中国碳排放对国际贸易影响的经验分析(英文)

International trade is an important impact factor to the carbon emissions of a country.As the rapid development of Chinese foreign trade since its entry into the WTO in 2002,the effects of international trade on carbon emissions of China are more and more significant.Using the recent available input-output tables of China and energy consumption data,this study estimated the effects of Chinese foreign trade on carbon emissions and the changes of the effects by analyzing the emissions embodied in trade between 2002 and 2007.The re-sults showed a more and more significant exporting behavior of embodied carbon emissions in Chinese international trade.From 2002 to 2007,the proportion of net exported emissions and domestic exported emissions in domestic emissions increased from 18.32% to 29.79% and from 23.97% to 34.76%,respectively.In addition,about 22.10% and 32.29% of the total imported emissions were generated in processing trade in 2002 and 2007,respectively,which were imported and later exported emissions.Although,most of the sectors showed a growth trend in imported and exported emissions,sectors of electrical machinery and communication electronic equipment,chemical industry,and textile were still the biggest emission exporters,the net exported emissions of which were also the largest.For China and other developing countries,technology improvement may be the most favorable and acceptable ways to re-duce carbon emissions at present stage.In the future negotiations on emissions reduction,it would be more fair and reasonable to include the carbon emissions embodied in international trade when accounting the total emissions of an economy.     

基于最终需求的中国出口贸易碳排放研究

以2002年为例,采用投入产出模型,从最终需求的角度对中国出口贸易引起的碳排放(包括直接和间接排放)进行了评估。结果表明,2002年中国为满足对外出口需求而在国内和国外引起的碳排放约288.22~330.49 MtC,其中国内出口排放261.19 MtC,约占当年国内一次能源消费碳排放量的23.45%;大部分部门的出口碳排放主要是由国内排放所贡献,进口再出口排放对总出口排放的平均贡献率在9.38%~20.97%之间。中国单位产值出口的平均碳排放为0.093~0.106 kgC,其中0.084 kgC是在国内排放;碳密集部门多集中于重化工业、交通运输和部分轻工业。将来一方面,中国不宜增加高耗能行业的出口;另一方面,国外发达国家也应积极向中国等发展中国家转让先进生产技术,以减少全球温室气体排放,实现全球减排行动中公平与效率的双赢。     

基于消费责任制的碳排放核算及全球环境压力

因区域间贸易而转移的碳排放对于全球各个国家或者地区的碳排放核算及其减排责任划分具有重要而深远的影响。通过构建多区域投入产出分析模型和基于扩展的STIRPAT模型,本文核算了全球39个主要国家基于消费责任制的碳排放,并在此基础上深入探讨了全球环境压力的影响因素问题。研究发现：首先,从以净流出为主的中国和俄罗斯来看,尽管贸易给这些地区带来了大量的资源,但随之会产生严重的区域生态环境问题。而对于美国和欧盟等地区来说,这些国家或者地区通过全球贸易规避了大量的碳减排责任。此外,在全球贸易中,区域净流出的贸易隐含碳排放越小,基于消费责任制核算的区域碳排放量就越大,故而在全球减排目标分配中承担的减排任务也需相应地增加。全球贸易隐含碳排放净流出量较大的地区主要位于亚洲和东欧等地,而净流出量最小的地区主要是以西欧和北美等高度发达的经济体为主。其次,就基于消费责任制核算下的全球环境压力而言,人口因素和富裕程度是导致全球环境压力不断增加的两个重要因素,而提高生产技术水平以及逐渐提高清洁能源在总能源消费中的比重是推动全球节能减排、缓解全球环境压力的有效途径。     

