基于葵花8号卫星资料的沈阳两次暴雨过程中对流云特征对比分析

应用葵花8号卫星资料,结合NCEP FNL再分析、GNSS遥感水汽、风廓线雷达、全国智能网格实况融合分析资料,对2017年7月14日和2018年8月7日沈阳两次暴雨过程(分别简称过程Ⅰ和过程Ⅱ)中对流云特征进行了比较分析,重点探讨了对流云的触发维持机制与影响降水特征差异的因素。结果表明:(1)两次过程分别为局地突发暴雨和区域性极端暴雨,沈阳市区暴雨均由两个对流云团引发,对流云团合并使得降水持续。过程Ⅱ云团合并发生在其移动方向的后侧,具有后向传播特征,合并云团沿其长轴方向移动影响沈阳市,使降水时间延长。(2)在降水前至降水初期,过程Ⅰ对流云顶和水汽层顶快速上升且云顶迅速超过水汽层顶,而过程Ⅱ亮温下降缓慢。短时强降水发生前红外和水汽亮温同步快速降至-60℃,可作为提前预判对流云团产生短时强降水的参考指标。10 min雨量大于10 mm的对流云云顶集中分布在红外亮温低于-55℃、亮温差为-5~0℃的范围。(3)两次过程中,沈阳市分别位于东北冷涡后部和副热带高压北缘。过程Ⅰ,探空曲线呈“X”型,CAPE高达2584 J·kg^-1,造成对流云深厚,云底以下干层导致雨滴蒸发,使降水强度减弱,该过程高强度降水仅发生在对流云团合并加强阶段。过程Ⅱ,云底到地面湿层明显,保证了雨滴降至地面,产生相同量级降水的云团的TBB比过程Ⅰ高。(4)强降水发生前,地面风场存在明显辐合,当大气可降水量2 h内跃增8 mm时,站点出现强降水;局地水汽跃增可能是低空西南气流偏南分量增大或偏北冷空气侵入到暖湿空气中所致。     

西南季风爆发前后大理近地层风场及湍流通量的变化特征

利用2008年4~5月大理国家气候观象台近地面层观测系统的梯度、涡动相关通量观测资料,结合背景场环流分析,分析了西南季风爆发前后大理近地面层的风速、风向变化特征、风速廓线和垂直切变变化特征以及动量、感热和潜热通量变化特征。结果显示:西南季风爆发前,大理近地层风向以东南风为主,平均风速较大;风速日变化的双峰型特征较显著,风速的垂直切变大,动量通量数值较大且日变化特征较明显。西南季风爆发后,大理近地层西北风频率显著增加,平均风速减小;风速日变化以单锋型为主,风速垂直切变较前期显著减小,动量通量数值减小而日变化特征较不显著。西南季风开始前后大理地气热量交换都以潜热为主,西南季风开始前一旬期间,潜热通量的逐日变化特点是随时间逐渐减少,感热通量逐渐增大,二者差值逐渐减小;西南季风开始后潜热通量的逐日变化为逐渐增大而感热通量逐渐减少,二者差值逐渐增大。就月平均值的日变化而言,潜热通量峰值变化不大,雨季略低于干季的4月;感热通量4~6月的月平均逐月降低。其原因既与雨季天气的变化有关,也与下垫面状况的改变相联系。     

Variability in latent heat flux over the tropical pacific in association with recent two ENSO events

This paper analyzed the variations of latent heat flux (LHF) over the tropical Pacific in the period 1978-1988 by using COADS (Comprehensive Ocean and Atmospheric Data Set). It has been founded that the interannual variabili ty of LHF exhibits strong ENSO signal, with the significant increasing LHF during the recent two warm events, i.e., 1982 / 83 and 1986 / 87 and decreasing LHF in the cold episodes. However the longitudinal distribution of the LHF departures varies from event to event. In the eastern Pacific, the specific humidity difference at air-sea interface (qs -qa) makes a dominant contribution to the interannual variability of LHF ( r = 0.73 ), while in the western Pacific the surface wind speed, W and the qs - qa make nearly equal contribution to that of LHF.     

