EFFECTS OF TROPOPAUSE AND POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANOMALY ON FRONTOGENESIS*

A two-dimensional,semi-geostrophic numerical model incorporating the tropopause and stratosphere is used to investigate the effects of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and latent heat release on the frontogenetic process and the structure of the resulting frontal zone.It is demonstrated that(1) the inclusion of tropopause and stratosphere significantly changes the frontal structure only in the upper levels;(2) a clearly defined quasi-equivalent barotropic structure and a region of upward motion of finite width appear when a positive potential vorticity anomaly exists on the warm side of the maximum baroclinity in the lower troposphere,especially when it is located on the south edge of the baroclinic zone;(3) the above mentioned structure deteriorates as the frontogenesis proceeds in a dry atmosphere but can be maintained in a moist frontogenetic process with condensational heating;(4) the combination of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and the latent heat release is able to accelerate the frontogenesis significantly with the time needed to form an intense frontal zone reduced to less than 15 h.The results have significant theoretical importance in understanding the complex nature of frontal structure and frontogenesis,especially in understanding the dynamic structure of the subtropical frontal zone observed during early summer over East Asia.     

华南局地锋生及对流系统发展的模拟分析研究

2009年3月28日一条东西向的锋面出现在华南25°N附近。伴随着锋面的活动,对流降水回波午后开始在广西的梧州附近发展,并在随后几小时向东移动,组织发展成为中尺度对流系统(MCS),为广东中西部及珠三角地区带来了雷暴、暴雨、冰雹等灾害天气。应用地面自动站、雷达回波、卫星云图以及NCEP-FNL再分析资料和WRF模式的模拟结果,对锋面暴雨形成的天气特征进行了诊断分析,考察了中尺度对流系统的发展演变过程及其与局地锋生的相互关系。结果表明,锋面对流系统形成发展于一个东西向水平尺度约200km的地面中尺度辐合线附近,对流起始发展于具有较大对流有效位能(CAPE)和较小对流抑制位能(CIN)的区域。伴随着对流的发展,锋面强度增强。锋生函数的计算发现,非绝热项和倾斜项分别在由对流引起的次级环流的上升运动支和下沉运动支起锋生作用,是引发中尺度锋生的主要影响因子。而相对来说,水平辐合项和形变项的作用却比较小。这与大尺度的锋生过程不同,中尺度锋生更主要的是由热力直接触发的非地转环流所驱动。涡度场的演变分析还发现,沿着850hPa锋区大的正涡度区与500hPa的强上升运动区对应良好,对流系统发展与中尺度锋生之间存在着类似于第二条件不稳定机制的相互作用,对流增强了锋生过程,锋面则对中尺度对流系统的发展起组织作用。中尺度锋生对对流组织发展的作用作为此类灾害天气形成的原因值得关注。     

爆发性气旋的锋生位涡反演诊断

本文采用基于埃特尔位涡反演诊断和锋生函数诊断的锋生位涡反演诊断方法,对一次发生在西太平洋地区的爆发性气旋过程进行了诊断分析和机制研究。本文主要从锋生演变的角度,定量诊断了与对流层顶折迭现象相联系的高层位涡扰动,由凝结潜热释放造成的中层位涡扰动,与低层锋区扰动相联系的低层位涡扰动以及以低层水平辐合辐散为主要成份的非平衡风场在气旋发生发展的不同阶段所起的作用和影响,并对以上各物理过程相互作用,造成气旋爆发性发展的机制进行了分析讨论。     

大尺度凝结加热与中尺度位温扰动对冷锋锋生的作用

文中导得简化的包括大尺度凝结潜热的半地转锋生模式，利用该模式讨论了大尺度凝结加热和中尺度位温扰动对冷锋锋生的影响，给出了锋生过程中各物理量的演变图。计算结果表明，大尺度凝结加热对冷锋锋生具有加强作用，增大锋生率，增大上升运动速度，缩小上升运动区的范围，使之更具有中尺度系统特征，使非地转越锋环流增强并发生倾斜，凝结加热和中尺度位温扰动的结合是锋前暖区多重雨带形成的可能机制之一。     

