栉孔扇贝血细胞数量变化与生长的关系

于2009年3月至2010年1月期间,每月中旬分别从青岛和威海两地区采集人工养殖和野生的栉孔扇贝(Chla-rays farreri).采集的扇贝经壳长测量后,于闭壳肌血窦中取血,离心,重悬,超声波破碎后制得血细胞破碎液.从抗栉孔扇贝血细胞的单克隆抗体库中筛选出1株与颗粒血细胞和透明血细胞均能结合,并能与血细胞多个蛋白结合的单克降抗体作为酶联免疫吸附法( ELISA)中的第一抗体;第二抗体为碱性磷酸酶标记的羊抗鼠抗体.将血细胞破碎液包被于酶标板孔中,经一抗、二抗孵育后,显色读数,分析血细胞数量与生长的关系.结果表明:两地区人工养殖和野生扇贝的壳长均由3月的2cm左右增长到了次年1月的7cm以上,其中4～7月增长较快,而8～1月相对缓慢.两地区人工养殖和野生扇贝的血细胞数量于3～6月间均维持在较高的水平,6月达到最高峰,随后急剧下降,并于8或9月达到最低值,此后10～1月有所回升,但仍显著低于3～6月的水平.结论认为:栉孔扇贝血细胞数量与生长的关系在两地区、两扇贝品种间差别不大;但3～6月栉孔扇贝生长较快,血细胞数量相对高;而8～10月栉孔扇贝生长缓慢,其血细胞数量较低.     

栉孔扇贝不同种群的遗传结构及其杂种优势

采用来自韩国野生的栉孔扇贝和中国养殖的栉孔扇贝以及发病区存活个体作为亲本 ,构建韩国野生×韩国野生、韩国野生×中国养殖、韩国野生×中国养殖发病区存活个体以及中国养殖×中国养殖共 4个交配组合 ,通过对F1 代个体壳宽、壳高和体重的测量 ,比较不同群体的生长情况。同时采用RAPD技术对F1 代不同群体的遗传结构进行比较 ,研究群体内的遗传变异与杂种优势的关系。结果表明 ,杂交后代具有明显的生长优势 ,说明栉孔扇贝种内不同种群之间存在杂种优势。韩国野生种群和中国养殖群体以及发病区存活群体的遗传距离分别为 0 0 3 6 6和 0 0 0 5 7,以上 4个F1 代群体的平均杂合度的理论值分别为 0 2 83、0 2 6 7、0 2 6 8和 0 2 6 6 ;多态位点比例分别为 0 76 5、0 76 0、0 76 0、0 73 5。表明栉孔扇贝不同地理种群之间存在遗传分化 ,其杂种优势与群体的遗传多样性相关     

中国栉孔扇贝养殖和育种的回顾与展望

栉孔扇贝作为一种双壳贝类，其营养和经济价值较高，在中国海水养殖业中占有重要地位。自20世纪50年代开始，栉孔扇贝养殖产业先后经历了自然采苗、半人工采苗、人工育苗、提纯复壮和新品种培育等过程，逐渐成为中国北方主要的浅海浮筏养殖品种。本文综述了中国栉孔扇贝养殖产业的发展历程，简要总结其养殖和育种过程中存在的问题，并对其今后的发展进行展望。     

海州湾前三岛海域栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)生长特征与养殖容量的评估

2007年7月—2008年6月,在海州湾前三岛附近海域进行了栉孔扇贝深水筏式养殖实验。周年监测了海区的环境因子和栉孔扇贝的生长情况,并利用生物沉积法,现场研究了各生长时期扇贝的滤食作用。结果表明,该海区养殖栉孔扇贝在当年秋、冬季和次年春季生长迅速,夏季生长相对缓慢,周年平均软组织生长速度为11.29mg/d,平均干贝壳生长速度为48.84mg/d,扇贝能够于次年年初达到商品规格(6cm)。不同时期栉孔扇贝滤水率之间差异显著,在扇贝规格相似的情况下,滤水率随水温升高而升高;而水温相近的情况下,滤水率随扇贝规格增大而增加。利用改进的Incze等(1981)的养殖容量模型,评估了该海区养殖容量,结果表明在现有养殖模式下,2007年7、9、11、12月以及2008年3、6月,沿着海流方向适养区域长度分别为4.0、4.6、4.7、5.1、4.5和3.2km,平均为4.35km;垂直于海流方向单位宽度(100m)的海区可以支持的扇贝湿重随着扇贝的生长逐渐增加,到2008年3月份达到最高(16.73t),随后开始下降。     

