迄今尚未见报道。1980年作者在西沙群岛的永兴岛、石岛、浪花礁、赵述岛、东岛等地采得不少此类标本，作为第一部分报告。     

Biodiversity and community structural characteristics of macrobenthos in the Chukchi Sea

Field sampling of the macrobenthos from 23 stations in the Chukchi Sea was conducted during the 4th CHINARE(Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions, July–August, 2010). We identified a total of 140 species of macrozoobenthos belonging to nine phyla, which were dominated by polychaetes(66), crustaceans(30), and mollusks(25), followed by echinoderms(9) and others(ten others, including four cnidarians, one oligochaete, one sipuncula, one priapulida, two bryozoans, and one urochordata). The dominant species were Aphelochaeta pacifica, Heteromastus filiformis, Nephtys ciliata, Nephtys caeca, Scoletoma fragilis, Golfingia margaritacea, Nuculana pernula, Macoma calcarea, Ennucula tenuis, Macoma inquinata, Musculus discors, Echinarachnius parma, and Ophiura sarsii, so there were more cold-eurythermal boreal immigrants than truly Arctic species(endemics). The average density and biomass(mean ± SD across all stations) of the total macrozoobenthos were(916 ± 907) ind/m2 and(902.9 ± 1 227.7) g/m2(wet weight), respectively. Relatively high density and biomass were observed in the samples from the northeastern and southern Chukchi Sea. The spatial variation of benthic communities in the study sea area was relatively large; this spatial heterogeneity has led to high diversity and a patchy distribution pattern in the community structure. Compared to the 1st CHINARE( July–August, 1999), this investigation revealed different degrees of decreases in the average taxa numbers and the average density, abundance, and biodiversity in the area over the recent decade, which might be associated with global warming, human activities, and sea ice variations.     

Three sipunculan species (two new) from New Zealand

Two new species of Sipuncula arc described from New Zealand; Phascolion temporariae from, the empty tubes of the polychaete Temporaria inexpectata (Mestayeri), and Phascolion tortum from the shells of four species of molluscs. Specimens of Golfingia improvisa (Theel) are also reported from the empty frustules of the foraminiferan Ammodiscoides mestayeri (Cushman) and the sandy tubes of the foraminifera Rhizammina sp. All the species were dredged at depths of 370–660 m from Taiaroa and Papanui Canyons, off the Otago Peninsula, New Zealand. The body cavity of several specimens of G. improvisa contained the larval stage of a nematode.     

Effect of the East Siberian barrier on the echinoderm dispersal in the Arctic Ocean

The distributional patterns were analyzed for 43 species and 33 genera of echinoderms in the Laptev and East Siberian seas and for 59 species and 35 genera of the asteroid species in the Arctic Ocean. The probable colonization route through the Arctic was suggested for each species based on (1) the distributional patterns of the Arctic species, (2) the distributional patterns of the closely related species, and (3) the location of the center of the diversity of the species belonging to a certain genus. The species of the Pacific origin prevailed in the asteroid fauna of the Arctic seas. The asteroid species diversity and the ratio of the species of Pacific origin decreased from the Barents towards the Laptev Sea and increased, respectively, in the East Siberian and the Chukchee seas. The species range limits were found for 19 species in the East Siberian Sea compared to only 3 species in the Laptev Sea. The East Siberian Sea was a limiting area for the dispersal of four species groups: (1) invaders from the North Pacific dispersing along the Asian coast of the Arctic (shallow-water stenobathic species), (2) invaders from the North Pacific dispersing along the American coast of the Arctic and further on back into the Arctic along the Eurasian coast (secondarily Atlantic species); (3) originally invaders from the Northern Atlantic; (4) representatives of the Arctic autochthonous fauna. A great width of the biotic boundaries (i.e., the zones of the species range boundaries crowding) was typical for the Arctic Basin, which was a sign of their young geological age.     