国际贸易中的隐含碳排放研究综述

通过总结最近国际上关于贸易隐含碳排放的研究进展,指出国际贸易对国家及全球的温室气体排放具有重要的影响。传统的基于领土范围的CO2排放统计方法极易歪曲一国CO2排放的真实情况,不仅会引起发达国家对发展中国家＂碳泄漏＂现象的发生,也会间接地导致全球CO2排放的增加。作为发展中国家的中国,由于对外贸易的快速发展及较高的能耗水平,事实上为国外,尤其为发达国家排放了数量巨大的CO2。中国不是其碳排放的唯一责任方。在未来的气候变化谈判中,国际贸易对国家及全球CO2排放的影响应被高度重视;发达国家应该在减少温室气体排放方面继续承担主导作用,同时也应该加大对发展中国家的先进生产技术的转让和财政支持;中国等发展中国家除了提高自身的生产效率和能源利用效率外,还应加强对贸易中隐含碳排放的研究,以可靠有利的数据为国家争取更大的发展空间。     

城镇化对碳排放效率的影响机制研究

合理有序推进城镇化进程和发展低碳经济是当前全球许多国家面临的重要难题。研究基于2009—2016年全球118个国家的面板数据，利用STIRPAT模型探究了整体样本及不同等级城镇化水平国家城镇化发展对碳排放效率的影响机理。研究表明：（1）2009—2016年，研究样本碳排放效率的空间分异特征较为明显，碳排放效率较高的国家主要集中在拉丁美洲、欧洲西部及非洲，碳排放效率较低的国家基本位于北美、亚洲及大洋洲；（2）从整体来看，科技创新水平、人均GDP及信息化水平均对碳排放效率提升具有显著促进作用，促进作用大小为人均GDP>科技创新水平>信息化水平，城镇化水平、工业占比及对外开放度均对碳排放效率提升具有显著抑制作用，抑制作用大小为城镇化水平>对外开放度>工业占比；（3）分区域来看，不同等级城镇化水平国家各影响因素对碳排放效率的作用效应呈现明显的异质性。基于实证分析结果，研究提出推进绿色城镇化建设、重视科技创新生态价值、优化对外出口贸易结构等政策建议。     

Tracking embodied carbon flows in the Belt and Road regions

In the past few decades, economic globalization has driven rapid growth of cross-border trade and a new international division of labor, leading to increasing inter- country embodied carbon flows. Multi-region input-output (MRIO) analysis is used to identify embodied carbon flows between major world regions, including seven regions along the Belt and Road (BR), and the spatial distribution of production- and consumption-based carbon intensities. The results show that current embodied carbon flows are virtually all from BR regions to developed countries, with more than 95% of world net embodied carbon exports coming from BR regions. Consumption in the United States and European Union countries induce about 30% of the carbon emissions in most BR regions, indicating that the former bear a high proportion of consumers’ responsibility for the carbon emitted in the latter. For this reason, measuring environmental responsibilities from consumption rather than a production- based perspective is more equitable, while developing countries should be given a louder voice in the construction through dialogue and cooperation, in part in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, of an inclusive global climate governance system.     

中国钢铁产品国际贸易流与碳排放跨境转移

控制温室气体排放最终要落实到不同国家、不同行业之间的利益分配和责任分担,尤其是通过国际商品贸易转移的碳排放是在国家间分配排放配额时必须考虑的指标。基于中国钢铁产品国际贸易流的分析表明,中国在国际钢铁产品贸易中处于垂直产业内贸易的低端,中国具有比较优势的钢铁产品多为加工程度低、技术含量低、能源消耗强度大的初级产品。由于我国进出口钢铁产品在附加价值和能源消耗强度方面存在明显的差异,随着中国钢铁产品国际贸易规模的扩大,使大量CO₂排放责任向中国净转移。我国学者应以更加积极的姿态参与到国际谈判、国际规则的制订中,从产品生产者和消费者两个层面合理界定中国在全球温室气体减排中的责任,力争在气候变化国际谈判中确保中国的经济贸易利益。     