冷锋雨带中湿物理过程与非绝热锋生的相互作用

利用包含冰相微物理过程参数化方案的三维非静力中尺度／云模式（ARPS）模拟了与冷锋有关的冷锋雨带（NCFR）结构，着重分析了锋面云系发展演变的主要特征。模拟结果表明，锋面云系是由位于锋面前沿处的锋面次级环流的上升运动激发的；锋面强度与冷锋云（雨）带中的潜热释放之间的正反馈引起的持续非绝热锋生是锋面以及冷锋雨带得以长时间维持的主要物理机制。进一步分析表明，锋区两侧位温梯度的增加是与沿着冷锋表面的倾斜上升运动引起的云水及水汽的再分布密切相关的，即在冷气团中由云水蒸发发冷却形成冷池，而在暖气团中由水汽凝结以及雨滴冻结等形成暖池，这种冷／暖池在冷／暖气团上的叠加是引起非绝热锋生的关键。     

台风“卢碧”变性增强过程的诊断研究

利用日本气象厅JRA再分析资料和台风最佳路径资料以及TRMM降水资料,对0920号台风"卢碧"变性过程的环流形势、高低层热力异常和锋生锋消等特征进行了分析研究。结果表明,"卢碧"的变性是中高纬度冷空气入侵的结果,变性过程伴随着西风槽的东移,高空急流的加强以及西太平洋副热带高压的减弱东撤。低纬度暖湿气流及较大的正涡度异常气旋式卷入台风环流,并在其东北侧积聚产生大量降水,释放的凝结潜热有利于北侧脊的加强,使得高空急流进一步加强,使得台风中心气压进一步降低。锋生、强降水伴随的潜热释放以及气旋中心气压之间存在着正反馈效应是"卢碧"变性后得以增强再发展的主要原因。热成风涡度梯度的分布对"卢碧"的变性增强过程具有较好的指示意义。     

The orographic deformation and retardation of a frontal zone

Summary A three-layer version of Davies' (1984) model is used to investigate orographic impact on fronts. Uniform potential vorticity is assumed for each layer. The uppermost layer represents the flow ahead and above a frontal zone approaching a mountain. The frontal zone is represented by the second layer and the cold air behind it by the third layer of the model. The upper layer induces weak frontogenesis when the frontal zone is moving towards the mountain. However, rapid frontogenesis sets in when the zone's leading edge is climbing up the slope while part of the frontal zone is still in the plain. When, finally, the whole frontal zone is moving up the slope, the flow evolution strongly depends on the structure of the frontal zone: frontolysis as well as frontogenesis can occur.With 5 Figures     

2018年1月北大西洋上一个具有“T”型锋面结构的超强爆发性气旋的分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）提供的0.5°×0.5° ERA-Interim再分析资料，麦迪逊-威斯康星大学气象卫星研究所（CIMSS）提供的地球静止环境业务卫星（GOES-EAST）红外卫星云图和天气预报模式（WRF）的模拟结果，对2018年1月3—6日发生在北大西洋上的一个具有“T”型（T-bone）锋面结构的超强爆发性气旋进行分析。该爆发性气旋在较暖的湾流上空生成，沿海表面温度大值区向东北方向快速移动，生成后6 h内爆发性发展，24 h中心气压降低48.7 hPa。高空槽加深、涡度平流加强和低层较强的大气斜压性为气旋快速发展提供了有利的环流背景场。由于气旋发展迅速，低层相对涡度急剧增大，低压中心南部来自西北方向的干冷空气随气旋式环流快速向东推进，与东南暖湿气流汇合，锋生作用较强。较暖的洋面对西北冷空气的加热作用使得交汇的冷、暖空气温度梯度较小。减弱东移的冷锋与暖锋逐渐形成近似垂直的“T”型结构。用Zwack-Okossi方程诊断分析表明，非绝热加热、温度平流和正涡度平流是该爆发性气旋发展的主要影响因子。气旋初始爆发阶段，西北冷空气进入温暖的洋面，海洋对上层大气感热输送和潜热释放较强，非绝热加热对气旋快速发展有较大贡献。气旋进一步发展，“T”型锋面结构显著，温度平流净贡献较大，对气旋的发展和维持起重要作用。      

A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF MOIST PROCESSES UPON THE STRUCTURE OF ACTIVE COLD FRONTS:APPLICATION OF A 3D MESOSCALE MODEL IN FRONTAL SITUATIONS

