不同城镇功能区岩溶地下水化学敏感因子识别

随着西南地区城镇化进程的不断推进,西南城市区岩溶地下水环境压力迅猛增加,水质恶化显著。采集西南岩溶区四个典型城市（遵义市、桂林市、贵阳市和娄底市）的86组地下水样,运用描述性统计分析、变异系数分析及主成分分析法,综合研究了不同城镇功能区岩溶地下水化学特征及易受人类活动影响的敏感因子。结果表明,工业区岩溶地下水中电导率、总硬度、TDS、Na+、Mg2+、Cl -、SO2-4、NO-2、Mn这9项指标的含量均最高,商业住宅区次之,城乡结合处最低;而K+、NH+4和NO-3三者浓度表现为商业住宅区最高。研究区各地下水化学组分普遍具有较高的空间变异性,其中工业区易受人类活动影响的敏感因子为SO2-4、I-、Fe,商业住宅区易受人类活动影响的敏感指标为Na+、NO-2、NO-3,城乡结合处的主要敏感指标为Na+、Mg2+、NO-2。      

陕北大型现代化矿井周边地下水环境特征研究

大型现代化矿井排出的矿井水,均采用深度处理工艺,对周边地下水环境的影响程度如何,需进行进行地下水环境特征研究。通过对矿井及周边调查和地下水水样采集分析,采用内梅罗指数综合评价法对其进行评价,结果表明:研究区地下水中p H、SO4、TDS、NH4、NO2、NO3、Mn、Hg等组分出现了超标,其中66.7%水样点的NH4浓度达到Ⅴ类标准,4号水样中NO2浓度超过地下水Ⅴ类标准限值14倍,3号水样中NO3浓度达到了地下水Ⅳ类标准,主要由当地农业生产活动引起;部分地下水中Mn浓度达到地下水Ⅳ类标准,与当地地下水中重金属背景值较高有密切关系;马槽井作为当地特有的灌溉方式,水中CODcr浓度相对较高。本地区地下水水质属于极差或较差等级,主要由SO4、NH4、NO2超标引起。上述现象反映了农业生产活动、年蒸发量大,是造成井田范围内地下水水质恶化的主要原因。     

NO3-中15N和18O同位素新技术在岩溶地区地下水氮污染研究中的应用——以河南林州食管癌高发区研究为例

介绍了在野外用阴离子交换树脂收集地下水中的NO-3的新技术,以及用AgNO3 和氧化铜丝及铜颗粒燃烧反应测定氮同位素比值;用AgNO3+ C(石墨)生成CO2 测定NO-3 中氧同位素比值的密封石英管燃烧法。安阳和林州岩溶区饮用水中广泛的NO-3 - N污染大大超过饮用标准,食管癌的死亡率与饮用水中NO-3 、NO-2 、NH+4 和亚硝胺过剩的含量成正比。δ18O和δ15N资料证实,饮用水中的NO-3主要来自农家肥和化肥,这个地区没有发生有意义的反硝化作用,而以硝化作用为主。在食管癌低发区(东部)存在反硝化作用而使该区地下水中硝酸盐含量降低。δ18O和δ15N资料还表明氧化环境中可能出现局部反硝化作用。      