青藏高原不同地区湍流输送特征及其与气象因子的关系

利用第三次青藏高原大气科学观测试验数据,对高原不同地区感热、潜热交换等湍流输送特征进行了分析,并进一步对比研究了其与气象环境因子的相关关系。结果表明:（1）高原各站之间感热和潜热的差异性较大,但大多在雨季潜热会大于感热。干燥的狮泉河站属于高寒荒漠地区,降水极少,全年感热都远大于潜热,波文比年平均值可达到20.0;湿润的比如站和嘉黎站潜热在4～10月均显著大于感热,波文比在4～10月的数值范围在0.27～0.88。（2）高原感热和潜热通量的季节变化与高原季风所处的地理位置有密切关系,高原中部的感热通量在3～5月达到最大值,而高原西部则在4～6月最大,可能与高原季风的活动有关。（3）通过与气象要素的相关分析表明,高原西部狮泉河站感热与地气温差的正相关关系最为显著,全年的相关系数可以达到0.905,在4个季节相关系数也均大于0.79,这可能与下垫面是裸地有关;高原中部安多站和那曲站感热与风速的正相关在夏季最为显著,比如站感热与风速的正相关在冬季最为明显,而狮泉河站感热与风速在春、夏季均有着十分显著的正相关。     

地面风对瓦里关山大气CH4本底浓度的影响分析

使用1994年7月至1996年12月大气CH₄和地面风现场连续观测资料，分析了瓦里关全球大气本底基准站（36°17′N, 100°54′E，海拔3816 m）地面风变化对大气CH₄本底浓度的影响。结果表明，水平风向、风速和垂直风向、风速的变化对大气CH₄观测值的影响在春、夏、秋、冬季有明显不同，水平风向NE—ENE—E为CH₄测量最主要的局地影响非本底扇区，静风及水平风速大于10 m/s、垂直风速大于±1 m/s对观测结果都有较大影响；由的统计平均还给出了此段期间瓦里关大气CH₄在不同季节的浓度分布范围和日变化类型，并分析了可能成因；将地面风数据作为大气CH₄本底资料的过滤因子之一，提出了适用于不同使用目的和要求的我国内陆高原大气CH₄本底数据筛选方法，本底数据留存率约为原始资料量的50%。     

一次飑线天气的非常规气象资料特征分析

利用常规及非常规气象资料，对2004年6月7日河北省衡水市的一次飑线进行了分析，发现低涡切变线、地面冷锋是这次强对流天气的影响系统。从红外卫星云图特征看，这次飑线过程属于在较弱的风垂直切变环境下生成的断续线型，多个对流单体构成云线。从雷达回波特征上看其发生发展过程属于后续线型，形成比较典型的弓形回波和逆风区。对比红外卫星云图、闪电定位资料以及雷达回波发现，三种非常规气象资料在系统影响时间、强度变化，移动方向方面具有很好的对应性。     

影响云南空气质量的风场特征分析

利用美国NCEP/NCAR风场再分析资料和云南高空、地面、高山风塔实测风资料,对云南地区的大气风场特征进行了分析。结果表明,云南对流层中低层大气风场常年盛行偏西气流,风向稳定,尤以西南风最多,冬-春-夏-秋四季风场变化特征明显。腾冲、思茅高空盛行风向以西风为主。云南除滇东北、滇东南和局地地形影响外,大部分地区近地面全年以盛行西南风为主。山区全年盛行风向以西南风为主。云南近地面年平均风速1.9m/s,北部大于南部,东部大于西部,冬春季风大,夏秋季风小,风速日变化特征显著。昆明地区大气边界层存在逆温现象,冬季突出,夏季微弱,秋冬春季频率高,夏季频率低。云南空气污染具有干湿季分布特点,1-5月为主要污染时段,冬春季节存在西南和东北两条污染传输通道。     

青藏高原东部拉萨河下游地区大气湍流交换特征研究

地气之间物质和能量随湍流运动进行输送,涡度相关技术是研究地气交换过程和评估大气资源的重要手段,它对湍流特征和精确的通量观测研究具有重要的作用.本研究利用拉萨蔡公堂通量站的闭路涡度相关系统,观测了 2020年8-11月青藏高原东部拉萨河下游地区典型高寒草甸下垫面的通量特征,并分析了该区域生长季和非生长季不同大气稳定条件下...     

