利用矢量锋生函数对一次暴雨过程的分析探讨

对在江淮流域发生的一次暴雨过程观测资料计算矢量锋生函数，并用其对该过程进行了诊断分析，发现矢量锋生函数与江淮梅雨锋暴雨落区的发生移动有较好的对应关系，进而讨论了用矢量锋生函数作锋面强降雨天气预报的可能性。     

完全Q矢量的引入及其诊断分析

参照准地转Q矢量推导，考虑天气系统发展的主要热力强迫因子－非绝热加热作用，引出考虑非绝热效应的完全Q矢量的概念，并应用于实例分析。结果表明，完全Q矢量能较清楚地揭示暴雨天气系统的演变；考虑了湿过程的完全Q矢量在暴雨的诊断过程中显示了更大的优越性；定性而言，完全Q矢量散度的辐合中心或辐合线、散度场和锋生函数场有助于确定暴雨的落区，暴雨区正好落在低层完全Q矢量散度场辐合中心和锋生函数场正值中心之间；定量而言，低层完全Q矢量散度场辐合中心和锋生函数场正值中心大小对暴雨强度有显著的指示作用。因而在暴雨的诊断和预报过程中完全Q矢量散度和锋生函数是两个重要的参数。     

江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程Q矢量分析及落区预报

应用Ｑ矢量分析方法对２０次伴有暴雨的江淮梅雨锋过程进行分析，揭露了梅雨锋暴雨期对流层低层Ｑ矢量散度场的分布特征以及中、低空主要天气系统和暴雨带之间的时空配置关系，指出了Ｑ矢量散度场对江淮梅雨暴雨的落区有较好的预报意义。     

一次辽宁暴雨过程的Q矢量诊断分析

应用Q矢量理论，分析了2003年8月5～6日辽宁暴雨天气过程，探讨了暴雨期间Q矢量和Q矢量散度场及Q矢量锋生函数场的分布特征。表明低层Q矢量散度辐合带与暴雨区有较好的对应关系，揭示了Q矢量散度的辐合中心或辐合线、散度场和锋生函数场与暴雨落区有关。     

江西北部地区一次大暴雨过程湿Q矢量诊断分析

利用NCEP提供的FNL资料和ECMWF提供的逐小时降水资料,从湿Q矢量散度、湿Q矢量锋生函数以及湿Q矢量在以等温线为参照线的自然坐标系中分解(PT分解)函数三个方面,对2019年5月12日发生在江西省北部地区的一次大暴雨天气过程进行了分析。结果表明:暴雨初期,关注低层湿Q矢量散度场的辐合中心,可以预报未来6 h后暴雨的可能落区,当这些落区中层辐合开始加强为辐合中心,则基本可以判定为暴雨中心区域;低层湿Q矢量锋生函数有助于确定雨区范围,中层的湿Q矢量锋生函数对强烈的冷暖气流交汇反映更为明显,有助于进一步确定强降水中心位置。在强降水初期大尺度的强迫作用是垂直运动发展的主导因子,而在强降水旺盛时期中尺度锋生作用占主要作用,在暴雨发展的不同阶段可以重点关注不同尺度天气特征对暴雨形成发展的影响。     

广西“98.6”暴雨过程的Q矢量分析及落区预报

应用Ｑ矢量理论对１９９８年广西６月１６￣２６日连续性暴雨过程进行诊断分析,共分析了１１个时次的８５０ｈＰａＱ矢量散度、锋生函数等诊断场,揭示了广西“９８．６”连续性暴雨期间Ｑ矢量散度场和锋生函数场的分布特征,以及与中低空主要天气系统和暴雨带之间的时空配置关系,指出Ｑ矢量散度场对广西“９８．６”暴雨落区有较好的对应关系。     

广西“98.6”暴雨过程的Q矢量分析及落区预报

应用Q矢量理论对1998年广西6月16～26日连续性暴雨过程进行诊断分析,共分析了11个时次的850 hPa Q矢量散度、锋生函数等诊断场,揭示了广西“98.6”连续性暴雨期间Q矢量散度场和锋生函数场的分布特征,以及与中低空主要天气系统和暴雨带之间的时空配置关系,指出Q矢量散度场对广西“98.6”暴雨落区有较好的对应关系。     

