宁东鸳鸯湖矿区梅花井煤矿112201工作面探放水实践

112201工作面是梅花井煤矿首采工作面,位于矿井南端浅部,切眼靠近鸳鸯湖背斜轴部。工作面涌水量从2009年4月份开始回采时的15m3/h,增至2010年3月份的230m3/h。工作面的突然涌水导致大量淋水,从而使采区底板严重泥化,给矿井安全生产带来巨大威胁。分析认为,工作面的主要充水水源为2-1煤的顶板含水层（七里镇砂岩）,主要通道为顶板的采动裂隙带。通过实施探放水和疏放水工程,工作面下隅角的涌水量由180m3/h降至30m3/h以内,极大的减少了含水层突然涌水对工作面的危害,为梅花井乃至鸳鸯湖矿区防治水工作起到了积极作用。     

宁东煤田东北部高矿化度地下水分布特征及形成机制

宁夏宁东煤田东北部地下水矿化度较高,且具有分布不均和变化较大的特点。通过分析地下水矿化度的空间分布特征,结合区域地质构造、地下水补给径流条件,借助Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比例系数等手段,深入研究高矿化度地下水的形成机制。结果表明,宁东煤田东北部地下水矿化度为0.30~23.56 g/L,平均值为5.84 g/L,淡水、微咸水、咸水、盐水所占比例分别为3.16%、50.00%、33.68%、13.16%。水平方向上,基岩裂隙水矿化度由东向西逐渐降低,在鸳鸯湖矿区南部形成高矿化度异常带。此外,在研究区西部及南北部的零星地区出现矿化度较高区。矿化度整体较高与石膏、盐岩及黄铁矿溶解和地下水长期滞流有关,而矿化度由东向西逐渐降低则受鄂尔多斯台地逆冲推覆构造前缘坳陷影响。鸳鸯湖矿区南部位于鄂尔多斯台地南北冲断体系的过渡带,褶曲较完整,地下水环境相对封闭,形成高矿化度异常带。垂直方向上,从Ⅰ含水层至Ⅴ含水层深部含水层的矿化度比浅部高,主要与深部地下水环境封闭,更新较慢有关。该研究将为相似矿区地下水资源开发与利用提供理论依据。      

宁东鸳鸯湖矿区红柳煤矿顶板砂岩突水机理分析

宁东鸳鸯湖矿区地处西北干旱地区,但其红柳煤矿1121综采工作面在初采期却经历了4次较大规模的突(涌)水,最大突水量达3 000m3/h,工作面被迫两次停产.通过对采场水文地质条件及覆岩离层分布规律的深入分析研究,可以认定该工作面的周期性突水为煤层开采后顶板砂岩中聚集的离层水所致.在此基础上,总结了开采过程中对煤层顶板砂岩含水层离层水进行有效疏放的方法与成功经验.该研究对宁东鸳鸯湖矿区及其他开采侏罗系煤层矿井的防治水工作具有同等重要意义.     

矿区深部含水层水-岩作用的同位素与水化学示踪分析

为了有效揭示华北隐伏型煤矿区煤炭开采进程中深部含水层水-岩作用机制,本文以淮北煤田宿县-临涣矿区为研究示范,收集与采集1985～2011年期间矿区松散层第四含水层、煤系砂岩裂隙含水层、石炭系太原组岩溶含水层与奥陶系岩溶含水层深部地下水样166个,分析与测试87Sr/86Sr、34S、13C同位素以及Na++K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO-3、Cl-、SO2-4、CO2-3等常规组分,并开展基于同位素与水化学的水-岩作用示踪与分析。研究成果表明:在矿区主要充水含水层中,煤系砂岩裂隙含水层脱硫酸与阳离子交替吸附作用最为显著,而松散层第四含水层、石炭系太原组岩溶含水层与奥陶系岩溶含水层黄铁矿氧化或地下水硬化最为显著;受煤炭开采影响,煤系砂岩裂隙含水层、奥陶系岩溶含水层主要水-岩作用逐渐减弱,松散层第四含水层、石炭系太原组岩溶含水层主要水-岩作用或增强、或减弱,增强或减弱的程度取决于井田基岩面标高、主要断层的展布形态与隔水性能以及煤层开采扰动范围等。     