A 3D mesoscale model is applied in a marine cold front case in order to investigate the impact oflatent heating on the structure of cold fronts.Results of the moist and dry simulations are comparedto stress the effects of moist processes.It is found that both the temperature gradient and the cyclonicvorticity across the frontal zone considerably increase due to the latent heating,especially in the lowertroposphere.A thermally direct cross-front ageostrophic circulation.forced by frontogenesis,is foundbetter developed and organized in the moist case than in the dry case.This cross-front directageostrophic circulation,particularly its ascending branch,is considerably enhanced by latent heatingdue to increased frontogenetical forcing and reduced effective static stability in the rising motion regionwhere condensation occurs.One important feature in most observed cold fronts is the presence of anintense rising cell just above their leading edge.This intense rising cell is well simulated in the moistcase but is less clear and much weaker in the dry case,indicating the important contribution by the la-tent heat release to the formation of this intense updraft above the surface cold front.     

A CASE STUDY OF FRONTAL CYCLOGENESIS AND ITS SENSITIVITY TO COASTAL INITIAL CONDITIONS*

In this study,the predictability and physical processes leading to the rapid frontal cyclogenesis,that took place in the east coast of the U.S.during 3-4 October 1987,are examined using a nestedgrid.mesoscale model with a fine-mesh grid size of 25km.It is shown that the model reproduces reasonably well the cyclogenesis in a coastal baroclinic zone.its subsequent deepening and movement as well as the pertinent precipitation.It is found that the frontal cyclogenesis occurs in a favorable large-scale environment with pronounced thermal advection in the lower troposphere and marked potential vorticity(PV) concentration aloft associated with the tropopause depression.The transport of warm and moist air from the marine boundary layer by the low-level in-shore flow provides the necessary energy source for the observed heavy precipitation and a variety of weather phenomena reported in the cold sector.Several 24-h sensitivity simulations are performed to examine the relative importance of diabatic heating,adiabatic dynamics and various initial conditions in the frontal cyclogenesis.It is found that latent heat release,even though quite intense,accounts for only 25% of the cyclone's total deepening in this case:the weak impact seems due to the occurrence of latent heating in the cold sector and the upward lifting of the dynamical tropopause by diabatic updrafts.Vorticity budgets show that the lowlevel thermal advection dominates the incipient stage,whereas the vorticity advection determines the rapid deepening rate at the mature stage.The results reveal that the predictability of the present storm is closely related to the vertical coupling between the surface cyclone and the upper-level PV core,which is in turn determined by initial offshore perturbations in the lower troposphere.     

2014年11月上旬西北太平洋一次极端强度爆发气旋的数值模拟和分片位涡反演分析

基于NCEP 6 h一次,0.5°（纬度）×0.5°（经度）水平分辨率的GFS（Global Forecasting System）再分析数据,利用数值模式WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）,对2014年11月上旬西北太平洋一次极端强度的爆发气旋事件进行了模拟。在成功复制爆发气旋主要特征的基础上,较详细的分析了本次爆发气旋快速发展的有利环境条件,并利用分片位涡反演的方法,对此次爆发气旋的快速发展过程进行了研究,主要结论如下:（1）本次爆发气旋的爆发性发展阶段维持了约27 h,其最大加深率约为3.98 Bergeron（气旋加深率单位）,最低中心气压约为919.2 hPa。（2）爆发气旋的快速发展与对流层高层高空急流对热量的输送,对流层中层西风带短波槽槽前暖平流和正涡度平流的有利准地转强迫,以及对流层低层暖锋伴随的暖平流过程密切相关。（3）分片位涡反演的结果表明,对流层顶皱褶对应的平流层大值位涡下传和降水凝结潜热过程造成的正位涡异常是本次爆发气旋快速发展的主导因子,而对流层低层的斜压过程贡献相对较小。在气旋爆发期的前期和强盛期,降水凝结潜热释放是爆发气旋发展的最重要因子,而在爆发期后期,随着降水的减弱和爆发气旋的东北向移动,对流层顶皱褶作用所造成的正位涡异常成为维持气旋快速发展的最有利因子。     

POTENTIAL VORTICITY STRUCTURE OF SUMMER CYCLONES OVER THE CHANGJIANG-HUAIHE VALLEY*

Based on the theory of Ertel potential vorticity,the isentropic potential vorticity maps and vertical profiles of potential vorticity for two summer cyclones over the Changjiang-Huaihe Valley are analysed.After discussing a possible mechanism for the genesis and development of such systems and their differences from typical extratropical cyclones,a conceptual model for their activities is proposed:A weak disturbance in the midlevel of troposphere originated from around the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau may cause heavy precipitation under favourable conditions and latent heat release in the mid-troposphere leads to downward extension of cyclonic circulation and a wave on the quasi-stationary front.This weak cyclone can develop substantially and become a typical extratropical cyclone only when air from the lower stratosphere flows downslope along isentropic surfaces into the region of interest.     