一次辽宁暴雨过程的Q矢量诊断分析

应用^Q矢量理论 ,分析了2003年8月5～6日辽宁暴雨天气过程 ,探讨了暴雨期间^Q矢量和^Q矢量散度场及^Q矢量锋生函数场的分布特征 ,表明低层^Q矢量散度辐合带与暴雨区有较好的对应关系 ,揭示了^Q矢量散度的辐合中心或辐合线、散度场和锋生函数场与暴雨落区有关。     

几种物理量在陇南暴雨预报中的初步应用

针对陇南出现暴雨最多的环流形势[1],对8次暴雨过程的数值预报产品资料进行合成平均,求出平均场,分析了Q矢量散度、螺旋度、假相当位温、Q矢量地转锋生函数、湿位涡和锋生函数等物理量场,这些物理量场不仅能很好揭示陇南暴雨形成的机制,同时对暴雨落区预报也有很好的指示意义。     

2011年梅汛期一次暴雨过程的对流涡度矢量方程诊断分析

利用NCEP FNL资料、FY-2E云顶亮温、常规观测及加密自动站降水量等资料,以及高分辨率中尺度模式WRF V3.3的模拟结果,结合对流涡度矢量方程对2011年6月一次江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,模拟结果再现了该次暴雨过程的降水特征,该过程主要受地面低压及梅雨锋锋面系统的控制和影响,其中6月14-15日为所选暴雨个例最旺盛的阶段,且该时段伴随梅雨锋上中尺度对流系统的移动发展和梅雨锋锋生。对流涡度矢量及其垂直分量的倾向方程的诊断分析表明,对流涡度矢量垂直分量的局地变化主要受非绝热加热项的影响;而非绝热加热与次级环流和梅雨锋锋生的关系说明中尺度对流活动与梅雨锋锋生存在类CISK机制的反馈关系。因此,对流涡度矢量,特别是其垂直分量可以用来诊断和揭示伴随非绝热加热的中尺度对流系统与梅雨锋锋生之间的关系。     

The effect of topography on quasi—geostrophic frontogenesis

This paper improves Bannon’s work on the quasi-geostrophic frontogenesis in a horizontal deformation field. By setting the lower boundary condition for the equation of potential temperature on the realistic topography instead of on z = 0, a general solution for the temperature field is derived after applying conformal mapping to the equation for the potential temperature, the vertical velocity and divergence field are also calculated. The general characteristics for the frontogenetic process still are frontolytic for warm front and frontogenetic for cold front in downstream of a mountain and the reverse is true upstream of a mountain, but more fine spatial structure of the temperature field and frontogenetic characteristics than Bannon’s are obtained near surface because of the treatment of lower boundary condition. II is concluded that the frontogenetic characteristics are related to the translating speed of the deformation field with respect to the topography.     

Present-day concepts of atmospheric frontogenesis. Part 1. Theoretical ideas

Presented is a review of quantitative characteristics of atmospheric frontogenesis that describe it as the process of variations of the vector of the horizontal temperature gradient (both in value and in direction) in an individual particle. The frontogenesis that strives for recovering the thermal wind balance disturbed in the case of inhomogeneous advection, generates vertical circulation which is both thermally direct (warm air ascends relative to cold air) and thermally opposite (upward motions in the cold air). Given are the expressions for computing frontogenesis using the data on temperature, pressure, and wind. Used is the resolution of the frontogenetic vector function into components along the isoline of potential temperature both on and across the constant-pressure surface. The first component describes the change in the temperature gradient vector due to the rotation of isotherms (rotational frontogenesis), and the second component, the variations of the absolute value of the gradient (scalar frontogenesis). Quantitative characteristics of frontogenesis are efficient diagnostic parameters both for understanding weather processes and weather forecast specification and for the verification and enhancement of numerical models.     

