长江三角洲地区生态足迹的时空动态及其可持续发展分析(英文)

In the urbanizing world,the Yangtze Delta Region (YDR) as one of the most developed regions in China,has drawn a lot of the world’s attention for the remarkable economic development achieved in the past decades.Nevertheless,the rapid economic development was certain to be accompanied by unprecedented consumption and loss of natural resources.Therefore,the analysis of the ecological situation and driving factors of environmental impact was of great significance to serve the local sustainable development decision-making and build a harmonious society.In this paper,the ecological footprint (EF) was taken as the index of the ecological environmental impact.With the help of Geographic Information System (GIS),we studied the spatiotemporal change of ecological footprint at two scales (region and city) and assessed urban sustainable development ability in YDR.Then we discussed the driving factors that affected the change of ecological footprint by the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence,and Technology (STIRPAT) model.The results showed that increasing trends of regional ecological footprint during 1998-2008 (1.70-2.53 ha/cap) were accompanied by decreasing ecological capacity (0.31-0.25 ha/cap) but expanding ecological deficit (1.39-2.28 ha/cap).The distribution pattern of ecological footprint and the degree of sustainable development varied distinctly from city to city in YDR.In 2008,the highest values of ecological footprint (3.85 ha/cap) and the lowest one of sustainable development index (SDI=1) in YDR were both presented in Shanghai.GDP per capita (A) was the most dominant driving force of EF and the classical EKC hypothesis did not exist between A and EF in 1998-2008.Consequently,increasing in ecological supply and reducing in human demand due to technological advances or other factors were one of the most effective ways to promote sustainable development in YDR.Moreover,importance should be attached to change our definition and measurement of prosperity and success.     

A study on sustainable development capacity of China''s coastal areas using indices dimension reduction method

1 IntroductionThe construction of sustainable development capacity (SDC) is a key element in "China's Agenda 21". In recent years, there are different comprehensions about the concept of SDC. The current paper takes the broad sense of the concept and applies it in regional study of the coastal areas of China. The so-called regional SDC means the overall strength and power of a regional socioeconomic and natural system in its way to sustainable development. The coastal areas of China cons…     

Land consolidation: An indispensable way of spatial restructuring in rural China1简

The implementation of new type industrialization and urbanization and agricultural modernization strategies lacks of a major hand grip and spatial supporting platform, due to long-term existed ＂dual-track＂ structure of rural-urban development in China as well as un- stable rural development institution and mechanism. It is necessary to restructure rural pro- duction, living and ecological space by carrying out land consolidation, so as to establish a new platform for building new countryside and realizing urban-rural integration development in China. This paper develops the concept and connotation of rural spatial restructuring. Basing on the effects analysis of industrialization and urbanization on rural production, living and ecological space, the mechanism of pushing forward rural spatial restructuring by carry- ing out land consolidation is probed. A conceptualization of the models of rural production, living and ecological spatial restructuring is analyzed combining with agricultural land con- solidation, hollowed villages consolidation and industrial and mining land consolidation. Fi- nally, the author argues that a ＂bottom-up＂ restructuring strategy accompanied by a few ＂top-down＂ elements is helpful for smoothly pushing forward rural spatial restructuring in China. In addition, the optimization and restructuring of rural production, living and ecological space will rely on the innovations of regional engineering technology, policy and mechanism, and mode of rural land consolidation, and more attentions should be paid to rural space, the foundation base and platform for realizing urban-rural integration development.     

社会生态补偿标准测算方法(英文)

Ecological compensation is a hot subject in academic studies, and the determina-tion of the spatial allocation of compensation payments is a key point in the research of eco-logical compensation. There are two kinds of thoughts in the determination of regional spatial allocation at present: "evaluation of ecological construction cost" and "evaluation of ecosystem services value". This paper analyzes the relationships between social ecological compensation and regional socio-economic development, and establishes two econometric models with the data of 2007 from various provinces in China. Through these models, the impacts of geographical endowments on the regional socio-economic development in various provinces are analyzed from the social justice viewpoint and the concept of "equivalent value of geographical endowments" (EGE for short) is proposed. This paper analyzes the application prospect of EGE in the policy making of regional ecological compensation. The results showed that: (1) the implementation of social ecological compensation is not only an effective guarantee for each region to obtain the equal rights of survival, development and decent environment, but also an essential assurance to the coordinated, balanced and sustainable development among various regions; (2) the regional difference in geographical endowments is an important factor affecting the regional spatial variation of socio-economic development. Therefore, geographical endowments are important bases for the determination of the spatial allocation of compensation payments in social ecological compensation; (3) based on the EGE, the government can determine the spatial allocation of social ecological compensation scientifically, and avoid the "sweeping approach" phenomenon in the policy making process of ecological compensation.     

