海洋空间规划管控平台建设的总结思考

新时期国家着力构建陆海统筹、区域统筹、城乡统筹的国土空间规划体系,为更好的服务国土空间规划体系与海岸带专项规划的建立实施,满足新形势下海域海岛管理的新要求,深化落实主体功能区制度,本文对已经建立的海洋空间规划管控平台进行了总结。海洋空间规划管控平台主要目标是实现海洋空间"一张图"、海洋主体功能区监测评估、海洋空间综合决策,主要功能包括多规分析与一张图、海洋主体功能区监测评估、海洋空间分区辅助编制与审查、海洋空间符合性判断等。     

基于生态系统的海洋空间规划:研究进展与启示

为满足新形势下我国海洋空间规划的需求，保障我国海洋生态安全，文章系统总结近年来国际上基于生态系统的海洋空间规划原则、方法和应用进展，并提出展望和启示。研究结果表明：由部门管理上升至空间管理是基于生态系统的海洋空间规划的基本特点，在规划过程中应遵循生态系统管理原则；目前主流的规划工具包括生态系统服务评估和情景分析、权衡取舍分析、博弈论决策以及空间制图和系统规划；将生态系统方法运用于海洋空间规划，可在维持生态系统服务和功能的前提下实现科学的海域空间分配，从而达成多目标的可持续管理，对我国现阶段的海洋空间规划具有重要的启示作用。     

基于生态系统的挪威海海洋环境综合管理计划

为推动我国国土空间规划新视角下的海洋空间规划实践,提升我国海洋综合管理水平,文章概述基于生态系统的挪威海海洋环境综合管理计划的主要内容,并重点分析挪威海的海洋环境空间管理措施。研究结果表明:挪威海海洋环境综合管理计划是基于生态系统的海洋空间规划,建立在良好的海洋环境状况和海洋生物多样性与其栖息地的保护基础之上,以可持续利用海洋资源来实现海洋产业的价值创造与生态系统服务供给;该管理计划制定一系列海洋环境保护措施和人类活动空间管理措施,以实现挪威海海洋环境的有效保护和海洋经济产业的有效管理;挪威海海洋空间规划的发展可为我国国土空间规划涉海内容的编制、海洋资源的可持续利用与海洋产业的快速健康发展提供重要参考。     

国际海洋空间规划发展趋势及对我国的启示

海洋空间规划是海洋利用管理的一种有效措施.对于推动促进以生态系统为基础的海洋综合管理具有重要的意义.在综述第一次国家海洋空间规划研讨会情况的基础上,介绍了当今国际上对海洋空间规划的认识和研究状况,以及国际海洋空间规划的发展趋势,并结合海洋空间规划对我国开展相关工作进行了探讨,为我国改善海洋功能区划和海洋利用管理提供借鉴与参考.     

欧美国家海洋空间规划研究进展

在人类活动向海洋不断扩张和海洋环境面临严重生态危机的现实背景下,欧美等海洋发达国家逐步形成了以生态系 统为基础的海洋空间规划理念。自2006 年联合国教科文组织召开第一届海洋空间规划国际研讨会以来,国外海洋空间规划 比较重视建立系统的空间规划理论与方法体系。一方面,注重构建海洋空间规划的理论基础,包括多类型的空间范畴,多目 标的规划管理,基于生态系统的管理,跨部门的综合管理等;另一方面,注重建立海洋空间规划的实施框架和方法,包括逐 步走向生态系统管理的技术框架,相关利益者的识别,海洋环境影响评价和生态价值评估等;此外,欧美等海洋发达国家从 用海现状、环境影响、海洋生态价值功能等进行区域实践论证,产生了许多对我国有借鉴意义的区域实践经验。     

我国海洋功能区划的回顾性评价和新一轮编制建议

为完善我国海洋功能区划制度,提高海洋功能区划的编制和实施水平,促进其在我国海洋空间规划乃至国土空间规划中发挥应有作用,文章对我国现行海洋功能区划的实施情况进行回顾性评价,并对新一轮海洋功能区划的编制提出建议。研究结果表明:我国海洋功能区划法律地位高、管控范围广,现行海洋功能区划实施以来,通过建立定量目标管控体系、协调保障行业用海和保护海洋生态环境,对我国海洋经济和海洋生态环境的可持续发展做出巨大贡献;针对实施过程中存在的问题,新一轮海洋功能区划的编制应扩大海洋保护区的规模和种类、提高前瞻性和动态适应性、加强公众实质性参与以及完善技术体系。     