2016年初冬河南区域暴雪过程诊断分析

针对2016年初冬河南省首场区域强暴雪过程，利用常规观测资料、L波段雷达探空资料和NCEP再分析资料等，从影响系统和物理量诊断方面深入分析其发生发展机制，结果表明:宽广的纬向型环流中不断有短波槽东移，东北冷涡深厚且维持时间较长，是暴雪发生的大尺度环流背景；中高层偏南气流，低层偏北气流的流场配置起至关重要的作用:850～925 hPa东北急流迫使暖湿空气抬升为暴雪发生提供“冷垫”的同时，与500～700 hPa西南急流形成强垂直风切变和深厚的锋生区，加强的斜升运动和锋面次级环流，对暴雪起增幅作用；700 hPa作为关键层，西南暖湿急流输送水汽的同时与冷涡后部冷空气交汇于黄淮地区形成的辐合切变线，是暴雪发生的重要动力抬升机制，其南北摆动形成了河南中西部和东南部两个降雪大值中心；暴雪区随着“冷空气楔”逐步南压时，其上层始终存在湿正压项大于零且湿斜压项小于零的湿位涡绝对值高值中心，有利于对称不稳定能量的释放和暴雪的发生。     

Prognostic significance of dynamic factors of precipitation generation

On the basis of objective analysis of meteorological fields and 12-h precipitation amounts observed at the stations in the former European USSR, statistical relationships are studied between the diagnostic characteristics of dynamic forcing of vertical motion and occurrence frequency of precipitation of different intensity ranges over the whole area and each of six separate regions. The following diagnostics are considered: frontal parameter as a measure of baroclinicity and of pressure field curvature; neutral buoyancy level as a measure of grid-scale convective instability; scalar frontogenetic function at the 850-hPa level and dynamic tropopause height as measures of intensity of vertical transverse circulations in unstable baroclinic zones. Informativity estimates are presented of each diagnostic and their pair combinations as precipitation predictors. The frontal parameter (in all seasons) and the neutral buoyancy level (in all seasons but winter) are significant as single predictors of precipitation. Among the pair combinations of the diagnostics, those which include the frontal parameter are more informative, and the combination of the latter and the neutral buoyancy level is the most informative one. A comparable informativity, under certain conditions, is demonstrated by the combinations of the frontal parameter with the frontogenetic function and with the tropopause height (in particular, in winter and fall for heavy and very heavy precipitation). In all the cases, the values of the informativity criterion (Pierce’s index) are higher for more intense precipitation as a predictand.     

“雨燕”中风暴算法在北京奥运天气预报示范项目中的应用及改进

介绍了临近预报系统“雨燕”中的风暴系列算法, 包括风暴识别、 风暴追踪、 基于TREC技术的风暴位置预报, 以及预报位置实时评分算法等。利用2008年北京奥运期间出现的多个强对流天气, 统计出该风暴产品在30 min和60 min预报时效的绝对距离误差分别约为13 km和23 km。分析了北京奥运天气预报示范项目期间该风暴产品误差较大的原因, 主要集中于TREC技术本身及其适用范围, 以及风暴预报方案中处理细节的不足, 具体为TREC技术不适用于孤立的回波单体, 雷达探测边界对TREC技术的影响, TREC矢量有时呈现出一定的空间不连续性, 以及对孤立少动单体的不当处理等。针对上述原因, 提出了一系列的改进方案, 包括对用于风暴位置预报的TREC矢量增加一致性检验, 利用风暴的历史轨迹校正不恰当的TREC矢量; 对TREC技术中象素阵列大小进行统计分析, 选择最适合北京地区的阵列大小; 风暴预报位置超出回波范围时新的处理技巧等。利用北京奥运期间的强对流资料, 对改进后的风暴算法进行评估。结果表明, 一方面, 改进后的算法能较好地控制风暴预报位置的绝对误差, 在30 min和60 min预报时效, 绝对误差分别减小了25%和26%。另一方面, 由于预报位置精度的提高, 能够提升相邻时刻风暴匹配的效率, 使得与以前算法相比有更多的风暴样本参与了各个预报时效的评分。     

2010年3月14日华北强降雪的模拟和特征分析

本文主要对2010年3月14日华北强降雪进行了模拟、诊断和特征分析。此次华北降雪在中、低层主要受西风槽、低涡及切变线影响,蒙古气旋东移加强、地面倒槽发展及东风廽流建立构成了有利地面天气形势,西北涡、强势的西南暖湿气流及稳定的环渤海高压对此次强降雪至关重要。垂直速度、散度、涡度、螺旋度的分布和演变反映出在此次降雪过程中,强降雪区出现了很强的辐合上升运动,降雪区上空螺旋度呈“下负上正”的垂直结构,螺旋度大值区对应强降雪中心;而锋生条件为降雪的形成和维持提供了一定的能量;相对湿度和水汽通量散度的分布说明强降雪区整层湿度较大,且水汽供应充足。     