“一带一路”沿线地区隐含碳流动研究

随着全球各区域的连通性不断增强,碳流动以及碳泄漏在全球碳减排过程中扮演着越来越重要的角色。伴随全球产业跨境转移的过程,发达国家的高碳行业逐渐转移到发展中国家,并从这些国家进口成品用于自身最终消费。基于多区域投入产出分析,本文测算了“一带一路”沿线地区隐含碳流动,分析了生产碳及消费碳强度在全球的空间分布,并以此为基础探讨了“一带一路”沿线地区的生产者及消费者责任。结果显示,“一带一路”沿线地区的生产碳强度大都高于消费碳强度,且两者的差值大多高于“一带一路”区域外发达地区。全球95%以上的隐含碳净流出发生在“一带一路”沿线地区,美国、西欧等发达国家/地区的消费所引发的“一带一路”沿线主要区域直接碳排放占比约为30%。考虑到跨国贸易中的隐含碳排放,“一带一路”沿线地区整体承受了较大的碳排放压力。从消费者责任着手衡量各国家/地区在全球气候变化中的碳排放责任,并以包容性全球化为基础推进“一带一路”气候治理体系构建,可为长期难以达成协议的全球气候治理问题提供有效思路。     

Influencing mechanism of energy-related carbon emissions in Xinjiang based on the input-output and structural decomposition analysis

Analysis of carbon emission mechanism based on regional perspectives is an important research method capable of achieving energy savings and emission reductions. Xinjiang, an important Chinese energy production base, is currently going through a period of strategic opportunities for rapid development. Ensuring stable socio-economic development while achieving energy savings and meeting emission reductions targets, is the key issue currently facing the region. This paper is based on the input-output theory, and conducts a structural decomposition analysis on the factors affecting energy-related carbon emissions in Xinjiang from 1997 to 2007; this analysis employs a hybrid input-output analysis framework of “energy - economy - carbon emissions”. (1) Xinjiang’s carbon emissions from energy consumption increased from 20.70 million tons in 1997 to 40.34 million tons in 2007; carbon emissions growth was mainly concentrated in the production and processing of energy resources, the mining of mineral resources, and the processing industry. (2) The analysis of the direct effects of the influencing factors on carbon emissions showed that the change in per capita GDP, the final demand structure, the population scale, and the production structure were the important factors causing an increase in carbon emissions, while the decrease in carbon emission intensity during this period was the important influencing factor in stopping the growth of carbon emissions. This showed that while the sizes of Xinjiang’s economy and population were growing, the economic structure had not been effectively optimized and the production technology had not been efficiently improved, resulting in a rapid growth of carbon emissions from energy consumption. (3) The analysis of the indirect effects of the influencing factors of carbon emission showed that the inter-provincial export, fixed capital formation, and the consumption by urban residents had significant influence on the changes in carbon emissions from energy consumption in Xinjiang. (4) The growth of investments in fixed assets of carbon intensive industry sectors, in addition to the growth of inter-provincial exports of energy resource products, makes the transfer effect of inter-provincial “embodied carbon” very significant.     

基于IO-SDA模型的新疆能源消费碳排放影响机理分析（英文）

Analysis of carbon emission mechanism based on regional perspectives is an important research method capable of achieving energy savings and emission reductions.Xinjiang,an important Chinese energy production base,is currently going through a period of strategic opportunities for rapid development.Ensuring stable socio-economic development while achieving energy savings and meeting emission reductions targets,is the key issue currently facing the region.This paper is based on the input-output theory,and conducts a structural decomposition analysis on the factors affecting energy-related carbon emissions in Xinjiang from 1997 to 2007;this analysis employs a hybrid input-output analysis framework of "energy- economy- carbon emissions".(1) Xinjiang's carbon emissions from energy consumption increased from 20.70 million tons in 1997 to 40.34 million tons in 2007;carbon emissions growth was mainly concentrated in the production and processing of energy resources,the mining of mineral resources,and the processing industry.(2) The analysis of the direct effects of the influencing factors on carbon emissions showed that the change in per capita GDP,the final demand structure,the population scale,and the production structure were the important factors causing an increase in carbon emissions,while the decrease in carbon emission intensity during this period was the important influencing factor in stopping the growth of carbon emissions.This showed that while the sizes of Xinjiang's economy and population were growing,the economic structure had not been effectively optimized and the production technology had not been efficiently improved,resulting in a rapid growth of carbon emissions from energy consumption.(3) The analysis of the indirect effects of the influencing factors of carbon emission showed that the inter-provincial export,fixed capital formation,and the consumption by urban residents had significant influence on the changes in carbon emissions from energy consumption in Xinjiang.(4) The growth of investments in fixed assets of carbon intensive industry sectors,in addition to the growth of inter-provincial exports of energy resource products,makes the transfer effect of inter-provincial "embodied carbon" very significant.     