中国农村2000-2014年贫困动态——基于贫困距离指数的多尺度分析（英文）

As the largest developing country in the world, China's rural areas face many poverty-related issues. It is imperative to assess poverty dynamics in a timely and effective manner in China's rural areas. Therefore, we used the poverty gap index to investigate the poverty dynamics in China's rural areas during 2000–2014 at the national, contiguous poor areas with particular difficulties and county scales. We found that China made significant achievements in poverty alleviation during 2000–2014. At the national scale, the number of impoverished counties decreased by 1428, a reduction of 97.28%. The rural population in impoverished counties decreased by 493.94 million people or 98.76%. Poverty alleviation was closely associated with economic development, especially with industrial development. Among all 15 socioeconomic indicators, the industrial added value had the highest correlation coefficient with the poverty gap index(r = –0.458, p0.01). Meanwhile, the inequality of income distribution in the out-of-poverty counties has been aggravated. The urban-rural income gap among the out-of-poverty counties increased by 1.67-fold, and the coefficient of variation in rural per-capita income among the out-of-poverty counties also increased by 9.09%. Thus, we argued that special attention should be paid to reducing income inequality for sustainable development in China's rural areas.     

黄淮海平原耕地功能演变的时空特征及其驱动机制（英文）

Using counties as the basic analysis unit,this study established an evaluation index system for farmland function(FF) from economic,social,and ecological perspectives.The method combining entropy weighting and multiple correlation coefficient weighting was adopted to determine the weights,and the FF indices were calculated for each county.Subsequently,the spatio-temporal characteristics of farmland function evolution(FFE) were analyzed and the coupled relationships between the sub-functions were explored based on a coupling coordination model.At the same time,the dynamic mechanism of FFE was quantitatively analyzed using a spatial econometric regression analysis method.The following major conclusions were drawn:(1) The farmland economic function generally exhibited a declining trend during 1990–2010,and it is essential to point out that it was stronger in underdeveloped and agriculture-dominated counties,while it continuously weakened in developed areas.Farmland social function decreased in 60.29% of the counties,whereas some counties,which were mostly located in north of Zhengzhou and west of Dezhou and Cangzhou,Yantai,and Weihai,clearly increased.A dramatic decline in farmland ecological function occurred around Beijing,Tianjin,and Jinan.Areas located in the northern part of Henan Province and the central part of Shandong Province saw an increase in ecological function.(2) There was a significant spatial difference in the coupling degree and coordination degree of the sub-functions,and the decoupling phenomenon highlighted this.The changes in social function and ecological function lagged behind economic function in developed areas,but these were highly coupled in some underdeveloped areas.(3) FFE in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(HHHP) is resulted from the comprehensive effects of regional basic conditions and external driving factors.Furthermore,the transitions of population and industry under urbanization and industrialization played a decisive role in the evolution intensity and direction of farmland sub-systems,including the economy,society,and the ecology.According to the results mentioned above,promoting the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agricultureshould be regarded as an important engine driving sustainable development in the HHHP.Taking different regional characteristics of FFE into account,differentiated and diversified farmland use and management plans should be implemented from more developed urban areas to underdeveloped traditional agricultural areas.     

