基于辽河口湿地生态系统服务的等级补偿制度

作为生态补偿制度的核心问题,补偿标准存在诸多争议。随着生态系统服务的价值化与定量化,以生态服务量作为生态补偿标准逐渐成为一种共识。以辽河口湿地生态服务为研究对象,提出基于生态价值的等级补偿制度。根据环境特征,将辽河口湿地生态服务分为物质供给(石油供给、植物供给、水产品供给)、调节服务(水文调节、气候调节、污染物降解)、支持服务(生物多样性保护、促淤造陆)、文化服务(科学教育、休闲旅游)4大类。基于以上生态服务类型,采用专家打分法,分别赋予一定的权重(W)。对某一特定的生态服务而言,根据其年生态服务价值量变化率的高低,分别赋予对应的分值(S),生态服务补偿指数(In)=W×S。根据总生态补偿指数的高低,依次给予6个等级,建立合理的等级生态补偿制度,为科学制定湿地保护政策提供理论依据。     

生态系统服务权衡研究进展：从认知到决策

作为沟通自然生态系统与人类社会的重要桥梁,生态系统服务一直以来都是地理学、生态学等学科的研究前沿和热点。正确认知生态系统服务之间的关系,是开展多种生态系统服务可持续管理决策的前提,有助于人类福祉的全面提升。本文通过厘定生态系统服务权衡的概念内涵,梳理了生态系统服务权衡的空间、时间和可逆性特征,将多层次人类福祉的满足作为权衡的最终目标,视生态补偿为权衡决策的基本保障途径。生态系统服务权衡关系的识别依托于定量指标法和综合模型法,且权衡关系可能随时空尺度的推移发生改变;情景分析与多目标分析是生态系统服务权衡决策的有效手段。生态系统服务权衡多尺度关联、生态系统服务流与远程耦合、生态系统服务消费与生态补偿,成为当前生态系统服务权衡研究的重点方向。     

Ecological compensation for desertification control: A review

Desertification control is a crucial way to enhancing the ecological conditions of arid and semi-arid regions, and maintaining sustainable development globally. Designing and improving an ecological compensation mechanism for desertification control has great significance related to achieving balance amongst the needs of different economic subjects and the assurance of a sustained and stable supply of desert ecosystem services. In this paper, (1) the theoretical bases of ecological compensation for desertification control were re-analyzed; (2) the research status and challenges of three important topics related to ecological compensation for desertification control were systemically discussed, including compensation standards, ecosystem service supply-consumption process and multi-scale effects, and resource- environment basis and policy orientation; (3) a research framework of ecological compensation for desertification control based on the process of desert ecosystem service supply–flow–consumption was proposed; (4) and finally, seven priority research issues were discussed, which aimed to support ecological compensation policy-making and ecological engineering implementation for desertification control.     

基于多源数据的乡村功能空间特征及其权衡协同关系度量

本研究基于土地利用、兴趣点、社会经济统计等数据,从乡镇尺度揭示了北京生态涵养区经济发展、农产品生产、社会保障、生态服务、旅游休闲以及综合功能的空间特征,并运用Spearman秩相关分析、生产可能性边界（PPF）、权衡强度指数等定量探讨了多功能间的权衡-协同关系及其权衡程度。结果表明：① 经济发展、社会保障和休闲旅游功能的空间格局相似;生态服务功能与经济发展、社会保障和农产品生产功能的空间格局基本相逆。② 经济发展与农产品生产/社会保障功能为显著协同关系;经济发展/农产品生产/社会保障与生态服务功能为显著权衡关系。③ 按照“‘权衡强度越小,功能间共生发展’‘权衡强度越大,最多发展一种功能’”的思路,以追求乡村功能组合的综合效益最大化为目标,将生态涵养区划分为I（4种功能共生）、II（3种功能共生）、III（2种功能共生）和IV（单一功能发展）4种类型区。研究结果将为区域乡村振兴规划编制提供参考,为乡村功能协同发展路径设计提供技术支撑。     