对海洋生态修复产业化的思考

为提高海洋生态修复产业化水平，促进海洋生态修复工作健康有序开展，文章分析我国海洋生态修复存在的问题，建立海洋生态修复产业化模式，并提出对策建议。研究结果表明：根据不同的海洋生态修复项目类型建立不同的投融资模式，通过市场的参与有效调和资本主体的刚性，发挥经济主体自身的积极性和主动性，引导多元主体参与海洋生态修复，最终实现海洋生态修复投融资的高效性；通过探索海洋生态修复和海洋生态产业发展相结合的发展路径，实现生态修复主体市场化以及生态修复装备、技术和产品市场化；海洋生态修复产业化须以完善的管理制度为保障，加强空间规划，修复标准制定，资金使用、监督和管理，修复效果考核评估以及奖惩和收益分配等方面的制度建设。     

柬埔寨海洋空间规划研究与实践

海洋空间规划是协调用海活动和保护生态环境的海洋综合治理机制,也是提升海洋资源可持续利用和发展蓝色经济的有效工具。《柬埔寨海洋空间规划(2018-2023年)》运用实地调查、综合评价、GIS空间数据分析和专家咨询等技术方法,构建了柬埔寨海洋功能区分类体系,划分了9类33个功能区,制定了功能区管理要求、行动计划和用途管控清单,提出了"发展目标+功能分区+用途管控+实施引导+决策系统"的空间规划编制和实施模式。     

广西海洋功能区划实施评估及空间规划启示

基于新形势下开展国土空间规划工作的需求,对广西海洋功能区划实施成效进行了全面的分析评估。研究立足其特点,选取目标实现程度、实施与监督情况、实施经济社会成效3个目标,共6项准则17个指标因子,采用层次分析法结合专家咨询的方法来确定各指标因子权重系数,应用效用函数法对指标体系进行标准化,并根据多因素综合评价模型获得实施评价结果。评价结果显示,广西海洋功能区划实施效果明显,作用良好。综合评价分析结果,从基于生态系统区划、陆海统筹、海洋资源集约节约利用、注重公众参与、加强实施监测评估等方面提出了新的海洋国土空间规划建议。     

柬埔寨海洋空间用途管控研究

用途管控是海洋空间规划的核心内容，也是海洋空间规划实施的重要工具。文章构建了以人类活动为基础的《柬埔寨海洋空间规划（2018-2023年）》功能区用途管控清单。首先，综合分析柬埔寨海洋与海岸带发展战略、资源环境条件、开发利用现状、用海需求和未来发展趋势，确定柬埔寨现有及潜在用海活动总清单；其次，根据各海洋功能区主导功能、兼容功能及管理要求确定主导性、兼容性和禁止性用海活动；再次，结合用海活动目的、对资源消耗和环境影响程度设置准入条件，形成各功能区的用途管控清单，以实现对柬埔寨海洋空间用途的有效管控。     

The integration of nature conservation into the marine spatial planning process

The understanding of the role of nature conservation (NC) is used to illustrate how an integrated and sustainable approach to decision-making could be developed for planning and managing activities in the marine environment. The need for NC to be integrated in the marine spatial planning (MSP) decision-making process is highlighted in various initiatives around the world. However none of these initiatives describes a commonly applicable framework to achieve this goal. The plethora of interpretations regarding the meaning, role and position of NC in planning, makes such an attempt more complex. A good starting point in order to develop such a process is to answer the question: how NC can contribute to the achievement of sustainability in the context of MSP? In the present study the different ways that NC has been interpreted over time are explored and several definitions are analyzed, concluding that there is currently no common approach to NC in MSP initiatives. Therefore it is indicated that NC should be treated as a means to achieve good environmental status of the ecosystem, based on its spatial, economic and conflict resolution dimensions, characteristics that are common among all marine uses. Consequently, it is proposed that NC at sea should be put in a central position during the MSP processes. A schematic presentation of the concept is provided in this paper.     

How sustainable is sustainable marine spatial planning? Part II – The Portuguese experience

With one of Europe׳s largest exclusive economic zones, Portugal has a paramount role in the implementation of EU maritime policies. In the Portuguese context, ocean planning and management are presently undergoing major advances. This paper analyzes and discusses the present state of affairs regarding the Portuguese marine spatial planning (MSP) process, comprising: (1) an update on the status of MSP in Portugal; (2) an analysis on how sustainability concepts are to be implemented in the Portuguese MSP process and (3) a discussion on major challenges to Portuguese MSP long-term sustainability. The Portuguese MSP process can be divided in two phases: development of the “Plano de Ordenamento do Espaço Marítimo” (POEM) – initially intended to be the first Portuguese “marine spatial plan” but then published as a “study”; and development of the Law Proposal 133/XII on marine planning and management – soon to be approved. A key question for the long-term adequacy of Portuguese MSP is how is it addressing environmental sustainability: is it relying on soft or hard sustainability concepts? Is it prioritizing the achievement of good environmental status (GES) or blue growth? In both cases (POEM and Law Proposal), soft sustainability seems to be the underlying principle, because although the ecosystem approach is recognized as fundamental, environmental quality seems to come second when set against economic goals.     