喀斯特山区溪流上覆水—孔隙水—沉积物中不同形态氮的赋存特征及其迁移——以麦西河为例

选取贵州百花湖入湖支流麦西河为对象,研究了上覆水—孔隙水—沉积物体系氮的形态差异,结果表明:麦西河上覆水中,以硝态氮(NO-3-N)为主,氨态氮(NH+4-N)次之,亚硝态氮(NO-2-N)最低;孔隙水中,溶解无机氮中以NH+4-N为主, NO-3-N次之, NO-2-N最低;沉积物中,总氮(TN)的含量为1110.67～4413.16mg/kg;固定态铵含量为34.56～170.05mg/kg,占TN的1.47%～6.25%;可交换态氮以NH+4-N为主, NO-3-N次之, NO-2-N最低。孔隙水NH+4-N是上覆水NH+4-N的2.65～19.51倍,上覆水NO-3-N是孔隙水NO-3-N的7.14～20.43倍。沉积物TN与孔隙溶解水无机氮(DIN)、孔隙水NH+4-N、沉积物可交换态氮和沉积物可交换性NH+4-N呈显著正相关;在沉积物中,可交换性NO-3-N与可交换性NH+4-N及可交换态氮呈显著正相关,可交换性NH+4-N与可交换态氮呈极显著正相关;孔隙水溶解无机氮与孔隙水NH+4-N呈极显著正相关。麦西河不同介质中氮的迁移关系则表现为:由于浓度梯度,上覆水中的NO-3-N扩散到孔隙水中,进而累积到沉积物中;沉积物的可交换性NH+4-N,进入孔隙水,最终扩散到上覆水中。      

新疆平原区浅层地下水水质评价

本文利用2003年4～8月间386个浅层地下水水样测试结果,以流域与地(州、市)交并划定基本评价单元,选用pH、矿化度、总硬度、NH3-N、C6H5OH、CODMn和总大肠菌群7个项目作为评价因子,以为评价标准,采用一票否决法对各基本评价单元的地下水质量进行分类,并对水质成因作了简要分析.     

测试滞后对岩溶水样性质的影响研究

样品测试是研究岩溶区水工环问题的重要手段。岩溶区交通不便利、样品运输困难以及测试单位处理样品不及时,导致样品测试存在不同程度的滞后,现有研究还不能有效解释"测试滞后"对岩溶水样性质有何影响。为此,本文以云南宣威市一典型岩溶泉水为研究对象,通过离子色谱仪、原子发射光谱仪等测试手段,对同一时间点采集的泉水样品按照时间序列对K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO2-4、HCO-3、pH、NO-3、CO2(fs)共10项指标进行对比实验,探讨"测试滞后"对岩溶水样性质的影响。结果表明:岩溶水样放置过程中,各指标A类标准不确定度为0. 02～1. 83,HCO-3、Ca2+不确定度值显著高于其他指标; Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验结果显示pH、K+、Mg2+、Cl-、NO-3服从正态分布;随着时间变化,各指标相对偏差变化范围0%～57. 38%,其中pH、Ca2+、SO2-4、NO-3的相对偏差在允许误差范围之内; 10项指标均值含量与变异系数总体呈显著负相关性(Spearman相关系数为-0. 709,P 0. 05),变异系数为Na+ K+ CO2(fs) Mg2+ Cl-SO2-4 Ca2+ HCO-3 p H NO-3,揭示测试滞后对不同指标的影响程度不同,其中对质量分数低的指标影响尤为突出。在整个实验期间内,水样水质变化可分为5个阶段:以各项指标未出现明显变化的初期稳定阶段(0～3d),以Na+、K+、Mg2+三项指标出现显著变化的初步变化阶段(3～5d),以多项指标发生较为显著变化的混合变化阶段(5～17d),以微生物作用为主的细菌潜在影响阶段(17～35d),以水质趋于稳定的相对平衡阶段(35～75d),其中"细菌作用"和"碳酸平衡作用"是岩溶水样放置过程中存在的两个重要作用机制。研究结果可为提高岩溶水样测试质量提供科学指导。     

城市地下水硝酸盐污染及其成因分析——以珠海香洲区为例

为判断华南地区典型城市地下水硝酸盐污染源,采集珠海市香洲城区及周边地区地下水样,并测定NO3-、NH4+、NO2-、PO43-、1δ5N-NO3-以及EC、pH值等。结果显示:在城市区地下水大多数样品中,NO3-是主要的无机氮形态。近40%的水样超过世界卫生组织饮用水标准(NO3--N≤10mg/l),部分井水有NO2-检出,整体污染较为严重。地下水硝酸盐1δ5N落在6.879‰~26.144‰范围内,而生活污水及化粪池泄漏是地下水NO3--N主要污染源。反硝化作用可能是导致雨季地下水1δ5N值升高的重要因素。另外,稀释、混合等作用可能是导致地下水NO3-浓度季节变化复杂的原因。     