南海鱼类生物多样性与区系分布

分析了南海鱼类生物多样性与区系分布的生态地理条件,鱼类生物多样性特征。校核整理了南海鱼类2 321种,分属于六鳃鲨等35目,以鲈形目占绝对优势(979种),并以珊瑚礁栖,典型暖水种的隆头鱼科为优势科(占117种),而蝴蝶鱼和石斑鱼分别达到34种、31种,列为优势属,从而构成南海富有潜势的群落结构。文中进一步论述了南海鱼类区系属于以印度-西太平洋为主体的区系特征。     

Taxon‐related diversity patterns from the continental shelf to the slope: a case study on nematodes from the Western Indian Ocean

A study was carried out across the continental shelf and slope in the Western Indian Ocean along the Kenyan margin to unravel depth‐related species diversity patterns portrayed by different nematode families. Sediment samples were collected along four bathymetric transects at 20, 50, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 m. Three nematode families were selected for species analysis, based on their general occurrence with relatively high numbers and diversity from shelf to slope. All three families exhibited a distinctly different shelf and slope nematode species community. However, all three families also had a significant proportion of species that displayed a eurybathic distribution. Coincidentally, Microlaimidae, the least species‐rich family had the most eurybathic species (75%) compared to Comesomatidae (39%) and Chromadoridae (32%). Total number of species per depth zone along the sampled area (gamma diversity) was three to four times the average number of species (alpha) per station. The difference was more pronounced at the slope than at the shelf. The species turnover was also higher at the slope than at the shelf stations. Each of the three families had a different diversity pattern: Comesomatidae showed a peak at mid‐depth, Chromadoridae increased with depth, and Microlaimidae showed no prominent change with depth. When the three families were combined, the shelf maintained a lower diversity compared to the slope (both local and regional). There was no consistency between genus and species diversity patterns with depth, indicating that genus diversity data may not be a proxy for species diversity. At the lowest taxonomic level (species), the slope showed a higher diversity than the shelf, whereas at higher (genus) taxonomic level the diversity was comparable between the slope and the shelf. The number of species encountered increased with the number of samples analysed and did not reach asymptote, meaning that the area was still under‐sampled. This situation points to the possibility of an even higher regional diversity.     

A qualitative zoogeographic analysis of decapod crustaceans of the continental slopes and abyssal plain of the Gulf of Mexico

Occurrence of 130 species of decapod crustaceans was compared between the continental slope (200–2500 m) and the abyssal plain (2500–3840 m) of the Gulf of Mexico. We compiled records of these species from published literature and from the crustacean catalogue of the Marine Invertebrate Collection of Texas A&M University. Each species was scored as present or absent in each of 10 polygons that were defined by physiographic features of the sea floor. Using cluster analysis, we identified inherent patterns of species richness. A distinct faunal assemblage occurred in the Sigsbee Abyssal Plain. This deep plain was a potential “coldspot” in terms of the number of species in the basin, compared to a “hotspot” in the vicinity of De Soto Canyon. Polygons of the eastern upper slopes (i.e. calcareous substrate of western Florida) contained the most species that were not found elsewhere in the Gulf of Mexico. Using an inductive approach, we identified the following hypotheses: (1) most crustacean species of the deep Sigsbee Abyssal Plain occur in oceans world-wide, (2) overall, almost a quarter of the deep sea species in the Gulf of Mexico range from the western Atlantic (south of Cape Hatteras) to the Caribbean, and (3) the Gulf of Mexico is particularly rich in species of Munidopsis (25 species).     