How supportive are existing national legal regimes for multi-use marine spatial planning?—The South African case

Over the past six years international interest in multi-use marine spatial planning (MSP), as a practical process to launch integrated coastal management (ICM), exploded. This paper explores the extent to which existing national legal frameworks can support this process, focusing on the coastal marine environment. First the characteristics of an appropriate legal regime for multi-use MSP are explored by interrogating secondary data sourced from literature reviews and case studies. Key paradigms are distilled as a means of dissecting this complex process into a suite of characteristic determinants that disclose the underpinning environmental management approaches or principles. These criteria are then used to assess the compatibility of national legal regimes for multi-use MSP—in this instance the South African legal framework. Although multi-use MSP has not been explicitly adopted as a process within South Africa's broader ICM implementation, existing legislation does reveal support. The department responsible for the environment is viewed as the most appropriate agency to house the statutory mechanism for multi-use MSP at national and provincial levels, but delegating local multi-use MSP processes to local government agencies. The political will to deploy and dedicate duties and resources to effective implementation of multi-use MSP, however, remains critical. Finally, the approach adopted here is proposed as a means to assess the compatibility of other national legal regimes for multi-use MSP, although the suite of characteristic determinants may need to be reviewed from time to time, as new learning emerges from practice.     

Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial planning

The declining health of marine ecosystems around the world is evidence that current piecemeal governance is inadequate to successfully support healthy coastal and ocean ecosystems and sustain human uses of the ocean. One proposed solution to this problem is ecosystem-based marine spatial planning (MSP), which is a process that informs the spatial distribution of activities in the ocean so that existing and emerging uses can be maintained, use conflicts reduced, and ecosystem health and services protected and sustained for future generations. Because a key goal of ecosystem-based MSP is to maintain the delivery of ecosystem services that humans want and need, it must be based on ecological principles that articulate the scientifically recognized attributes of healthy, functioning ecosystems. These principles should be incorporated into a decision-making framework with clearly defined targets for these ecological attributes. This paper identifies ecological principles for MSP based on a synthesis of previously suggested and/or operationalized principles, along with recommendations generated by a group of twenty ecologists and marine scientists with diverse backgrounds and perspectives on MSP. The proposed four main ecological principles to guide MSP—maintaining or restoring: native species diversity, habitat diversity and heterogeneity, key species, and connectivity—and two additional guidelines, the need to account for context and uncertainty, must be explicitly taken into account in the planning process. When applied in concert with social, economic, and governance principles, these ecological principles can inform the designation and siting of ocean uses and the management of activities in the ocean to maintain or restore healthy ecosystems, allow delivery of marine ecosystem services, and ensure sustainable economic and social benefits.     

Decision support tools in marine spatial planning: Present applications,gaps and future perspectives

Evidence-based decision making is an essential process for sustainable, effective, and efficient marine spatial planning (MSP). In that sense, decision support tools (DSTs) could be considered to be the primary assistant of planners. Although there are many DSTs listed in tool databases, most of them are conceptual and not used in real MSP implementation. The main objective of this review is to: (i) characterize and analyse the present use of the DSTs in existing MSP implementation processes around the world, (ii) identify weaknesses and gaps of existing tools, and (iii) propose new functionalities both to improve their feasibility and to promote their application. In total, 34 DSTs have been identified in 28 different MSP initiatives with different levels of complexity, applicability and usage purposes. Main characteristics of the tools were transferred into a DST matrix. It was observed that limited functionality, tool stability, consideration of economic and social decision problems, ease of use, and tool costs could be considered as the main gaps of existing DSTs. Future developments are needed and should be in the direction of the specific need of marine planners and stakeholders. Results revealed that DST developments should consider both spatial and temporal dynamics of the ocean, and new tools should provide multi-functionality and integrity; meanwhile they should be easy to use and freely available. Hence, this research summarised current use, gaps, and expected development trends of DSTs and it concludes that there is still a big potential of DST developments to assist operational MSP processes.     