Current Status and Future Trends for Eco-compensation in China

Eco-compensation, known as payment for ecosystem services, is defined in China as an institutional arrangement for regulating the relationship of economic interests among ecological protectors, beneficiaries and destructors in order to protect ecological service function and foster harmony between people and nature with non-market and market tools including transfer payment, taxes and fees. Reasonable compensation to ecological service providers significantly contributes to the protection of ecological assets and effective supply of ecological services by adopting transfer payments or market transactions on the basis of comprehensively considering the costs of ecological protection, costs of development opportunity and ecological service values. It is helpful for implementing a strategy for main functional areas. The building of eco-compensation mechanisms is therefore highly valued as the most important institutional guarantee for promoting the ecological civilization. Existing eco-compensation mechanisms mainly fall into three categories: exchequer based transfer payment, vertical and horizontal, and market based compensation in China. The institutional framework has been primarily established, inclusive of a forest ecological benefit compensation fund system, grassland eco-compensation system and transfer payment system of national key ecological function areas. Under the framework, various areas and departments have actively explored the building of an eco-compensation system and achieved important progress for forests, grassland, wetlands, river basins and water resources, exploitation of mineral resources, oceans and national key ecological functions areas. However, the eco-compensation system dominated by vertical transfer payments is still far from perfect in China. The interest regulation pattern of “developer to protect and beneficiary to compensate” has not been formed. Its role in the protection of the ecological environment has not been brought into full play. China should improve eco-compensation systems by intensifying eco-compensation inputs, strengthening government responsibility, diversifying eco-compensation tools, and establishing institutional systems.     

Consumption of Ecosystem Services in Laos

The exponential increase of ecosystem utilization has instigated a serious conflict between ecosystem services and residents’ needs. The Belt and Road Initiative has greatly influenced Laotian production and living, and the scientific assessment of the consumption of ecosystem services in Laos is important for exploring residents’ influence on the ecosystem. Based on data for the Laotian consumption of agricultural products, fruits and livestock products during 1961-2013, normalized by either harvest index or feed conversion ratio, this study draws three main conclusions. 1) Ecosystem service consumption in Laos is centered on the consumption of farmland, forestry and grassland ecosystem services, which account for over 80%, over 10% and under 2%, showing downward, upward and constant trends, respectively. The consumption of these ecosystem services shows a trend of increasing first, then fluctuating, and finally increasing. 2) The consumption of ecosystem services in Laos was characterized by the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services” from 1961 to 2008, and the mode of “balanced development of consumption of farmland, forest and grassland ecosystem services” from 2008 to 2013, with a trend of transformation from the former into the latter. 3) The formation and change in the consumption mode of Laotian ecosystem services have been affected by both supply and trade. Laos developed agriculture mainly during the period from 1961 to 2008, forming the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services”. This development benefited from the enriched varieties of imports as well as the increased value of trade and import volume. However, the consumption of ecosystem services in Laos after 2008 changed from the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services” to one of “balanced development of consumption of farmland, forest and grassland ecosystem services”. This study provides an empirical reference for research on the consumption of ecosystem services.     

安徽漳河河流生态系统服务价值评估

运用机会成本法、替代工程法、比例折算法等方法计算漳河生态系统的服务价值,包括水供给、休闲娱乐、水力发电、水产品的直接使用价值和储水、调蓄洪水、水质净化的间接使用价值。结果表明:2015年漳河南陵段生态服务价值中,直接生态服务价值为8.067亿元,间接生态服务价值约为12.491亿元。漳河生态系统价值评估中,储水价值最大,其次是调蓄洪水价值、水产品价值,说明漳河河流生态系统在调节洪水、减少和防御洪涝灾害、保护社会和经济发展等方面具有极其重要的作用。     

基于结构方程模型的南方丘陵山地农户福祉与生态系统服务关系——以广东省乐昌市为例

以农户福祉和生态系统服务关系为研究视角，选取地处南方丘陵山地重点生态功能区的广东省乐昌市的8个地形地貌相似、但发展存有差异的村庄为研究对象，基于实地调研、问卷访谈等，采用模糊综合评价法对其2005及2018年农户福祉发展水平进行综合评价；并利用结构方程模型，对农户福祉与生态系统服务之间的关系进行耦合分析。结果表明：1）2005—2018年，农户福祉水平各指标均有一定程度的提升，其中农户收入水平、居住条件等显著增加，其评价值分别由2005年的0.294和0.245增加到2018年的0.385和0.422，同时农户对生态保护的意识逐渐加强。2）农户对生态系统服务功能的认识程度整体呈上升趋势，特别是对文化服务功能的感知有较大的提升，其感知值由2005年的0.251增加到2018年的0.370。3）生态系统四大服务功能与农户福祉水平均存在一定的耦合关系，其中供给服务、文化服务与农户福祉的关系密切。4）加强提升生态系统的文化服务能力，大力发展“特色种植＋林下经济＋生态旅游”等低影响经济发展模式，有利于生态系统服务维护与农户福祉的提高，促进重点生态功能区生态环境和农村经济社会的持续发展。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区村域生态系统服务簇的时空分异及其地形梯度分析