旅游与碳排放：全球视角与区域比较

文章基于全球88个国家1995到2018年的数据,运用动态面板数据模型估计了旅游对碳排放的影响。结果表明：① 从全球范围来看,旅游者人次对人均碳排放和碳强度有显著的增加效应。随着旅游者人次的进一步增加,旅游和人均碳排放、碳强度之间存在倒U型和N型曲线关系。旅游收入对人均碳排放和碳强度有显著的降低效应。旅游收入和人均碳排放之间存在倒U型和N型曲线关系,旅游收入和碳强度之间的非线性关系则与之相反。② 旅游者人次增加了发达国家的人均碳排放但是降低了其碳强度,在发展中国家则相反。在发达国家,旅游收入对人均碳排放和碳强度有显著的负向影响,但在发展中国家则为显著的正向影响。③ 经济增长和产业结构增加了旅游对人均碳排放的正向影响,可再生能源利用和技术进步强化了旅游收入对碳强度的负向影响。本研究成果有助于全面、深入地理解旅游对碳排放的影响及其区域异质性特征。     

产业结构对区域碳排放的影响——基于多国数据的实证分析

人类行为所引起的全球气候变暖趋势已经无可争议,所带来的影响可能对全球发展方向和生产方式产生重大的作用。在建立产业结构对区域碳排放的影响模型基础上,在全球尺度下进行计量分析,主要结论：第一,理论模型证明区域碳排放随经济发展推进具有先上升后下降的不可抗的基本客观规律,故减排应从降低峰值高度、促进峰值提前等方向入手;第二,实证结果说明第二产业份额对碳排放的影响强度为恒正值,而服务业的影响强度逐步降低,促使第二产业向服务业的份额流动最终将带来整体影响强度的下降;第三,产业结构调整所引起的碳排放变动强度具有明显差异,产业升级对于中高等发展水平国家的减排效率明显高于极高发展水平国家,且中等发展水平国家将在更早的发展阶段迎来碳排放高峰。     

“一带一路”沿线地区隐含碳流动研究（英文）

In the past few decades, economic globalization has driven rapid growth of cross-border trade and a new international division of labor, leading to increasing inter-country embodied carbon flows. Multi-region input-output(MRIO) analysis is used to identify embodied carbon flows between major world regions, including seven regions along the Belt and Road(BR), and the spatial distribution of production-and consumption-based carbon intensities. The results show that current embodied carbon flows are virtually all from BR regions to developed countries, with more than 95% of world net embodied carbon exports coming from BR regions. Consumption in the United States and European Union countries induce about 30% of the carbon emissions in most BR regions, indicating that the former bear a high proportion of consumers' responsibility for the carbon emitted in the latter. For this reason, measuring environmental responsibilities from consumption rather than a production-based perspective is more equitable, while developing countries should be given a louder voice in the construction through dialogue and cooperation, in part in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, of an inclusive global climate governance system.     

基于EBA模型的中国碳排放稳健性影响因素研究

依据环境经济学理论,运用极值边界分析（the extreme bounds analysis, EBA）模型,拓展了Kaya恒等式,利用中国30个省际区域2001~2010年的面板数据,实证研究中国省际区域人均碳排放量“稳健性”的影响因素。结果表明,地方财政决算支出、产业结构、能源效率、能源消费结构、能源价格、客运量等6个因素对中国人均碳排放量具有抗干扰的“稳健性”显著影响,并根据实证结论提出了一些政策建议,如调整产业结构,控制高碳产业发展;优化能源消费结构,积极发展新能源和可再生能源;发展循环经济开发清洁技术,提高能源利用效率;提倡低碳生活,提倡低碳生活方式。这些建议为政府制定环境保护与经济发展政策提供经验证据和决策参考。     