不同养殖海域栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)混合家系的通径分析

为了深入认识栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)壳尺寸性状和体重之间的关系,达到通过直观可见形状判断非直观性状,在栉孔扇贝苗种培育中指导种贝挑选工作的目的,本实验将600余只扇贝分别于三个不同纬度养殖环境(山东青岛、山东荣成和辽宁大连)下养殖一年后测量其性状数据,包括壳长、壳高、壳宽、体重,进行壳尺寸性状对体重性状的通径分析。偏回归系数统计表明,除大连海域壳长对体重的偏回归系数为0.266,差异不显著(P0.05)外,其它参数对体重均极显著(P0.01),表明大多数自变量和因变量之间都有极显著的共线性关系。对各个海域建立以壳尺寸为自变量,体重为因变量的回归方程,得出通径系数、各性状间的相关性指数以及各参数对体重的决定系数,计算出了不同养殖地点的栉孔扇贝壳尺寸性状和体重之间关系的回归方程。通径分析显示,对青岛海域栉孔扇贝体重直接作用最大的是壳高,对荣成海域栉孔扇贝体重直接作用最大的是壳长,而对大连海域栉孔扇贝体重直接作用最大的是壳宽。因此,以体重为目标挑选青岛海域的种贝时,应以壳高为优先选择指标;挑选荣成海域的种贝时,优先选择壳长;挑选大连海域的种贝时,优先选择壳宽。不同养殖海域栉孔扇贝的通径分析为栉孔扇贝亲贝的挑选提供了理论支持。     

栉孔扇贝不同种群杂交效果的研究 Ⅱ.中国种群和俄罗斯种群及其杂种F1中期生长发育

在对栉孔扇贝中国养殖种群(CC)、中国野生种群(CW)和俄罗斯种群(RW)及其3 种杂交种群早期(2,3,4月龄)生长发育研究的基础上进行了各种群的中期(6,8,10,12月龄)生长发育测定比较研究,结果表明,3个亲本群体各个性状的中期生长性能表现以中国养殖种群最好;3个杂交组合的杂种群体各个性状的中期生长性能均高于纯种亲本种群,杂种优势均较大,其范围在3%~52%,以CC♀×RW♂杂交效果最好;壳长、壳宽、壳高、活体重在4个生长发育指标中期的4 个阶段均表现出不同程度的杂种优势,杂种优势在性状间存在明显差别,体重的杂种优势远大于壳宽、壳长和壳高的,变化趋势为体重大于壳宽,壳宽大于壳长,壳长大于壳高;季节性变化因素对栉孔扇贝各个性状的生长速度影响非常大,6~8月龄处于冬季最寒冷的时间(11月份至翌年3月份),扇贝越冬期间仅能维持生命,生长率接近于0,温暖季节如6月龄(11月)以前和8月龄(3月份)以后各性状的生长速度提高幅度很大.     