Heavy rainfall caused by interactions between monsoon depression and middle-latitude systems in Australia: a case study

The heavy rainfall caused by interactions between the monsoon depression and the middle-latitude systems in Australia has been investigated in this paper. For a better understanding of the Australian monsoon depression (AMD) and its synoptic-scale interaction with the middle-latitude systems, some key meteorological parameters have been calculated, including the vorticity budget, moisture budget, temperature advection, frontogenesis function and potential vorticity. The results show that interaction between the lower and mid-latitude systems does exist leading to the merging of the extratropical low with frontal systems and the AMD, meanwhile both the low-level cold air from the mid-latitude and the warm moist air that was lifted by the front were very favorable for the formation and the intensification of heavy rainfall, which was quite different from the rainfall caused by the AMD alone. Second, the obvious temperature advection and gradient were detected, so the baroclinicity was favorable to the intensification of the front, as well as to the development of the upper-level jet. Next, isentropic analysis revealed that the south-west cold-flow sank and met the warm flow coming from the northern part of Australia, thereby forming the obvious baroclinic zone in the lower troposphere. A high-PV anomaly area located in the upper level of the troposphere, which overlaid the low-level frontogenesis zone, also existed. The upper-level PV maximum extended downwards forming a vertical PV column when the extratropical low intensified. Furthermore, the AMD is a warm-cored vortex located in middle and upper troposphere with a deep and thick moisture layer, and there were some differences in the vorticity and moisture budgets of the two different stages. Finally, based on the above-mentioned analysis, a conceptual model describing the interactions between the lower and middle-latitude systems in the southern hemisphere was proposed.     

2019年4月广州白云机场持续暴雨前对流层顶和平流层异常信号分析

利用欧洲中心ERA5再分析资料和广州白云机场自动观测系统降水资料,分析2019年4月白云机场持续暴雨前对流层顶和平流层的信号特征。分析发现,2019年4月中下旬,广州白云机场出现了3次持续时间长、降水量大的持续性暴雨过程,降水较往年同期显著偏多。研究结果表明,3次持续暴雨发生前,对流层顶高度出现了下降,平流层高位涡冷空气入侵,机场上空位涡升高;在环流场中,中低纬地区对流层顶和平流层东风偏强,向北和向下传播,广州白云机场终端区在暴雨发生前西风持续下传;广州白云机场上空暴雨发生前对流层顶至平流层位势高度正异常。暴雨发生前,平流层冷空气高位涡移入、对流层顶下降、西风的下传均有利于持续性暴雨的生成。     

Synoptic diagnosis of frontogenetic and cyclogenetic processes

Summary In the paper it is shown that theQ-vector defined by Hoskins et al. is a suitable aid for the diagnosis of frontogenetic and cyclogenetic processes. It allows a direct estimation of frontogenetic (or frontolytic) effects within the geostrophic wind field and of the macro-scale forcing of vertical motions. A partitioning of the forcing is possible into one part depending on divergences along the frontal zone and working in short baroclinic waves, and another part connected with frontogenesis (or frontolysis) and causing circulatory motions around the frontal zone. Thus the intercorrelation between both processes can be easily studied.With the described cases it is demonstrated that frontogenetic circulations often lead to the first stages of cyclogenesis but that a further forcing of ascent predominantly ahead of an upper trough is necessary for a deepening of the low. Also during the mature and occlusion stage of cyclogenesis and within the downstream development of baroclinic waves frontogenetic (or frontolytic) circulations play an important role in the regime of vertical motions.With 11 Figures     

寒潮期间高空波动与东亚急流的相互作用

本文分析了东亚寒潮爆发过程中,高空波动和高空急流的相互作用,得出如下结果:(1)高空波动的动量和热通量输送,使高空急流迅速加速并同时导致急流入口区质量环流的加强.(2)质量环流引起中高纬度对流层顶下沉并使高空锋区加强.(3)对流层顶下沉和高空锋区的加强促使平流层下层的气流沿对流层顶折叠处下伸进入对流层,造成对流层中、上部层结及位涡分布的改变.(4)位涡分布的改变制约了斜压波发展的能量源,致使高空波动减弱.     