中国鳚亚目鱼类地理分布和区系特征

鳚亚目鱼类是鲈形目中较大的一个亚目，现知全世界有127属，700余种(Nelson，1994)。目前还不断有新种发现，多数为海洋鱼类，世界性分布。 鳚亚目鱼类大多体型较小，对它们的研究也少。随着科学技术的发展和研究方法的不断完善，人们对这一类群的认识也愈来愈深入，其种类、区系与动物地理学等方面的特点正逐渐为研究者所揭示。其中有些种类由于在海洋生态学、环境生物学和渔业生产上具有重要意义而吸引着许多鱼类学家和生态学家的注意和对其进行研究(Kotrschal，1992；Springer，1993；Stepien，1993)。 印度-西太平洋是鳚亚目鱼类种类最多的海区之一，中国及周边国家和地区在此领域已有一定的研究基础。日本学者Masuda等(1984)总结了日本沿岸鳚亚目鱼类有86属212种，菲律宾已知有36属80余种(Herre，1953)。中国是世界上海岸线最长的国家之一，适合于鳚亚目鱼类栖息的生境相当广泛，种类也相当丰富。作者根据目前已掌握的标本和文献资料，经初步分析得出中国海区现有鳚亚目鱼类33属78种。     

东、黄海2000年冬季底层鱼类群落结构及其多样性

根据2000年12月～2001年1月东、黄海冬季底层鱼类资源调查资料,分析了该海域的鱼类群落结构。本次调查共捕获鱼类4716.72kg,395796尾,138种。其中,暖水种(WW)居第1位,有81种,占60.00%;暖温种(WT)次之,有53种,占39.26%;冷温种(CT)最少,只有1种,占0.74%。全调查海域的优势种(相对重要性指数QIRI大于500)有5种:带鱼、黄鲫、发光鲷、小黄鱼和鳀;与历史资料相比,优势种个体变小、有被小型鱼类更替的趋势。以质量计算的多样性指数(种类丰富度指数D,Shannon-Wiener多样度指数H′W,种类均匀度指数J′W)呈现由北至南逐渐递增的趋势,而以尾数计算的多样性指数(H′N,J′N)呈现东海北部最高,东海中部次之,黄海南部最低的趋势。生物多样性指数中除种类丰富度指数(D)与水深、海水表温、表层盐度都呈显著性正相关外,而其它生物多样性指数与前述3种环境因子之间的相关性都不显著。单因素方差分析表明,东海北部和中部渔获组成和生物多样性指数都无显著性差别。     

黄海西部底栖海藻记录的评论

黄海西部是指北起鸭绿江口,南至长江口(包括渤海)的中国沿岸。这一带的海藻研究,迄今将近百年,目前已掌握的海藻分类研究文献共有45篇。我们在研究和分析这些文献后,把这些海藻记录归的为3类。(1)可以接受的记录：根据我们十多年来在黄海沿岸的调查采集经验证实所记录的产生于黄海西部的海藻,或虽尚未采到,但就目前的资料分析,估计该项记录可能是正确的。(2)待证实的记录：有些海藻记录无法肯定其鉴定是否正确,需待重新检查其原标本后始能确定的。(3)不能接受的记录：这类记录中,有些是已被藻类学家所否定,有些经检查原定名标本后证实是错误的,有些则根据地理分布观点,被认为是不可能生长在这个海区的种类。 根据黄海西部的海藻研究的发展情况,我们把过去的工作划分为两个历史阶段。     

Hydromedusae from the Arctic in 2010 during the 4th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 4)

Fifty-seven stations(48 grid stations and nine stratified stations) were sampled across the study region(67.000°–88.394°N, 152.500°–178.643°W) during the 4th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE 4) from July to August 2010 by the icebreaker R/V Xuelong. A total of 24 species of Hydromedusae were identified from 130 zooplankton samples, of which seven species belonged to Automedusa, eight species to Anthomedusae, four species to Leptomedudae, and three species to Siphonophora. Catablema multicirratum Kishinouye, 1910, Bougainvillia bitentaculata Uchida, 1925, and Euphysa japonica(Maas, 1909) were recorded for the first time in the Arctic sea. In the present paper, 18 species of Hydromedusae were described and illustrated, of which three species were described for the first time in the Arctic sea, and 15 species were described for the first time in China.