中亚五国自华进口贸易技术溢出及碳排放影响研究

梳理1992—2018年中亚五国碳排放变化过程,运用碳排放库兹涅茨曲线模拟人均碳排放与人均国内生产总值（GDP）的关系,基于中亚五国人均GDP、工业增加值、研发投入、自华进口中间品和资本品的技术溢出存量等指标,构建面板数据固定效应模型以探究碳排放影响机制。结果表明：（1） 中亚五国碳排放先降后升,各国碳排放的变化率波动较大,其中哈萨克斯坦碳排放占中亚五国碳排放比重最大。（2） 就人均碳排放与人均GDP拟合的碳排放库兹涅茨曲线关系而言,哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦表现为倒N型,乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和中亚五国表现为N型。（3） 中亚五国自华进口额呈现较快的增长趋势,其中自华进口的中间品和资本品合计约占自华进口总额的3.920%~10.976%,中亚五国整体及各国中间品技术溢出存量均明显大于资本品技术溢出存量。（4） 在影响中亚五国碳排放的诸多因素中,人均GDP和工业增加值占GDP比重的回归系数显著为正,人均GDP、工业增加值占GDP比重每上升1%,碳排放分别增加0.337%和0.343%,研发投入、交互项LnZJ_it×LnS_it（中间品技术溢出存量的自然对数×工业增加值占GDP比重的自然对数）的回归系数显著为负,研发投入每增加1%,碳排放可减少约0.432%,在降低因工业增加值占GDP比重上升导致的碳排放方面,中间品技术溢出存量的影响极小。     

Economic Development Status of the Countries along the Belt and Road and Their Correlations with Population and Carbon Emissions

The construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road are important measures for allowing China to expand its opening up to the outside world under the background of economic globalization. Based on this consideration, and from the perspective of geo-economics, this study uses a variety of mathematical statistical methods to analyze the economic development status and differences among the 30 countries along the Belt and Road. In addition, the correlations between GDP, population and carbon emissions in these countries are also analyzed. The results show that the current economic development levels of the countries along the Belt and Road are quite variable; the gaps between the indicators of the economic development of the countries along the Belt and Road are convergent; the GDP, population, and carbon emissions of the countries along the Belt and Road each showed an overall upward trend during the study period, and the changes in these three values showed significant correlations. Across all countries, the correlation coefficients between GDP and population (0.989), between GDP and carbon emissions (0.995), and between population and carbon emissions (0.993), all indicate that the correlations between GDP, population and carbon emissions are very high. Among them, GDP has the highest correlation with carbon emissions, reaching 0.995. Regression analysis shows that the value of R2 reached 0.995, indicating that the regression fitting effect is very good and the calculation result is highly reliable. Based on these results, this paper proposes the following two suggestions: (1) Promoting the Belt and Road initiative should handle the relationship between developing and developed countries; and (2) Promoting the Belt and Road initiative should also be linked to China's domestic regional development strategy.     

电商快递包装箱的碳足迹空间分解和隐含碳转移研究

伴随电子商务等新兴消费业态的迅猛发展,其碳排放量已不容忽视。本研究从空间分解和隐含碳转移的角度,基于对电商快递包装箱全生命周期的碳足迹研究,识别其在原料、生产、利用各环节与电商行为的地理空间耦合,分析各阶段及总排放的省域尺度格局特征,以及伴随快递流的隐含碳转移网络格局。研究发现：原料阶段的碳排放多在木材原料商区位,生产阶段的碳排放和快递发货区位高度耦合,利用阶段的碳排放和快递收货区位相耦合。全国电商快递包装箱各阶段的碳排放在空间上高度集聚,原料阶段集中在广西,生产和利用阶段集中在广东、浙江、江苏,整体呈现出“东多西少、南多北少”的空间特征。碳排放总量较高的省区多由生产驱动,碳排放总量越少的省区则利用驱动越明显。隐含碳转移网络呈现出“少数省区净流出、多数省区净流入”的“轴辐式”结构特征,浙江、广东两省承担了80%左右的净流出,是绝大多数省区隐含碳流入的最大来源地,北京是净流入最大的省区。基于隐含碳转移进行碳排放责任辨析,是相关决策需要考虑的重要因素;绿色包装的减排贡献较大,亟待寻求技术突破;新兴消费业态的碳排放值得长期关注。     