乌拉特中旗一次强沙尘暴天气成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料、亚欧天气分析图,对2010年3月19日的一次由蒙古冷涡强烈发展而引发的强沙尘暴天气过程,从天气学成因、动力机制等方面进行分析。表明,强冷空气的卷入使蒙古冷涡强烈发展,为沙尘暴的发生提供了动力条件;蒙古冷涡的垂直结构提供了动量下传机制,在地面冷锋后部形成大风区,为沙尘暴的形成提供了基本条件。通过对这次蒙古冷涡引发的强沙尘暴天气过程的分析,找出蒙古冷涡引发的沙尘暴天气过程的一些特点和预报着眼点。     

Lagrangian sources of frontogenesis in the equatorial Atlantic front

Estimating the processes that control the north equatorial sea surface temperature (SST)-front on the northern edge of the cold tongue in the tropical Atlantic is a key issue for understanding the dynamics of the oceanic equatorial Atlantic and the West African Monsoon. Diagnosis of the frontogenetic forcings on a realistic high-resolution simulation was used to identify the processes involved in the formation and evolution of the equatorial SST-front. The turbulent forcing associated with the mixed-layer turbulent heat flux was found to be systematically frontolytic while the dynamic forcing associated with currents was found to be frontogenetic for the equatorial SST-front. Nevertheless, the low-frequency component of the turbulent forcing was frontogenetic and initiated the SST-front which was then amplified and maintained by the leading dynamic forcing. This forcing was mainly driven by the meridional convergence of the northern South Equatorial Current (nSEC) and the Guinea Current, which points out the essential role played by the circulation in the equatorial SST-front evolution. The quasi-biweekly variability of the equatorial SST-front and its forcings were found to be more strongly coupled to the wind energy flux (WEF) than to the surface wind stress. In fact the WEF controlled the convergence/divergence of the nSEC and Guinea Current and thus the meridional component of the leading dynamic forcing. The WEF explains the equatorial SST-front development better than the wind does because it is a coupled ocean-atmosphere process.     

EFFECTS OF TROPOPAUSE AND POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANOMALY ON FRONTOGENESIS

A two-dimensional,semi-geostrophic numerical model incorporating the tropopause andstratosphere is used to investigate the effects of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and latentheat release on the frontogenetic process and the structure of the resulting frontal zone.It isdemonstrated that(1)the inclusion of tropopause and stratosphere significantly changes the frontalstructure only in the upper levels;(2)a clearly defined quasi-equivalent barotropic structure and aregion of upward motion of finite width appear when a positive potential vorticity anomaly exists onthe warm side of the maximum baroclinity in the lower troposphere,especially when it is locatedon the south edge of the baroclinic zone;(3)the above mentioned structure deteriorates as thefrontogenesis proceeds in a dry atmosphere but can be maintained in a moist frontogenetic processwith condensational heating;(4)the combination of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and thelatent heat release is able to accelerate the frontogenesis significantly with the time needed to forman intense frontal zone reduced to less than 15 h.The results have significant theoreticalimportance in understanding the complex nature of frontal structure and frontogenesis,especiallyin understanding the dynamic structure of the subtropical frontal zone observed during earlysummer over East Asia.     

一次孟加拉湾风暴和冷空气影响下滇西大暴雨中尺度分析

应用MICAPS资料, 通过天气诊断分析, 结合FY-2卫星云图及德宏CINRAD-CC雷达体扫资料, 分析了发生在2004年5月18日滇西地区的大暴雨过程。发现本次大暴雨过程天气尺度影响系统为初夏孟加拉湾风暴及南下冷锋切变; 大暴雨发生在高能高湿的水汽辐合中心、700 hPa螺旋度正值区及湿 Q 矢量散度大值辐合区内; 卫星云图上, 多个β-中尺度对流系统在大暴雨区发展; 多普勒雷达回波为絮状混合型降水回波, 强度在30~44 dBz之间, 频繁出现的逆风区、低空急流、中尺度辐合线等中小尺度系统是造成本次大暴雨的直接影响系统。