浙江省梅雨锋强降水的锋生及环流特征分析

为了研究浙中西（浙江省中部和西部）梅雨锋强降水的锋生及环流特征,以2016年6月15日一次典型梅雨为代表,采用ERA-INTERIM（0.25°×0.25°）再分析资料、FY-2E卫星云顶亮温和雷达资料,运用风场分解、合成分析等方法对锋生与强降水的对应关系及环流结构进行分析。结果表明:此次典型梅雨处于有利的天气尺度背景下,强降水区与中低层锋生区有较好对应。锋区维持时,强降水区伴随中层倾斜锋生和形变锋生;锋区南压时,强降水区伴随中层倾斜锋生和低层水平锋生。低层梅雨锋北侧为超地转偏西气流,南侧为非地转东南气流,它们分别影响了北侧非平衡偏北气流和南侧平衡西南气流的发展,从而影响锋生系统。在锋区存在低层地转偏差辐合、高层辐散的上升运动,形成次级环流上升支,锋后反之。此外,锋前低空纬向风为次地转,而锋后低空纬向风为超地转,高空纬向风为次地转,这进一步促进了次级环流的发展。合成场中,在200 hPa西风槽槽后及槽前分别存在西北气流和西南气流显著增强区;在700 hPa浙北（浙江北部）地区存在东北气流显著增强区。合成锋生各分解项的水平及垂直分布与典型个例较类似。低层锋生主要由散度项贡献,形变项次之,倾斜项则起负作用;中层锋生主要由倾斜项贡献,形变项次之;高层锋消主要由倾斜项贡献。     

位温、等熵位涡与锋和对流层顶的分析方法

等熵位涡分析是位涡理论的分析基础。此文的目的是介绍等熵位涡分析所必需掌握的基本概念和方法。文中从位温和位涡、对流层和平流层、锋和对流层顶的基本性质出发,讨论了锋和对流层顶在剖面图、等压面图及等位温面（即等熵面）图上的特征。文中给出了各种分析实例图形,并通过分析和对比指出：平流层的高位涡是对流层顶以上位温随高度急剧增加位温垂直梯度特别大的结果;位温垂直梯度是决定位涡分布的主要因子;等熵位涡图主要反映极地气团的活动,同时也是与极地气团密切关联的锋、急流、对流层顶的综合反映。最后提出了等熵位涡分析中需要避免的一些错误认识,特别是不能将等位温面上的流线当成轨迹的错误,并由此得出平流层空气侵入对流层下部的错误推论。     

南岭准静止锋附近加热场特征及其对锋面维持的作用

利用锋面客观分析资料计算分析了南岭准静止锋锋面附近加热场的分布特征及非绝热加热锋生（以下简称加热锋生）对锋面维持和锋面移动的作用。结果表明:大尺度凝结加热主要分布在锋区附近，在经向剖面上呈带状分布，并反映锋面结构的中尺度特征。加热的锋生作用不仅对锋面形成和维持是重要的，而且对锋面的移动与准静止也有重要作用。分析还表明，凝结加热的锋生作用不利于南岭静止锋水平稳定层的维持。     

Mesoscale dynamics and its application in torrential rainfall systems in China

Progress over the past decade in understanding moisture-driven dynamics and torrential rain storms in China is reviewed in this paper. First, advances in incorporating moisture effects more realistically into theory are described, including the development of a new parameter, generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) and an improved moist ageostrophic Q vector(Qum). Advances in vorticity dynamics are also described, including the adoption of a "parcel dynamic" approach to investigate the development of the vertical vorticity of an air parcel; a novel theory of slantwise vorticity development, proposed because vorticity develops easily near steep isentropic surfaces; and the development of the convective vorticity vector(CVV)as an effective new tool. The significant progress in both frontal dynamics and wave dynamics is also summarized, including the geostrophic adjustment of initial unbalanced flow and the dual role of boundary layer friction in frontogenesis, as well as the interaction between topography and fronts, which indicate that topographic perturbations alter both frontogenesis and frontal structure. For atmospheric vortices, mixed wave/vortex dynamics has been extended to explain the propagation of spiral rainbands and the development of dynamical instability in tropical cyclones. Finally, we review wave and basic flow interaction in torrential rainfall, for which it was necessary to extend existing theory from large-scale flows to mesoscale fields, enriching our knowledge of mesoscale atmospheric dynamics.