探究村域生态系统服务簇对于厘清黄土丘陵沟壑区农业生态系统复杂特征、从多重服务供给角度提高服务的福祉贡献具有重要意义。论文以黄土丘陵沟壑区米脂县为例,基于高斯混合模型识别2009年和2019年村域生态系统服务簇并分析其时空分布,同时,结合地形分布指数探究服务簇在地形梯度上的分布模式。结果如下： ① 各类服务空间分异明显,且服务之间空间分布差异较大;近10 a间各类服务水平均有不同程度提高,其中调节服务有较大改善,而食物供给与文化服务增幅较小;各类服务空间变化格局存在较大差异,这与土地利用的空间演变关系密切。② 利用高斯混合模型识别4类服务簇,包括农业生产簇、农业美学簇、生态保育簇与城镇休闲簇;各类服务簇空间分异明显,且研究期间存在明显数量和空间转移变化;农业美学簇与生态保育簇是当地主导服务簇,且主导性增强,而农业生产簇与城镇休闲簇比重下降。③ 地形起伏度与服务簇的空间关联密切。随起伏度上升,农业生产簇与农业美学簇呈倒U型,生态保育簇优势分布增加,城镇休闲簇优势分布减弱;研究期间农业生产簇与城镇休闲簇向低起伏度的转移趋势明显,而农业美学簇与生态保育簇趋向于向高起伏度转移。     

青海湖地区生态系统服务价值变化分析

采用生态系统服务估值、Matlab7.0 多元线性回归分析和敏感性分析等研究方法, 定量分析了生态系统服务价值的变化及其与气候、GDP、个人储蓄、城市化水平等驱动因子之间的相关性和敏感性, 以识别影响青海湖生态环境的主要影响因素, 以期为该区域生态保护调控和管理提供依据。研究结果表明:①2000-2008 年青海湖地区生态系统服务价值平均为119.226 亿元, 2008 年比2000 年下降3.98%;②2000-2008 年生态系统服务价值变化与气温和社会经济发展因素存在显著的负相关, 对气温、GDP和城镇化率的弹性系数分别为0.896、0.249 和0.2988;③2000-2008 年, 生态系统服务价值变化对城市化率和气温具有很大的敏感性, 敏感性系数分别为4.979 和1.712。研究表明, 青海湖地区的生态系统服务下降是气候暖干化和经济发展的综合作用结果。青海湖地区应该关注农牧民生计, 实施生态补偿机制以实现可持续的生态保护战略。     

中国省域生态系统服务足迹流动及其影响因素

区域间由供给与消费不均衡所引起的生态系统服务流动,逐渐成为新的研究热点。选取具有代表性的食物供给服务、淡水供给服务和固碳服务,运用生态系统服务足迹算法和多区域间投入产出模型,核算中国省区典型生态系统服务足迹和省域间的动态流动以及影响因素。研究表明：中国省域人均食物供给服务足迹为1.16 hm²/人,人均淡水供给服务足迹为0.06 hm²/人,人均固碳服务足迹为2.92 hm²/人,但由于人口数量、地区发展和单位能耗等因素的影响而具有明显的区域差异性,因此供给与需求的不均衡导致了服务足迹在空间上的流动。同时,生态系统服务足迹与各影响因子呈正相关,表明生态环境与经济增长的可持续发展转好的拐点还未出现。     

安徽湿地生态系统服务价值评估及生态经济分析

基于安徽省第二次湿地资源调查数据,通过价值转移法对安徽省湿地生态系统服务价值进行评估,并探讨了2003—2014年间安徽省湿地生态经济协调度(EEH)。结果表明:安徽省2014年湿地生态系统服务价值为7 550.57×10~8元,相当于同年全省GDP的36.22%,安徽省湿地资源蕴藏着丰富的经济效益。2003—2014年,安徽全省EEH整体处于较好的协调水平。其中皖中和皖江经济区的EEH值2003—2008年分别0.97、1.15,2008—2014年分别为0.77、0.78,两个经济区的生态环境存在潜在恶化危机。安徽全省应加强湿地资源的开发与利用,皖中、皖南经济区须加大对生态环境保护的投入,因地制宜,实现安徽省生态经济的可持续发展。     