贵阳雨水无机氮沉降的氮、氧同位素特征

雨水中氮沉降主要以铵盐(NH+4)和硝酸盐(NO-3)形式存在,这与地表生态氮循环和酸雨等环境问题直接相连.我们测定了贵阳地区雨水中的NH+4和NO-3的氮氧同位素值,讨论了氮素形态分布及其同位素组成特征,探讨了雨水中溶解无机氮的成因.雨水中的NH+4和NO-3平均值分别为0.81和o.51mg N/L;铵盐的δ15N平均值为-4.7‰,较硝酸盐的δ15N平均值负,雨水中硝酸盐δ18O值为25.2‰～40.1‰,平均值为34.2±4.3‰,季节性差别不显著.     

地下水质量影响因素识别与定量评价——以广西桂林会仙湿地为例

近年来,在人类活动强烈的干扰下,湿地地下水环境日益恶化。传统的地下水质量评价方法因未区分天然高背景和人为污染的影响,评价结果不能全面、真实、可靠地表示出水质的实际状态。笔者等选取地下水主要超标指标进行因子分析,并根据各因子的得分和方差贡献率计算各采样点得分,并最终计算因子影响下的综合得分。综合评价结果表明,研究区地下水主要有3个影响因子,因子1主要为天然高背景引起的高铁（TFe）,锰（Mn）和铝（Al）,因子2为农业及生活污水影响导致的NH+4、CODMn和NO-2超标,因子3为天然与人为复合影响导致的I-污染。计算得出的综合影响程度与传统的水质评价结果吻合,综合影响程度得分图不仅可以得出地下水质信息,还可根据确定的因子得出天然与人为对地下水质的影响。     

德阳市城市规划区地下水化学特征分析

根据39个丰水期地下水的水化学分析结果,对德阳市城市规划区内地下水水化学特征及空间分布进行了研究。研究表明:(1)沿地下水渗流途径,TDS以及Mg2+、Na+、SO42-浓度呈上升趋势;而Ca2+浓度却呈下降趋势。(2)地下水化学类型具有较明显的分带性,在渗流途径的上游,水化学类型以HCO3-Ca型水和HCO3-Ca+Mg型水为主;在径流途径的下游或排泄区域,水化学类型以HCO3+SO4-Ca+Mg型水和HCO3+SO4-Na+Ca型水为主。(3)区内铁锰污染比较明显,部分地区总铁和锰的含量达到Ⅳ类地下水标准,铁锰超标主要是受原生地质环境的影响;总硬度超标明显,39件水样中12件达到Ⅳ类地下水标准。     

Groundwater chemistry within a plateau neighboring Matsumoto city,Japan

The change in groundwater chemistry along the groundwater flow path in the Matsumoto tunnel vicinity was studied, and the origin of the groundwater and dissoluted substances was determined. The relationship between the concentration of HCO₃ ^–, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺, and CO₂ gas pressure in the groundwater indicated that the HCO₃ ^–, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺ were produced by the reaction of the CO₂ gas in the groundwater and feldspar in the rocks. The relationship between the concentration of NO₃ ^– and the Eh and pH values in the groundwater indicated that in an oxidative condition, ammonia-oxidizing and nitriteoxidizing bacteria used NH₄ ⁺ and produced NO₃ ^– and H⁺, and in a reductive condition, denitrifying bacteria used NO₃ ^– and produced N₂ gas and OH^–. The stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratio in the groundwater and precipitation indicated that the groundwater originated from precipitation that had fallen on the area. The concentration of³H and the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios in the groundwater suggested that it has been getting warmer climatically for more than 60 years. The stable carbon isotopic ratio indicated that the HCO₃ ^– in the groundwater, excluding deep well water, originated from CO₂ gas produced by organic matter in the soil. The deep well water, which had a higher concentration of HCO₃ ^– than the other groundwater sampled, was thought to have acquired HCO₃ ^– though contact with rocks. The³⁶Cl/Cl ratio indicated the recharge age of the deep well water sampled at a depth of 760 m at the foot of the plateau was recent.     