Temporal and spatial distributions of wind storm damages in the United States

High wind caused catastrophes, storms causing property losses >$1 million, during 1952–2006 averaged 3.1 events per year in the U.S. The average loss per event was $90 million, and the annual average loss was $354 million. High wind catastrophes were most frequent in the Northeast, Central, and West Coast areas. Storm losses on the West Coast were the nation’s highest, averaging $115 million per event. High wind losses are the nation’s only form of severe weather that maximizes on the West Coast. High wind catastrophes were most frequent in winter, and were infrequent in the late spring and early fall seasons. Loss areas were frequently confined to one state. Losses in the western U.S. and nationally have increased during the 1952–2006 period, both with statistically significant upward trends.     

2015—2017年唐山市PM2.5重污染生消气象条件分析

利用2015—2017年唐山市空气质量日空气质量指数、小时PM_2.5浓度和气象数据,分析了唐山市重污染特征及PM_2.5重污染生成、消散气象条件。结果表明：2015—2017年唐山市重污染天数为减少趋势,年平均重污染天数36 d。冬季发生重污染天数最多,秋季次之。重污染天气中首要污染物为PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O₃,PM_2.5为首要污染物占比87%,PM₁₀占比6%,O₃占比7%。小时PM_2.5浓度与相对湿度、总云量、24 h变温正相关,与风速、气温、风向、1 h降水负相关。冬季相关性最好,其次是秋季和春季。90%PM_2.5重污染相对湿度均为50%以上,冬季和秋季高达98%;风速大于4 m·s^-1时,有0.7%的PM_2.5达到重污染;降水对PM_2.5有一定清除作用。升温、湿度增加和负变压有助于污染天气形成,生成过程中平均风速为1.8 m·s^-1,主导风向为SW,其次是S、W。降温、湿度下降、正变压、降水有助于污染天气消散,消散过程中平均风速为3.1 m·s^-1,主导风向为E,其次是NE、N。各方位3 m·s^-1的风具有清除能力,偏北风具有较好清除能力,风速较其他方向风速小。     

关中盆地近地面风场和大气输送特征分析

利用2017年151个地面气象站的逐时观测数据和相关高空资料分析关中盆地近地面风场与输送特征。首先分析盆地内代表性站点的风速和风向观测事实,然后用CALMET风场诊断模式和轨迹计算模式获取当地逐小时风场和每日逐小时传输轨迹,分析风场类型。结果表明:关中盆地内日平均风速约1～3 m s?1,夏季风速高、秋冬季低;盆地中央的主导风向以沿地形走向的东北风和西南风为主,盆地四周测站的主导风向表现出顺着地形向盆地中央汇流的趋势。各站主导风向的季节变化不大。盆地内风场分为系统控制型、弱天气背景型和局地环流型3类,全年出现日数比例分别占8%、17.3%和74.7%。以山谷风日夜循环为特征的局地环流型风场最多。以西安城区为源点的大气输送轨迹显示,系统控制型风场以偏东北方向的输送为主,弱天气背景型和局地环流型风场的轨迹输送都大致以偏东北和偏西（以及偏西南）沿盆地走向以及偏东南朝向秦岭山地这三个方向为主。局地环流型的轨迹影响范围小,集中于盆地中央和南侧山地之间,表明这是一种不利于污染扩散的风场类型。     

2000年6月4日沙尘暴过境时敦煌地面气象要素及地表能量平衡特征的变化

利用在敦煌进行的"我国典型干旱区陆-气相互作用试验"观测资料,分析了2000年6月4日在我国西北所发生的沙尘暴过境时的地面气象要素的变化以及地表能量平衡变异特征.结果表明,在沙尘暴过境时地面水平风风向经历了从稳定到多次调整,再到稳定,最后崩溃的演变.风向调整时,风速减弱,而调整之后,风速加大,同时伴有很强的上升气流.沙尘暴天气来临前,地面空气呈干热状态,处于低气压控制之下;而在沙尘暴过境时和过境后,地面空气显得相对湿冷,地面气压急剧上升,并处于高压控制之下.沙尘暴过境前后,地表的能量平衡关系遭到破坏,净辐射大幅减少,地气间的感热和潜热输送变弱,土壤全天向上释放热量.     