非洲旅游保障体系规划研究

旅游保障体系是一个宽泛的概念,它是指一系列旨在保障旅游开发顺利进行,推动旅游业健康、稳定和可持续发展的相关政策和措施所组成的系统。该系统对旅游开发具有扶持、协调、监督和保障的作用。综观非洲近50年来旅游业的发展态势,虽然其整体发展速度明显高于全球平均水平,但其发展过程并不平坦,甚至历尽坎坷,其原因在很大程度上取决于旅游保障体系的条件及完备程度。针对非洲旅游业发展的现状,着重就政策、人力资源、生态环境、体制机制、安全、基础设施与服务等保障体系进行了广泛而深入的研究,旨在快速提高非洲旅游的美誉度和影响力,吸引更多的国际客源,使旅游真正成为非洲各国社会经济发展新的增长点。     

中国省际资源环境成本及生态负荷强度的时空演变分析

为了科学地评价区域生态系统对经济与社会发展的服务支撑能力,引入生态系统服务理论等构建资源环境成本及绿色GDP核算、生态负荷强度模型,计算出中国31个省区2001~2012年的资源环境成本、生态负荷强度,在此基础上利用探索性空间数据分析方法对2001年以来中国省区的生态负荷强度随时间演变的趋势及其空间分布特征进行分析和探讨（港澳台除外）。结果表明,在研究时段内中国省区的资源环境成本由16.83×10¹²元攀升到25.24×10¹²元（2001年可比价）,生态负荷强度由1.55下降到0.45;中国生态负荷强度呈西北、东部沿海地区集聚的空间分布特征,其中西北为高-高、东部沿海为低-低集聚区;这种西、东集聚现象的显著性在研究时段内逐渐减弱,空间负相关区域增加到11个、具有持续扩张的趋势,区域生态效益或经济效益持续向周边溢出。     

Resident Willingness to Pay for Ecotourism Resources and Associated Factors in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China

Willingness to Pay (WTP), Willingness to Work (WTW) and Willingness to Accept Compensation (WTA) are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services and residents’ willingness to contribute to and receive compensation for tourism ecology. The objectives of this study are to estimate the residents’ willingness to pay, work and accept compensation for conservation at Sanjiangyuan National Park, and to analyze the relationship between residents’ attitude towards tourism ecology and the ecological assets of the National Park based on a standard questionnaire survey. The dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was employed to determine the willingness. The survey conducted in 2018 collected WTP, WTW, WTA, socio-demFographical information, social trust and resident perceptions toward tourism impacts and relevant management strategies from 244 residents in two counties. Based on generalized linear modeling, income and education level are important for residents’ WTP and WTA, but other social characteristics, such as gender and age, do not have significant effects. The social trust is found to be a significant factor on residents’ willingness, despite the limitation on education level. Also, government funding is associated with residents’ inclination to WTP, WTW and WTA, but the support levels differ among the two counties due to geographical and social heterogeneities. The estimated WTP, WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park in 2018 were 1.2448×10 ⁷ yuan, 1.247×10 ⁶ hours and 2.3232×10 ⁷ yuan yr ^-1 based on the survey and published demographics. This study, for the first time, estimates the WTP, WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park and informs ecological conservation managers and policy makers. Ultimately, to maintain the long-term benefits arising from sustainable development, compensation should be specifically tailored and site-dependent, and development measures based on local resources should be adopted by governments to actively support eco-tourism activities.     

三江源地区草地生态系统服务价值评估

三江源地区的草地生态系统对于维持区域生态平衡和保障社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于千年生态系统评估(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, MA)的生态系统服务分类体系, 采用多种方法对三江源草地生态系统的9 项服务价值逐项进行了评估, 得出2000 年三江源草地生态系统服务价值为562.60 亿元, 其中价值最高的两种服务类型依次为气候调节和食物生产, 分别达259.09 亿元和111.68 亿元, 贡献率分别为46.05%、19.85%。按照草地类型划分, 高寒草甸和高寒草原服务价值分别为490.95 亿元、64.68 亿元, 占总服务价值的87.42%和11.52%。虽然沼泽单位面积服务价值最高, 为4230.77 元/hm², 但在草地生态系统面积中所占比例较低, 总价值相对很低。本文关于三江源草地生态系统的评估结果可以为制定区域生态保护和生态补偿政策提供科学支撑。     