Surplus or deficit? Quantifying the total ecological compensation of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

The calculation of ecological compensation and boundary identification of stakeholders represent the key challenges for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region in its implementation of the trans-regional ecological compensation mechanism. Breaking administrative boundaries and spatially coordinating ecological resources helps to restructure an ecological compensation mechanism of the region based on the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. According to the estimated ecological assets in the counties of the region in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015, a quantitative model for total ecological compensation was built based on ecological assets and county-level economic development. Then, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the total ecological compensation in the region were defined, and the boundaries of ecological surplus and deficit areas were identified. Results indicate:(1) The region's annual average ecological assets amounted to $1379.47 billion; in terms of annual total ecological assets, Hebei ranked first($1123.80 billion), followed by Beijing($157.46 billion) and Tianjin($98.21 billion); and in terms of ecological assets per unit area, Beijing ranked first, Tianjin second and Hebei last.(2) Among ecosystem services, hydrological regulation and climate regulation had the highest annual average value and contributed most to the increase in ecological assets. In 2015, the contribution of water and soil conservation to the total ecological assets decreased to –15.66%, showing the degradation of the function played by different ecosystems.(3) The ecological surplus of the region in four periods of 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 were $398.98 billion, $870.37 billion, $1254.93 billion and $2693.94 billion respectively, basically offsetting the ecological deficit of each corresponding period, but the urgency for ecological compensation was increased.(4) The ecological surplus and deficit areas showed a great fluctuation in different time periods. Larger time span means more noticeable convergence of deficit areas towards central and eastern areas. Public resources such as education, transportation and medical care in central urban areas should be decentralized to encourage population dispersal, weaken the agglomeration effect of deficit areas and finally achieve the ecological synergy of the region.     

Global poverty dynamics and resilience building for sustainable poverty reduction

There is less than a decade left to accomplish the goal of ending global poverty by 2030. This paper investigates global poverty dynamics and finds a shift in the world's poverty gravity center from South Asia to Africa in the period 1990–2015. Sub-Saharan Africa has become the main battlefield for poverty reduction in the world. Global poverty reduction has been accompanied by political instability and local conflicts, economic marginalization, rural decline, and natural hazards as well as climate change which are jointly impacting the least developed areas and making the world's poverty reduction vulnerable to external shocks. The "STAR" scheme, including maintaining political stability, promoting targeted poverty alleviation, implementing regular assessments of poverty reduction initiatives, and revitalizing rural and poverty-stricken areas, is proposed with specific measures to enhance the resilience capacity of poverty alleviation in the world.     

Introduction to the Special Issue on Eco-compensation in China

<正>Owing to emphasis on economic growth since 1978 the ecological and environmental problems are continuously emerging in China especially in the river source areas and ecological fragile areas of China and thus,these areas have to face the conflict between economic development and environmental protection.As a result,it is an urgent need to establish a scientific and reasonable ecological compensation mechanism to coordinate the contradiction.     

中国山区农村土地利用转型及其对土地整治的政策启示（英文）

The cultivation of mountainous land results in water loss and soil erosion. With rapid urbanization and industrialization in China, labor emigration relieves the cultivation of mountainous areas in regions with high poverty and leads to a significant land use transition. This research built an analysis framework for "land use transition – driving mechanism – effects –responses" for mountainous areas of China undergoing land use transition and then proposed the direction of mountainous land consolidation. The results showed that the turning point of land use morphology was the core of rural land use transition in mountainous areas. The expansion of cropland and the contraction of forestland have transitioned to the abandonment of cropland and the expansion of forestland; this transition was the main characteristic of the dominant land use change. Land marginalization and land ecological functional recovery were the main characteristics of the recessive land use transition in mountainous areas. Socioeconomic factors were the primary driving forces during land use transition in mountainous areas, with labor emigration being the most direct force. The rising costs of farming and the challenging living conditions causing labor emigration were fundamental driving forces. Rural land use transition in mountainous areas reduced the vulnerability of the ecological function of land ecosystems. The advantages and disadvantages of the socioeconomic effects should focus on rural development of mountainous areas as well as the livelihood of farmers; this should be further supported by empirical and quantitative research. Rural land use transition of mountainous areas improves natural restoration and is related to socioeconomic development. Rural land consolidation of mountainous areas should conform to land use transition,with the goal of shifting from the increase of cultivated land to the synergies of ecological and environmental protection.     