栉孔扇贝不同种群杂交效果 Ⅲ.中国种群与俄罗斯种群及其杂种1~2龄的生长发育

在对栉孔扇贝中国养殖种群(CC)、中国野生种群(CW)与俄罗斯种群(RW)及其杂交种群早期(2,3,4月龄)和中期(6,8,10,12月龄)生长发育研究的基础上,进行了各种群的1~2龄(14,16,19,21,24月龄)生长发育测定比较研究.结果表明,3个亲本群体各个性状的后期生长性能表现以中国养殖种群最好;2个杂交组合CC雌(♀)×RW雄(♂)和CW雌(♀)×RW雄(♂)的杂种群体各个性状的后期生长性能均高于纯种亲本种群,杂种优势均较大,其范围在3.16%~37.18%之间,以CC雌(♀)×RW雄(♂)杂交效果最好,是理想的杂交组合;壳长、壳宽、壳高、活体重4个生长发育指标在后期各个阶段均表现出不同程度的杂种优势,杂种优势在性状间存在明显差别,体重的杂种优势远大于壳宽、壳长和壳高,变化趋势为体重大于壳宽大于壳长大于壳高;栉孔扇贝各个性状的生长率受生长发育季节的影响较大,12~16月龄生长迅速,到16月龄(11月份)生长速度达到高峰,到下一年度的2月下旬(19月龄)几乎没有增长,仅能维持生命,开春以后增长也不大,这说明,栉孔扇贝在来年秋季完成了强度生长,是水产养殖的最佳收获时节,应当尽量避免跨越第二个冬季,以减少越冬损失.     

栉孔扇贝血细胞活性检测方法的筛选与应用

筛选栉孔扇贝(Chalmys farreri)血细胞活性的检测方法,研究苯并[a]芘(B[α]P)对栉孔扇贝血细胞活性的影响.结果表明96孔培养板中栉孔扇贝血细胞接种密度在(1～32)×10~4 cell/孔时,血细胞活性无显著性差异(P>0.05),且细胞存活率在97.42%～98.82%之间,台盼蓝排斥法、四甲基偶氮唑(MTT)、二甲氧唑黄(XTT)比色法、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性测定法均可作为栉孔扇贝血细胞活性的测定方法,而当血细胞接种密度在(12～32)×10~4/孔时,中性红比色法亦可作为血细胞活性的检测方法;同时实验采用Eagle培养液进行血细胞原代培养在0～24 h内血细胞活性较好.采用中性红比色法检测B[α]P对栉孔扇贝血细胞活性具有显著抑制作用,且抑制程度与B[α]P作用浓度、时间呈正相关,其余方法均未检测出B[α]P对血细胞活性的影响.由此可见,B[α]P对栉孔扇贝血细胞活性具有免疫毒性作用,中性红比色法可以作为评价B[α]P对栉孔扇贝血细胞免疫活性的敏感指标.     

栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)壳顶幼虫血细胞分布的免疫学观察

研究组前期实验发现,栉孔扇贝血细胞在D形幼虫时期出现.本文应用单克隆抗体的免疫组化、免疫电镜方法进一步定位栉孔扇贝壳顶幼虫的血细胞并观察其分布.结果表明,栉孔扇贝壳顶幼虫已分化出界限明显的组织器官,包括外套膜、面盘、口、食道、胃、消化腺、足等;血细胞主要分布于壳顶幼虫的外套膜、面盘、食道、消化腺、胃等组织器官内及周围,其中面盘、消化腺、胃等处有大量血细胞成簇分布.血细胞形状不规则,直径为3～5μm;细胞核多为圆形、椭圆形,位于细胞的一侧;细胞质内有线粒体、内质网等细胞器和空泡.结果证实,栉孔扇贝在壳顶幼虫时期已出现了大量清晰可辨的血细胞,其分布特点与成贝血细胞相似.     

硒化壳聚糖对栉孔扇贝血细胞中部分免疫因子的影响

取人工养殖栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)的血淋巴,体外加入不同浓度的硒化壳聚糖,作用1h后采用生化方法分别测定栉孔扇贝血细胞中的髓性过氧化物酶(MPO)和非特异性酯酶(NSE)的活力,以及过氧化氢(H2O2)和活性氧的含量。结果表明:加入硒化壳聚糖后,栉孔扇贝血细胞中依赖卤素的MPO、不依赖卤素的MPO、α-醋酸萘酯酶和α-丁酸萘酯酶的活力均为实验组显著高于对照组,过氧化氢和活性氧的含量也为实验组显著高于对照组。说明硒化壳聚糖对栉孔扇贝血淋巴中多种参与免疫防御的酶的活力和具有杀菌作用的免疫因子的含量均具有明显的提高作用,因而硒化壳聚糖对栉孔扇贝的免疫功能具有明显的增强作用。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.