Water soluble components of PM10 Chongqing, China

The concentrations of water soluble ions (Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃ ^-, Cl^-, and SO ₄ ^2- ) in PM₁₀ samples collected on cellulose filters by a medium-volume cascade impactor were determined, which were obtained from three kinds of areas in Chongqing: industrial area (Jiulongpo district), commercial and residential area (Jiangbei district) and background area (Jinyun Mountain in the Beibei district). The results showed that except for the background site, the annual average values of PM₁₀ are 23% – 61% higher than the national air quality standard (GradeII) (0.1 mg/m³), even that the value of the control site is still 20% higher than American standard (0.05 mg/m³). This implied that serious pollution of fine particles occurred in Chongqing. Nine kinds of soluble ions in water of PM₁₀ were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) and the annual average concentrations follow the order of [SO ₄ ^2- ] > [NO³ _-] > [Cl^-] > [F^-], and [Ca²⁺] > [NH₄ ⁺] > [K⁺] > [Na⁺] > [Mg²⁺]. Their values were different in these areas: the industrial area > the commercial and living area > the control area. As for NH_{4 +}, K⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃ ^- and SO ₄ ^2- , their seasonal average concentrations show a similar variation trend: the values in spring and fall were higher than those in summer and winter. The seasonal average concentrations of [Cl^-], [F^-], [Na⁺] and [Mg²⁺] are much lower than those of other ions. However, the concentrations of [Na⁺] changed more greatly in different seasons than those of the other three ions. Correlation coefficients showed that the three areas have been polluted by coal smoke and dust to different extents, while some local resources of pollution should be taken into consideration as well.     

Sources and transformations of N in reclaimed coastal tidelands: evidence from soil δ<Superscript>15</Superscript>N data

Electrical conductivity of saturated soil extracts (EC_e) in three reclaimed tideland (RTL) soils on the west coast of Korea decreased with time since reclamation, indicating natural desalinization through leaching of salts by precipitation water. Soil N concentration increased with decreasing EC_e. With the increase in soil N concentration, the δ¹⁵N decreased, likely caused by the input of ¹⁵N-depleted N sources. As N₂-fixing plant species were found in the oldest RTL, atmospheric N₂ fixation likely contributed to the increase in soil N concentration in the oldest RTL. Negative δ¹⁵N (−7.1 to −2.0‰) of total inorganic N (NH₄ ⁺+NO₃ ⁻) and published data on N deposition near the study area indicate that atmospheric N deposition might be another source of N in the RTLs. Meanwhile, the consistently negative δ¹⁵N of soil NO₃ ⁻ excluded N input from chemical fertilizer through groundwater flow as a potential N source, since NO₃ ⁻ in groundwater generally have a positive δ¹⁵N. The patterns of δ¹⁵N of NH₄ ⁺ (+2.3 to +5.1‰) and NO₃ ⁻ (−9.2 to −5.0‰) suggested that nitrification was an active process that caused ¹⁵N enrichment in NH₄ ⁺ but denitrification was probably minimal which would otherwise have caused ¹⁵N enrichment in NO₃ ⁻. A quantitative approach on N budget would provide a better understanding of soil N dynamics in the studied RTLs.     

乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川雪-冰界面含氮离子迁移研究

冰川积累区雪-冰界面附近的化学物质迁移对冰芯记录的形成具有重要意义,为讨论主要含氮离子在这一界面的迁移,本研究基于2004年11月至2006年3月在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川连续采集的64组雪冰样品分析了NO3与NH4+的变化情况.结果表明,雪层底部干季(11月至翌年3月)含氮离子浓度的平均值高于湿季(4-10月)的,而...     