贫困山区旅游扶贫与生态环境耦合协调关系研究

贫困山区生态环境比较脆弱，为探寻旅游扶贫与生态环境二者之间的耦合协调关系，以贵州西部乌蒙山集中连片特困地区六盘水市为研究对象，建立旅游扶贫与生态环境耦合协调驱动机制框架模型和评价指标体系，以熵权法求出各评价指标的权重值，采用耦合协调度模型对六盘水市2003-2017年旅游扶贫与生态环境的综合发展水平和二者之间的耦合协调关系及变化趋势进行了研究。结果显示：旅游扶贫效率和生态环境保护效率分别对旅游扶贫系统和生态环境系统的贡献份额最大，六盘水市旅游扶贫与生态环境的耦合协调从“严重不协调”类型发展到“基本不协调-旅游扶贫滞后”类型，再发展到“基本协调-生态环境滞后”类型。在旅游扶贫高速发展驱动下，生态环境滞后问题已开始出现。因此，在以后制定旅游扶贫发展战略时应强调生态环境保护，改善生态环境质量，促进旅游扶贫开发，实现二者高度协调发展。     

发展地理学视角下欠发达地区贫困的地方分异与治理

在梳理发展地理学的发展过程、基本理论、分析模式和方法的基础上,结合中国解决区域性整体贫困目标和可持续发展本地化与减贫的学术探索,构建了欠发达地区贫困的发展地理学分析框架,建立了由经济地理资本、社会地理资本、文化地理资本、生态地理资本和政治地理资本构成的“五位一体”地理资本指标体系,提出了数据处理集成方法和技术流程,系统分析欠发达地区贫困的地方分异与治理方案。实证研究显示：① 地理探测可以确定作用地方贫困的主导地理资本,各主导地理资本对贫困发生率的决定力L_{A, P} ≥ 0.15;② 在不同主导地理资本作用下,5个单维地理资本指数及其合成的区域地理资本指数地方分异明显,存在阻隔和时滞特征;③ 贫困的地方分异可分为经济地理资本约束型、经济—社会地理资本约束型、经济—社会—生态地理资本约束型、经济—社会—文化—生态地理资本约束型4大类共7小类;④ 立足发展特征,挖掘地方动力,提出不同贫困分异类型的地方治理对策和模式。乡村振兴和2020年的减贫转向,应重视欠发达地区贫困的空间分异与空间扩散、空间整合的综合研究,为可持续发展本地化与减贫提供发展地理学解决方案。     

秦巴山区村域稳定脱贫测度及返贫防控风险识别——以重庆市城口县为例

深度贫困地区农村实现稳定脱贫、建立返贫防控机制是后2020时代的现实要求,更是精准扶贫与乡村振兴承上启下的紧密衔接。以强度生态脆弱与集中连片特困复合地区重庆市城口县为研究区域,基于脱贫稳定性测度模型、障碍度模型和最小方差模型等方法对城口县60个行政村、1950个农户进行多维脱贫稳定性空间分异特征和返贫风险模式探究。研究发现：① 样本村脱贫稳定性等级分布总体呈现前端窄小、中部突出的“葫芦状”结构,各地区多维脱贫稳定性总体不高且存在空间异质性;② 城口县返贫风险可识别为双风险模式、三风险模式、四风险模式和五风险模式4种模式及各阻力因素多元整合主导的11种返贫风险类型,人力资本、发展机会等涉及农户可持续增收、动态抗风险能力及内生动力的要素逐渐成为现阶段返贫防控及减贫路径依赖的重点;③ 立足区域特征,把继续攻坚和稳定脱贫、防止返贫摆在同等重要位置上,因村施策提高群众抗风险能力,精准织密防止脱贫群体的返贫网。     