Social preferences regarding the delivery of ecosystem services in a semiarid Mediterranean region

The valuation of ecosystem services has primarily been conducted within the context of the economic value of these services to society. Ecosystem services research has since advanced to identify conflicts of interest between different sectors of society while prioritizing conservation actions. This approach can be important in semiarid ecosystems, where biodiversity conservation can be hindered by a lack of community awareness. In the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula, conservation is perceived by society as a barrier to the economic development provided by agricultural or tourism activities. We use the contingent valuation method to identify community perception and economic values of different ecosystem services provided by semiarid ecosystems in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula. This method identifies the perceptions of individuals benefiting from ecosystem services and examines their willingness to pay for the maintaining of these ecosystem services. Results showed that most respondents recognized the importance of services to human well-being and were willing to conserve these services. Preferences for maintaining water and air quality showed that respondents understood the relationship between the conservation of ecosystem services and local well-being. However, responses varied greatly across categories of beneficiaries; this finding highlights a potential conflict of interest that should be considered in any decision-making processes.     

浙江省滨海湿地生态系统服务及其价值研究

因特殊的地理位置,浙江省分布有丰富的滨海湿地资源。滨海湿地为人类提供了物质生产、环境调节和人文社会等诸多服务。在全面分析浙江省滨海湿地现状及综合比较不同评价方法基础上,对浙江省滨海湿地服务价值进行了初步评估。研究结果表明,浙江省滨海湿地生态系统服务总价值为210.383×108元/a,其中直接使用价值141.658×108元/a,间接使用价值68.725×108元/a;滨海湿地单位面积服务价值为3.664元/(m2·a);各服务价值按大小排列依次为:海水养殖87.022×108元/a,滨海旅游54.636×108元/a,水质净化7.698×108元/a,护岸37.944×108元/a,促淤5.829×108元/a,固碳释氧11.867×108元/a,养分积累4.526×108元/a,提供生境0.861×108元/a;8项服务中,海水养殖价值最大,占总价值的41.363%,其次为旅游和护岸,分别占总价值的25.970%和18.035%。浙江省滨海湿地在发挥显著直接经济效益的同时,还兼具巨大的生态效益和社会效益,在维系浙江省生态安全及国民经济发展方面发挥着不可替代的重要作用。     

中国出境旅游与国际服务贸易关系分析

出境旅游是国际服务贸易的重要组成部分,是世界经济全球化的响应。出境旅游与国际服务贸易关系分析是制定出境旅游政策的基础之一。根据1985~2011年中国出境旅游和国际服务贸易时间序列的相关数据,采用计量经济学分析方法,系统探讨了出境旅游与国际服务贸易的关系。得出结论:①出境旅游与国际服务贸易之间存在正相关关系;②出境旅游与国际服务贸易存在长期稳定的动态均衡关系;③出境旅游与国际服务贸易存在短期波动回归长期均衡关系;④出境旅游是国际服务贸易出口的Granger原因,但不是国际服务贸易进口的Granger原因,国际服务贸易进出口均是出境旅游的Granger原因。     

Identification of Key Ecosystem Services That Can Be Delivered by Water or Wind from Zhangjiakou-Chengde Region to Beijing

Rapid urbanization causing serious air pollution and ecological risks in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in North China has attracted worldwide attention. This study estimates the key ecosystem services of land covers in Zhangjiakou and Chengde, and analyzes their main contributions and the effects of ecosystem service flows to Beijing. Results indicated that the total economic value of key ecosystem services in the Zhangjiakou-Chengde region was CNY 189.5 billion in 2013, and that these services were generated mainly from the forestlands, grasslands, and farmlands of Chengde and the eastern region of Zhangjiakou. However, nearly half of land covers provided low ecosystem service values and thus should be enhanced. In addition, approximately 21% of key ecosystem services were delivered from the Zhangjiakou-Chengde region into Beijing, and the flow feasibilities of ecosystem services delivered by water and wind reached 34% and 12%, respectively. Chicheng, Zhuolu, Chongli, Huailai, Xuanhua and Guyuan counties contributed 61% of the ecosystem services flowing into Beijing, and each service showed high regional relationships with Beijing (flow index ≥ 40%). Thus, these services should be prioritized in terms of ecological compensation funds and policies from Beijing.