重力场中的大地奇异性问题

研究了大地奇异性对大地测量的影响及重力场在大地奇点附近的结构,揭示了奇异性的本质。     

确定外部扰动重力场的改进直接积分方法

针对Stokes-Pizzetti积分用于外部扰动重力场计算中从空中趋近地面时存在着不连续和积分奇异的问题,对该式进行了改进。改进式引入地面计算点处的重力异常,得到一个从地面到空中统一适用的公式,并且中和了在地面计算点处的奇异性。类似地,改进了的Stokes公式在用于大地水准面计算时积分的奇异性同样起到了改善作用。     

近区地形直接与间接影响的棱柱模型算法

基于Helmert第二压缩法进行边值解算时需要计算地形压缩对重力的直接影响和对（似）大地水准面的间接影响。计算近区直接、间接影响的传统积分算法仍是二重积分形式。该算法以网格中心点处的积分核作为网格积分核的平均值的计算模式在一定程度上引入了近似误差。另外,直接、间接影响的传统积分算法在中央区存在奇异性,需单独计算中央网格地形影响,因而增加了计算的复杂性。为此,本文推导了近区地形直接、间接影响的棱柱模型公式,一方面提高了地形影响的计算精度;另一方面中央区不存在奇异性,从而简化了计算过程。为避免棱柱模型存在的平面近似误差,可使用顾及地球曲率的棱柱模型算法计算地形影响。最后通过试验得出结论,在（似）大地水准面精度要求较高的应用中,应尽量使用顾及地球曲率的棱柱模型算法计算地形影响。     

小波及多分辨模型在卫星测高中的应用

自卫星测高技术首次在SKYLAB(1973～1974)中试验成功以来,卫星测高已被广泛应用于海平面、海洋环流、海洋大地水准面及海面地形的确定。随着测高卫星轨道精度的不断提高及观测资料的积累,人们对于海平面及海洋重力场的认识必定会越来越深刻。 本文对卫星测高技术的基本原理及误差源进行了详细的描述,并对减小卫星径向轨道误差的交叠点平差方法进行了探讨。通常有3种方法可消除交叠点平差的奇异性,即固定弧段法、奇异值分解法和大地水准面拟合法。大地水准面拟合法是以已知的参考大地水准面作为基准,通常可采用由重力位模型所表示的大地水准面,通过赋以适当的权,使海平面到参考大地水准面的距离和交叠差同时最小。本文采用大地水准面拟合法,着重探讨了中国海附近的局部区域的交叠点平差法     

一种基于自适应点质量的区域(似)大地水准面拟合方法

针对传统分频余差点质量模型拟合局部（似）大地水准面时系统偏差大、所需基础数据多、计算效率低等问题，利用位场等效逼近原理，对点质量模型进行改造，提出了一种位置固定、埋深自由的点质量模型，并将该模型应用到局部（似）大地水准面拟合中。利用空间距离最近点最优原则建立了解算点质量模型的迭代算法，并顾及周围点影响提出固定加权点方法和自适应法。实验结果表明，相比于传统模型，所提算法有系统偏差小、无奇异性、所需数据少以及计算效率高等优点，利用该方法进行（似）大地水准面拟合是可行的，而且自适应加权半约束点质量模型效果最好。     

一种鲁棒的矢量地图数字水印算法

通过分析矢量数据的特征,根据数据自身的奇异性,将水印嵌入到间隔的特征点中。在水印嵌入过程中,综合分析特征点在整个数据链中的奇异性,然后在奇异性较强的特征点中嵌入水印信息,并使嵌入水印的特征点的奇异性得到增强,而相对弱化其周围数据的奇异性,增强水印信息对数据的裁剪、融合以及随机添加和减少数据点的攻击的鲁棒性,从而在水印提取过程中得到正确的水印信息。     

引力场梯度张量的非奇异公式推导

传统的引力场梯度计算公式在两极附近存在奇异性,需要换用其他的非奇异计算公式。从奇异性产生的原因入手,并结合勒让德函数的有关性质,推导了一组新的计算公式。实际计算验证了该公式的正确性和有效性。     

计算Legendre函数导数的非奇异方法

引力场关于经度和纬度方向的梯度在两极附近会产生奇异性现象,这将会给诸如重力场和静态洋流探索(GOCE,Gravityfield and stesdy-state Oceam Circulation Explorer)数据处理等引力场的研究工作带来诸多不便和困难.这里首先分析了该奇异性产生的原因,即目前采用的球坐标系自身在两极处是奇异的;然后利用Legendre函数的性质推导了一组不含任何奇异性的计算引力场梯度的计算公式;最后与常用的迭代方法进行了实例计算比较,结果表明所导出的公式不仅计算精度大大提高,而且计算用时也不会增加.     

计算Legendre函数导数的非奇异方法

引力场关于经度和纬度方向的梯度在两极附近会产生奇异性现象,这将会给诸如重力场和静态洋流探索(GOCE,Gravity field and stesdy-state Oceam Circulation Explorer)数据处理等引力场的研究工作带来诸多不便和困难。这里首先分析了该奇异性产生的原因,即目前采用的球坐标系自身在两极处是奇异的;然后利用Legendre函数的性质推导了一组不含任何奇异性的计算引力场梯度的计算公式;最后与常用的迭代方法进行了实例计算比较,结果表明所导出的公式不仅计算精度大大提高,而且计算用时也不会增加。     

利用改进的Hotine积分确定地球外部重力场

为解决Hotine积分计算低空扰动引力径向分量时的奇异性问题,本文从Hotine积分公式入手,分析了产生奇异性的原因及其影响;并在此基础上根据分区原理推导出Hotine积分的无奇异公式,本文算法将内区视为扰动重力值相等的微小平面,直接进行数学积分以消除奇异性,最后从理论上阐述了本文算法的优势。数值试验结果表明,相较于传统方法,改进后的Hotine积分在整个积分区域内连续,地表附近扰动引力径向分量的计算结果奇异性消除,而且高度越低,精度越好。此外,经过改化,Hotine积分核函数变为边界面上扰动重力差分形式,这减弱了远区地面数据对计算结果的影响,改进后的Hotine积分对地面数据的需求量相比于传统算法降低了近20倍,而且高度越低,对积分半径的要求越低。本文算法适用于低空外部重力场计算,而且效能较高。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。