非特色型产业扶贫模式及其对乡村振兴的启示

探讨了产业扶贫参与主体及其影响因素的互动关系,阐释了产业扶贫促进乡村振兴的机理,在此基础上剖析了非特色型产业扶贫案例——德青源金鸡产业扶贫模式,总结了相关扶贫经验及其对乡村振兴的启示。结果表明：（1）产业扶贫通常涉及政府、企业、被帮扶农户、金融机构/投资管理平台、科研机构等多个参与主体,其发展模式受社会、经济、地理、政策等外部因素的影响;产业扶贫能够有效整合当地社会、经济、文化、自然、生态、人口等资源,推动实现乡村产业、文化、组织、生态和人才振兴。（2）德青源金鸡项目以蛋鸡产业为抓手,构建了金融资本和龙头企业相结合的产业扶贫模式;通过政府、龙头企业、贫困农户和贫困村“三权”分置,因地制宜地设计出资产收益扶贫模型。（3）金鸡产业扶贫的主要经验包括：完善消费扶贫机制,多举措推动产销高效对接;树立“长线”思维,实现脱贫攻坚与乡村产业多维振兴有机结合;推动乡风文明建设,多措并举提升人力资本;完善配套设施,实现脱贫攻坚与环境保护良性互动;发挥党建和农民合作社作用,因地制宜地推动产业扶贫扎根;构建多方共赢的联结机制,推动长效脱贫和乡村振兴。这些经验对实施乡村振兴战略具有重要启示。     

林业生态扶贫政策的评价与建议:怒江州和阿坝州案例

中国采取了长期不懈的扶贫行动,近十年来,人们越来越认识到生态扶贫可以实现环境保护和农村脱贫的双重目标,中国把重点放在深度贫困地区的林业生态扶贫上。然而,贫困人口从林业扶贫项目中获利的程度、贫困户对这些扶贫政策是否满意、以及林业扶贫政策是否有效仍然是个未知数。通过对西南地区"三区三州"深度贫困区具有代表性的怒江州和阿坝州79户农户的问卷调查,运用层次分析法对林业扶贫政策的有效性进行了检验。结果表明,产业扶贫、就业扶贫、小额金融扶贫、结对驻村帮扶四条扶贫路径明显增加了建档贫困户的收入,解决了"两不愁三保障"问题。贫困群众对林业生态扶贫政策感到满意,两州的生态扶贫取得了良好的效果。但是,在政策实施过程中还存在参与不积极、精准识别不完善、资金来源有限和资金不足等问题。我们的研究结果突出了林业产业和公益性岗位在贫困地区扶贫中的重要地位。通过健全林业生态扶贫政策,实现深度贫困区的生态保护和减贫之间的协同是可能的,文章最后还提出了通过林业发展实现扶贫开发和生态环境保护的五项政策建议:(1)精准识别深度贫困地区和贫困人群;(2)选择有效适宜的林业扶贫模式;(3)拓宽扶贫资金渠道;(4)建立林业产业脱贫体系;(5)完善生态保护机制。     

国家生态特区构想及其科学基础

本文首次提出了“国家生态特区”的概念及其科学基础。我国21世纪可持续发展面临的最严峻的挑战之一就是生态安全。但生态问题与贫困、区域发展道路和方向紧密联系,涉及因素多、复杂程度高,简单的工程性应对存在明显缺陷。我国西部存在战略重要、生态脆弱、贫困集聚的 “三位一体”地区。应给予其特殊政策,包括持续的生态补偿,变分散投资为集中投资、部门治理为综合规划,改变区域发展方向和衡量指标,实施生态战略及跨越式发展战略,走特区发展模式。在这类地区建立国家生态特区符合国家生态安全战略、能源安全战略、西部大开发战略及扶贫攻坚战略,具有比较完备的政策基础。建立国家生态特区可以实现有限资源的优化组合,建立我国生态建设的示范基地及地区环境建设与经济发展的长效机制,可以有效地破解我国生态战略区的经济与生态困局,解决生态移民难题、消除社会不稳定因素,特别是消除国家生态安全隐患,奠定国家可持续发展的生态基础。金沙江下游地区近8万km2,约1000万人口,共30个县,其中22个为国家贫困县;计划修建的四大电站装机3800万瓩,超过两个三峡电站;在生态安全、能源、扶贫方面都具有国家战略意义,可以考虑作为第一个国家生态特区。建议重新定位它的发展模式,给予相应的国家政策,使其发展既符合地区发展目标又符合国家战略目标。     