城市贸易隐含碳排放的计算——以上海市为例

基于多区域投入产出模型,以上海市为例全面了探讨城市地区的贸易隐含碳排放,并在此基础上深入分析贸易对城市产业与最终消费部门碳排放及其减排责任的影响。研究发现：2007年上海市各部门的国内贸易隐含碳总量为68.97 MtCO₂,约占当年上海碳排放总量的42.31%;而其国际贸易隐含碳量的上限值和下限值分别为44.39和25.93 MtCO₂,分别约占当年上海碳排放总量的27.23%和15.91%。与此同时,2007年上海市最终消费的国内贸易隐含碳总量为13.63 MtCO₂,约占当年上海碳排放总量的8.36%;而其国际贸易隐含碳量的上限值和下限值分别为4.58和0.59 MtCO₂,分别约占当年上海碳排放总量的2.81%和0.36%。此外,上海市的国际与国内贸易隐含碳流入量和流出量等均存在显著的部门差异。而在国内贸易中上海市贸易隐含碳的流入与流出上,流入上海的贸易隐含碳排名前五的地区分别是河北、浙江、湖北、江苏和河南,接受流出上海的贸易隐含碳量排名前五的地区分别是浙江、广东、江苏、河北和安徽。     

Synergy between Virtual Local Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases Emissions Embodied in China’s International Trade

Increasing pressure from the international community to reduce carbon emissions, coupled with the need to reduce domestic air pollutants, is forcing China to deal with both sources of emissions. Air pollutants and greenhouse gases are closely linked via their common source, fossil fuels. As a result of globalization, large portions of these emissions are associated with trade. This study uses data from the World Input-Output Database (WIOD), including 27 EU countries and 13 major countries, covering the period from 2000 to 2009, and applies MRIO (Multiregional input-output) to estimate emissions embodied in China’s international trade. We focus on the synergy between LAPs (local air pollutants) and GHG consumption-based emissions, and the relationship between virtual LAPs and virtual GHGs associated with China’s international trade from 2000 to 2009. The results indicate that a strong synergistic relationship exists and that air pollutant control can serve as an endogenous mechanism to mitigating greenhouse gases. Thanks to domestic actions to control air pollutants, every ton reduction of LAP emissions related to export can save 27.1 tons of GHG emissions in 2005 over emissions efficiency levels, and can save 32.4 tons of GHG emissions in 2009 over 2005. Mitigation actions taken to reduce air pollutants could also reduce GHG emissions.     

城市能源消费碳排放特征及其机理分析 ——以广州市为例

采用表观能源消费数据进行分能源品种和分行业类型的碳排放总量核算,利用基于IDA理论和Kaya恒等式的LMDI模型对碳排放总量变化进行多要素的分解分析,在解析人口规模效应、经济产出效应、能源强度效应对碳排放影响机理的同时,进一步纳入人口结构性因素、产业结构性因素和能源结构性因素对碳排放的影响。以广州市为例,对其2003—2013年产业活动和居民消费2个部门碳排放的主要驱动因素进行时间序列分析,并定量研究各个影响因子在2003—2005、2005—2010和2010—2013年3个不同发展阶段的作用机理,主要研究结论如下：1）广州市能源消费及其碳排放前期以煤炭为主,近年来以石油为主,同时外购电力对广州市的能源消费结构优化影响显著。2）各影响因子对广州市碳排放总量变化的作用机理与影响机制在3个发展阶段各不相同,不同发展阶段的发展措施和政策背景对于各个影响因子的碳排放效应影响显著。3）总体分析,经济产出效应和人口规模效应是产业部门碳排放增长的最主要贡献因子;工业能源消费强度效应、工业能源消费结构效应和经济结构效应是遏制产业部门碳排放增长的最主要贡献因子。城镇居民收入效应是居民消费碳排放增长的最主要贡献因子,城镇居民能源消费强度效应是遏制居民消费碳排放增长的最主要贡献因子。