Exploring marine spatial planning education: Challenges in structuring transdisciplinarity

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) has experienced vigorous growth on the international scale in recent years, and several practices has emerged from different countries. The demand for specific training in the preparation and implementation of marine planning has therefore already shown itself to be quite relevant on a global scale. Educational initiatives related to MSP have to respond to the increased complexity of MSP, which integrates environmental and economic perspectives on marine resources and maritime sectors, considering governance framework as well as maritime affairs and legislation.This paper aims at addressing the educational and training needs for the development of both academic education and professional training in MSP. Learning skills, contents and methods of an ‘ideal’ MSP course are depicted from widely accepted operative guides on MSP and from the EU Framework Directive on MSP (2014/89/EU). They are considered for the analysis of the current educational offer around MSP, performed in a sample of countries that have already undergone a process of implementation of MSP by Law. As result, beside the great variety of courses, it emerges that MSP education seems to be often regarded from an environmental perspective – in continuity with Integrated Coastal Management education – while planning theory and experiences in MSP are the least represented contents. Results are discussed in relation to three major challenges: i) how educational offer reflects on transdisciplinarity, ii) the role of theory in MSP courses, and iii) the enforceability of Plans as major concern in MSP.     

The role of marine spatial planning in sea use management: The Belgian case

The expansion of offshore activities and the increasing need to meet international and national commitments to biodiversity conservation have led to an enhanced interest in marine spatial planning (MSP) as a tool for sea use management. Several European countries, on their own initiative or driven by European legislation and policy, have taken global leadership in implementing MSP. This article will discuss the Belgian experiences with MSP. It will give a short historical overview based on legal developments and review the implementation process of a ‘Master Plan’ as a spatial management policy for the Belgian Part of the North Sea. Additionally, this article will reflect on the research that has been done in Belgium to apply a land-use planning approach to the marine environment. The MSP process in Belgium shows that a spatial approach to sea use management is possible despite the lack of a legal zoning framework. However, it concludes that a legal basis for MSP, in addition to the current permit system, would provide a more strategic and integrated framework for ecosystem-based, sea use management.     

NGO involvement in marine spatial planning: A way forward?

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are playing important roles in environmental conservation and management. Some are actively involved in the development and implementation of marine spatial planning (MSP), especially in Europe where this has been embodied within a European Directive. MSP is being used by many countries to sustainably manage coastal and marine areas, and reduce conflicts. However, recommendations regarding specific NGO roles within the MSP process are lacking. Consequently, to fill this gap and discuss a way forward, a session at the 5th Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts and Islands (GOF5) brought together MSP experts and NGO representatives. This paper reports the conclusions of these discussions and presents a summary guideline document for efficient and effective NGO MSP engagement.     

The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management

During the past 10 years, the evolution of marine spatial planning (MSP) and ocean zoning has become a crucial step in making ecosystem-based, sea use management a reality. The idea was initially stimulated by international and national interest in developing marine protected areas, e.g., the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. More recent attention has been placed on managing the multiple use of marine space, especially in areas where conflicts among users and the environment are already clear, e.g., in the North Sea. Even more recent concern has focused on the need to conserve nature, especially ecologically and biologically sensitive areas, in the context of multi-use planning of ocean space. Despite academic discussions and the fact that some countries already have started implementation, the scope of MSP has not been clearly defined. Terms such as integrated management, marine spatial management, and ocean zoning are all used inconsistently. This is one of the reasons why its importance is not more seriously reflected at the levels of policy and decision-making in most countries. This article attempts to deal with this problem. It describes why MSP is an essential step to achieve ecosystem-based sea use management, how it can be defined and what its core objectives are. The article concludes with an analysis of the use and achievements of MSP worldwide, with particular focus on new approaches in Europe.     

Marine spatial planning in the Middle East: Crossing the policy-planning divide

Many countries have begun marine spatial planning (MSP) efforts in the past decade and much academic and professional literature reviews and analyzes these processes. Relevant research that can contribute greatly to new efforts at MSP compares efforts, both recent and historical, with ideals set for spatial planning processes. This research addresses the extent to which paradigms from the planning practice and the policy field can be relevant for the MSP context. It does so by analyzing the interim products of an MSP process addressing the Mediterranean Sea area in the waters adjacent to the State of Israel. Results emphasize the potential contribution of public policy analysis and planning to critique outcomes of the MSP process with the aim of improving outcomes and devising best practices. This type of analysis can inform MSP as it becomes an accepted practice as a mainstream tool in the field of environmental planning. The complexity and challenge of spatial planning when policy foundations are minimal is highlighted in the results.