产业扶贫视角下村域空间贫困陷阱识别与策略分析——以湘西保靖县为例

从产业扶贫视角出发,选择湖南省湘西土家苗族自治州保靖县为研究案例区,构建自然环境、地理区位、经济基础、人力资本和社会事业5个维度的村域的空间贫困陷阱测度指标体系,运用综合评价方法测度村域产业扶贫面临的空间贫困陷阱,利用核密度方法分析5个维度上空间贫困陷阱密集影响区域,并在此基础上绘制村域产业扶贫的综合空间贫困陷阱地图,提出对应的发展策略,为实现贫困地区产业发展精准帮扶提供科学依据。     

发展地理学研究进展与展望

本文回顾和总结了20世纪以来发展地理学的研究进展,涉及发展地理学内涵和理论、领域和方法及其发展趋势。系统梳理了发展地理学在欠发达国家或地区发展收敛、发达地区或国家生活品质提升过程中的收敛及其路径等研究内容。通过分析国外研究进展,指出了发展地理学在中国的发展条件与学科优势,并着眼于国际学术前沿最新动向与国家宏观战略需求,提出了今后中国发展地理学研究需重点关注的领域。未来发展地理学研究应以可持续发展理论为指引,以提升欠发达地区可持续生计能力与区域绿色发展水平为核心,以构建发展地理学理论和跨学科综合集成研究体系为目标,聚焦区域发展的空间格局、扩散特征与收敛研究,探索出服务于区域经济建设与产业发展的调控政策与科学路径。     

深度贫困地区农户脱贫稳定性测度及影响机理研究

农户脱贫稳定性研究可为深度贫困地区巩固脱贫攻坚成果和乡村振兴有效衔接提供重要的理论依据。论文基于可持续生计视角进一步厘定了“农户脱贫稳定性”概念,从自然资本、物质资本、社会资本、人力资本和金融资本5个维度构建了农户脱贫稳定性评价指标体系,选取地处深度贫困地区的贵州省天柱县为研究区,测算1295户样本农户脱贫稳定性指数,基于不同方法共同识别影响因素并探究影响机理,提出构建稳定脱贫的长效机制。结果表明：① 研究区农户脱贫稳定性指数整体水平偏高,脱贫稳定性较强,但农户个体差异性显著,其中物质资本和自然资本维度的脱贫稳定性较高,金融资本其次,人力资本和社会资本维度的脱贫稳定性较低,返贫风险较大;② 农户脱贫稳定性类型主要以一般型或稳定型为主,脱贫稳定性综合指数中各类型占比分布从高到低大致呈“水滴”特征,有12.44%的样本农户处于临界型,返贫风险较大;③ 技能培训、外出务工人口占比、土地流转、转移性收入占比、到乡镇政府距离和到主干道距离是影响研究区农户脱贫稳定性的主要影响因素;④ 构建了能力提升、产业培育、激发动力、完善基础设施和拓展就业“五位一体”的深度贫困地区农户脱贫稳定性长效机制。     

贫困地区的精准扶贫与乡村振兴:内在逻辑与实现机制

面向“两个一百年”奋斗目标的需要,当前中国贫困地区乡村发展正逐渐由低层次的脱贫向更高层次的振兴转变,两者的紧密关联使得减贫对于推动乡村振兴战略目标的实现具有重要意义。通过分析精准扶贫与乡村振兴的基本内涵,探讨两者的内在逻辑关系,进而从多个维度剖析贫困地区的精准扶贫实践如何助推其乡村振兴。结果表明：① 贫困地区的精准扶贫旨在科学诊断致贫因子的基础上采取针对性措施实施帮扶,从根本上消除导致贫困的各种障碍性因素;乡村振兴则重点在于通过构建城乡融合发展的体制机制,最终实现农业农村的现代化。② 精准扶贫与乡村振兴的内在一致性使得两者存在紧密的逻辑顺承性,精准扶贫是乡村振兴的关键和基本前提,而乡村振兴是精准扶贫的深化和保障,可以说农村减贫的过程也是乡村逐步振兴的过程。③ 通过要素资源合理流动和配置补齐乡村人、地、业等发展短板,贫困地区重塑了要素耦合、结构合理、功能复合的乡村地域系统,从而推动乡村产业、人才、文化、生态、组织等振兴,最终实现农业强、农民富和农村美的发展目标。