江苏不同强度降雨对能见度影响分析

利用江苏70个基本站多年逐时雨量、相对湿度、风向、风速以及同时段内最低能见度等观测资料,分析不同强度降雨对能见度的影响,并对比分析两种不同强度降雨造成的低能见度事件统计特征。结果表明:降雨是除雾以外,江苏低能见度的主要影响天气(14. 7%),其中稳定性弱降雨和短时强降雨影响最大。与低能见度雾事件不同,降雨造成的低能见度事件全天各时段均可能出现,发生时可伴随较强的风速(2 m/s),短强低能见度多见风速4 m/s(26. 6%)。江苏冬春两季为雨雾高发季,主要受降雨持续时间影响,对应的低能见度区间为500~1 000 m,有明显日变化。短强低能见度主要受雨强影响,多发生于6—9月,对应的低能见度区间为小于200 m,无明显日变化。两种降雨产生的低能见度事件有明显的空间分布差异,且雨雾低能见度发生时偏北风占主导,短强低能见度发生时则偏东风占主导。     

Rainfall characterisation by application of standardised precipitation index (SPI) in Peninsular Malaysia

The interpretations of trend behaviour for dry and wet events are analysed in order to verify the dryness and wetness episodes. The fitting distribution of rainfall is computed to classify the dry and wet events by applying the standardised precipitation index (SPI). The rainfall amount for each station is categorised into seven categories, namely extremely wet, severely wet, moderately wet, near normal, moderately dry, severely dry and extremely dry. The computation of the SPI is based on the monsoon periods, which include the northeast monsoon, southwest monsoon and inter-monsoon. The trends of the dry and wet periods were then detected using the Mann–Kendall trend test and the results indicate that the major parts of Peninsular Malaysia are characterised by increasing droughts rather than wet events. The annual trends of drought and wet events of the randomly selected stations from each region also yield similar results. Hence, the northwest and southwest regions are predicted to have a higher probability of drought occurrence during a dry event and not much rain during the wet event. The east and west regions, on the other hand, are going through a significant upward trend that implies lower rainfall during the drought episodes and heavy rainfall during the wet events.     

HAZE-TO-FOG TRANSFORMATION DURING A LONG LASTING, LOW VISIBILITY EPISODE IN NANJING

Haze-to-fog transformation during a long lasting, low visibility episode was examined using the observations from a comprehensive field campaign conducted in Nanjing, China during 4-9 December 2013. In this episode, haze was transformed into fog and the fog lasted for dozens of hours. The impacts of meteorological factors such as wind, temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) on haze, transition and fog during this episode were investigated. Results revealed significant differences between haze and fog days, due to their different formation mechanisms. Comparison was made for boundary-layer conditions during hazy days, haze-to-fog days and foggy days. Distributions of wind speed and wind direction as well as synoptic weather conditions around Nanjing had determinative impacts on the occurrences and characteristics of haze and fog. Weakened southerly wind in southern Nanjing resulted in high concentration of pollutants, and haze events occurred frequently during the study period. The wind speed was less than 1 m s-1 in the haze event, which resulted in a stable atmospheric condition and weak dispersion of the pollutants. The height of the temperature inversion was about 400 m during the period. The inversion intensity was weak and the temperature-difference was 4°C km-1 or less in haze, while the inversion was stronger, and temperature-difference was about 6°C km-1, approaching the inversion layer intensity in the fog event. Haze event is strongly influenced by ambient RH. RH values increased, which resulted in haze days evidently increased, suggesting that an increasing fraction of haze events be caused by hygroscopic growth of aerosols, rather than simply by high aerosol loading. When RH was above 90%, haze aerosols started to be transformed from haze to fog. This study calls for more efforts to control emissions to prevent haze events in the region.     

海洋飞沫对台风“Morakot”结构影响的数值模拟研究

将海洋飞沫参数化引入到高分辨率、非静力中尺度模式中,并对0908号台风"Morakot"进行了数值模拟,研究了海洋飞沫对台风"Morakot"结构和强度的影响。结果表明:(1)不论是否考虑海洋飞沫作用,模式均能较好地模拟出台风"Morakot"的移动路径,说明海洋飞沫对其移动路径影响不大;(2)引入海洋飞沫参数化后,台风眼墙区域的切向风速、径向风速、垂直速度、涡度、云水混合比、雨水混合比等物理量均增强,表明飞沫对台风结构变化的影响明显;(3)海洋飞沫对台风"Morakot"演变的直接影响是在对流层低层,低层风速明显增大,大风速区的影响尤为显著;(4)飞沫的蒸发使台风范围内的潜热和感热通量明显增强,尤其是潜热通量,其大值区对应着台风中心附近的最大风速区。由于水汽和热量输送的增强,使台风眼壁附近的云水量与雨水量增多,因此降水强度明显增加。     