宁东煤炭基地梅花井矿区地下水三氮特征及成因

为研究大规模综合机械化采煤氮污染来源及影响程度,选取宁东煤炭基地侏罗纪煤田鸳鸯湖矿区的梅花井井田为研究对象,通过调查取样分析,对梅花井井田地下水三氮污染分布、物源、水文地质条件进行研究。结果表明:(1)宁东煤炭基地鸳鸯湖矿区梅花井井田三氮NH4+、NO3-、NO2-含量范围分别为0.06～0.12mg/L、4.67～234mg/L、0.01～2.01mg/L,与国家地下水质量标准Ⅲ类水质限值对比,NO2-达到重度或极严重污染,主要分布在潜水含水层;NO3-污染级别为中度、轻度污染,超标样点占调查样点的75%,垂向上已延伸到承压含水层。水平空间上无论矿权范围还是矿权外,污染样点均有存在。(2)部分水样中NO3-毫克当量百分数超过25%,对水化学类型产生影响。(3)煤矿区NO3-、NO2-的污染首先与丰富的物源有关,还受煤矿开采扰动、地形地貌条件、垂向补给径流、水文地球化学条件等因素的影响。研究结果为风积沙大型机械化煤矿开采区地下水氮污染的防治提供了可参考依据。     

Mixing of magmatic CO2 into volcano groundwater flow at Aso volcano assessed combining carbon and water stable isotopes

To understand deep groundwater flow systems and their interaction with CO₂ emanated from magma at depth in a volcanic edifice, deep groundwater samples were collected from hot spring wells in the Aso volcanic area for hydrogen, oxygen and carbon isotope analyses and measurements of the stable carbon isotope ratios and concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Relations between the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C_DIC) and DIC concentrations of the sampled waters show that magma-derived CO₂ mixed into the deep groundwater. Furthermore, groundwaters of deeper areas, except samples from fumarolic areas, show higher δ¹³C_DIC values. The waters' stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios (δD and δ¹⁸O) reflect the meteoric-water origin of that region's deep groundwater. A negative correlation was found between the altitude of the well bottom and the altitude of groundwater recharge as calculated using the equation of the recharge-water line and δD value. This applies especially in the Aso-dani area, where deeper groundwater correlates with higher recharge. Groundwater recharged at high altitude has higher δ¹³C_DIC of than groundwater recharged at low altitude, strongly suggesting that magmatic CO₂ is present to a much greater degree in deeper groundwater. These results indicate that magmatic CO₂ mixes into deeper groundwater flowing nearer the magma conduit or chamber.     

Partitioning of Ni2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+ between olivine and silicate melts: compositional dependence of partition coefficient

Partitioning of Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Mg²⁺ between olivine and silicate melts has been determined near the join (Mg_0.5·-Fe_0.5)₂SiO₄-K₂O 4SiO₂ and for seven different basaltic compositions. The experiments were made at 1 atm total pressure, 1500-1100°C, and under moderate to reducing oxygen fugacities. The concentration factor, defined as K^MO = (MO)^ol/(MO)^liq (molar ratio), increases markedly for all the cations studied as the olivine component of the liquid decreases. Much of the increase in K^MO is considered as due to the compositional effect of the coexisting liquid: the temperature effect on K^MO is probably opposite to the compositional effect (K^MO decreases as temperature decreases).The partition coefficient K^MO-MgO = (MO/MgO)^ol/(MO/MgO)^liq for the reaction, M_ol²⁺ + Mg_liq²⁺ = M_liq²⁺ + Mg_ol²⁺. is relatively constant over a wide range of SiO₂ content of the liquid, except in the case of Ni²⁺. The partition coefficients have similar ranges both in synthetic and natural rock systems: K^NiO-MgO = 1.8–3.0, K^CoO-MgO = 0.6–0.8, K^FeO-MgO = 0.27–0.38, and K^MnO-MgO = 0.23–0.32. There is a systematic variation in the partition coefficient K^MO-MgO with the composition of liquid; K^MO-MgO increases with increasing SiO₂ content of melt. The partition coefficients for Co²⁺, Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ are useful to test the equilibration of olivine with magma of a wide compositional range.     

Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater and surface water for domestic and irrigation purposes in Vea catchment,Northern Ghana

The Vea catchment, mainly underlain by crystalline basement rocks, is located in Northern Ghana. Hydrogeochemical studies were carried out in this area with the objective of identifying the geochemical processes influencing water quality and suitability of surface and groundwater for agricultural and domestic uses. Sixty-one groundwater and four surface water samples were collected from boreholes, dams and rivers and analysed for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, HCO₃ ^?, Cl^?, and SO₄ ^2?, Fe_tot, PO₄ ^3?, Mn_tot, NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^?, NO₂ ^?. In addition, pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total hardness, turbidity, colour, salinity and dissolved oxygen were analysed. Chloro-alkaline indices 1 and 2, and characterization of weathering processes suggest that the chemistry of groundwater is dominated by the interaction between water and rocks. Cation exchange and silicate weathering are the dominant processes controlling the chemical composition of the groundwater in the area studied. Mineral saturation indices indicate the presence of at least three groups of groundwater in the Vea catchment with respect to residence time. The meteoric genesis index suggests that 86% of the water samples belong to the shallow meteoric water percolation type. The findings further suggest that the groundwater and surface water in the basin studied are mainly Ca–Mg–HCO₃ water type, regardless of the geology. Compared to the water quality guidelines of WHO, the study results on sodium absorption ratio, sodium percentage, magnesium hazard, permeability index and residual sodium carbonate indicate that groundwater and surface water in the Vea catchment are generally suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.     

K-Ar和40Ar/39Ar定年数据质量评价与Q值提出

K-Ar和K-Ar/39Ar的定年测试质量的评价是正确运用测试结果的前提.过去的研究,多通过仪器测试的偏差和误差传递来评价测试结果可靠性和精度.MSWD和Probability的提出,给出测试的内外误差概念,因考虑了仪器和样品二者的匹配性而得到广泛应用.这也说明,影响K-Ar和40Ar/39 Ar的定年测试结果的因素可以是来自仪器设备,也可以来自样品自身的特性.本文由K-Ar和40 Ar/39 Ar的定年技术的原理、流程为出发点,通过对各个测试项的误差传递和对结果精度影响的数学方法评估,提出了影响测试精度的Q1和Q2参数,分别代表与样品有关的属性.Q1是样品钾含量、囚禁36 Ar的含量、以及样品40Ar/36Ar的初始比值的综合参数,是决定仪器测试中误差传递系数大小的重要影响因子.Q2是样品钾含量、囚禁36 Ar的含量、以及样品40 Ar/36 Ar的初始比值误差的综合参数,用来评价样品等时线年龄精度.在地质意义上,Q2是评价样品是否满足“同源、同时、封闭”特性的重要量化指标.根据这两个参数,可以判别测试数据质量优劣是源于测试仪器,还是样品属性.由Q1和Q2的分析可知,任何一项K-Ar和40Ar/39 Ar的定年测试都应该充分考虑仪器性能和样品属性,设计合理的测试流程是K-Ar和40 Ar/39 Ar的定年获得较高质量数据的关键.     

湖北宜昌磷矿新工业磷矿层(Ph21)的特征及其地质意义

在宜昌磷矿杉树垭磷矿区新一轮地质勘探工作中,在原主要工业矿层之下新发现了一工业磷矿层,命名为中磷层一矿层（Ph2^1）。Ph2^1矿层受NW向古构造控制,其厚度、品位的变化具有明显的分区性和方向性,即呈NW-SE向展布,从杉树垭矿区东部矿段向北,其厚度、品位均呈增加趋势。新工业磷矿层的发现不仅具有巨大的经济价值,而且对宜昌磷矿北部地区找矿具有重要意义。