物理协调大气变分客观分析模型及其在青藏高原的应用II:那曲试验区云—降水、热量和水汽的变化特征

本文利用约束变分客观分析法构建的物理协调大气变分客观分析模型,通过融合地面、探空、卫星等多源观测资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料,建立了青藏高原那曲试验区5年（2013～2017年）长时间序列的热力、动力相协调的大气分析数据集,并以此分析那曲试验区大气的基本环境特征与云—降水演变和大气动力、热力的垂直结构。分析表明:（1）试验区350 hPa以上风速的季节变化非常明显,风速在冬季11月至次年2月达到最大（＞50 m s?1）,盛夏7～8月风速的垂直变化最弱,温度的垂直变化最强,大气高湿区在夏秋雨季位于350～550 hPa,在冬春干季升至300～400 hPa。（2）试验区6～7月上旬降水最多;春、秋、冬三季,300～400 hPa高度层作为大气上升运动和下沉运动的交界处,是云量的集中区;夏季,增多的水汽和增强的大气上升运动导致高云和总云量明显增多,中、低云减少。（3）夏季的地表潜热通量与大气总的潜热释放最强,大气净辐射冷却最弱,高原地区较强的地面感热导致试验区500 hPa以下的近地面全年存在暖平流,500 hPa以上则由于强烈的西风和辐射冷却存在冷平流。此外,试验区整层大气全年以干平流为主,但在夏季出现了较弱的湿平流。（4）视热源Q₁具有明显的垂直分层特征:全年500 hPa以下大气表现为冷源,300～500 hPa和100～150 hPa表现为热源,150～300 hPa则在冬春干季表现为冷源,在夏秋雨季表现为热源,不同高度层的冷、热源的形成原因不同,其中夏季由于增强的上升运动、感热垂直输送和水汽凝结潜热以及高云的形成,因此几乎整层大气表现为热源。     

Effects of vertical wind shear, radiation and ice microphysics on precipitation efficiency during a torrential rainfall event in China

The effects of vertical wind shear, radiation and ice microphysics on precipitation efficiency （PE） were investigated through analysis of modeling data of a torrential rainfall event over Jinan, China during July 2007. Vertical wind shear affected PE by changing the kinetic energy conversion between the mean and perturbation circulations. Clou~radiation interaction impacted upon PE, but the relationship related to cloud radiative effects on PE was not statistically significant. The reduction in deposition processes as- sociated with the removal of ice microphysics suppressed efficiency. The relationships related to effects of vertical wind shear, radiation and ice clouds on PEs defined in cloud and surface rainfall budgets were more statistically significant than that defined in the rain microphysical budget.     

A Case Study of the Impacts of Dust Aerosols on Surface Atmospheric Variables and Energy Budgets in a Semi-Arid Region of China

The authors present a case study investigating the impacts of dust aerosols on surface atmospheric variables and energy budgets in a semi-arid region of China. Enhanced observational meteorological data, radiative fluxes, near-surface heat fluxes, and concentrations of dust aerosols were collected from Tongyu station, one of the reference sites of the International Coordinated Energy and Water Cycle Observations Project (CEOP), during a typical dust storm event in June 2006. A comprehensive analysis of these data show that in this semi-arid area, higher wind velocities and a continuously reduced air pressure were identified during the dust storm period. Dust storm events are usually associated with low relative humidity weather conditions, which result in low latent heat flux values. Dust aerosols suspended in the air decrease the net radiation, mainly by reducing the direct solar radiation reaching the land surface. This reduction in net radiation results in a decrease in soil temperatures at a depth of 2 cm. The combination of increased air temperature and decreased soil temperature strengthens the energy exchange of the atmosphere-earth system, increasing the surface sensible heat flux. After the dust storm event, the atmosphere was dominated by higher pressures and was relatively wet and cold. Net radiation and latent heat flux show an evident increase, while the surface sensible heat flux shows a clear decrease.