宁东能源化工基地煤炭资源保障能力分析

宁东能源化工基地是国家规划建设的大型煤炭、煤化工及西电东送火电基地,是全国能源战略基地的重要组成部分。宁东基地包括横城、灵武、鸳鸯湖等七大矿区和一个独立井田,已查明资源量273亿t、预测资源量1394亿t;区内地质构造较为简单、开采条件相对较好,适宜建设大、中型现代化矿井;煤类以不粘煤为主,低灰、低硫、低磷、中高发热量、高化学活性,是优质的动力用煤,可用于煤化工和新材料等多种领域,具有广阔的开发前景。在分析宁东基地煤炭资源量保障能力、勘查程度、开采技术条件等主要因素基础上,提出建设宁东基地需合理规划井田生产规模、提高矿井回采率、进一步加强井田勘探及煤质研究工作,注重矿井水的综合利用和生态环境治理。     

GPS技术在鸳鸯湖矿区的应用

鸳鸯湖矿区位于宁夏回族自治区宁东煤田,该次GPS作业利用3个三等三角点作为起算数据,2个四等三角点作为检核数据,进行网平差及高程拟合。外业数据质量检验结果表明其重复基线及同、异步环闭合差均小于限差,符合规范要求。内业数据处理采用广播星历网基线处理,无约束平差、约束平差基线分量改正绝对值均小于限差值。6个水准点的网平差高程拟合结果证实GPS高程精度优于三角高程。测量成果经宁夏测绘产品质量监督检查站检查,成果精度达到《全球定位系统（GPS）测量规范》（GB/T18314-2001）的有关精度要求。说明鸳鸯湖矿区清水营井田GPS控制网的成果可靠。     

典型锑矿区地下水中锑污染年际变化特征和成因分析

湘中锡矿山锑矿区重金属污染问题突出,近年来矿区大力实施废渣综合整治和生态修复工程,但地下水污染修复成效未知。通过2013—2022年连续10 a采集的锡矿山锑矿区地下水样品,运用水化学分析、离子相关性分析、地统计学等方法,对地下水化学特征、锑污染年际变化特征、锑污染来源和途径进行了系统研究。结果显示：(1)锡矿山锑矿区地下水水化学类型主要为HCO₃·SO₄—Ca型,地下水水化学组分的形成过程受固废淋滤和盐岩溶解控制;(2)矿区泥盆系上统佘田桥组、锡矿山组以及矿区外围下石炭统3个灰岩裂隙含水层受到不同程度的锑污染,尤其是佘田桥组含水层,锑质量浓度均值达7.139 mg/L,受辉锑矿氧化影响显著,而锡矿山组、下石炭统含水层锑的来源主要受尾渣、废石等固体废弃物淋滤控制;(3)10年间佘田桥组地下水锑质量浓度均值差异较大,2013—2015年,锑质量浓度均值为13.31 mg/L,逐年下降,2016—2018年锑质量浓度均值为7.28 mg/L,逐年略升,2019—2022年锑质量浓度均值为6.06 mg/L,整体呈下降趋势。分析表明矿区生态环境逐步...     

山东南四湖流域矿山开采沉陷对减缓湖泊淤积退化有积极意义

山东南四湖（南阳湖、独山湖、昭阳湖、微山湖四个湖泊的总称）流域东部，已经形成了兖州、济宁、枣腾等煤炭开采区。煤炭开采是南四湖流域环境地质问题中的重要影响因素。煤矿开采后的土地塌陷，不仅改变了矿区地形地貌，也改变了地表水与地下水的相互作用方式，加速了地下水的污染。矿区煤矸石堆放及煤炭运输过程中粉尘污染也极大地恶化了南四湖流域的空气质量。煤层伴生的有害元素的迁移也对矿区土壤和地表、地下水造成一定程度污染。     

太湖流域长兴县浅层地下水氮污染特征及影响因素研究

对太湖流域长兴县浅层地下水的氮污染进行了系统的调查与研究,共取地下水样43个并测定了其三氮含量.结果表明氨氮、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的超标率分别为13.95％、16.27％和16.27％.三氮污染最严重的地区主要为农业活动集中区,即夹浦镇、小浦镇、洪桥镇和虹星桥镇等,其中虹星桥镇硝酸盐污染最为严重,高达22mg/L.采用地质统计学方法对太湖流域长兴县43个浅层地下水样“三氮”含量进行了区域空间变异分析,结果表明长兴县地下水NO3-N和NO2-N浓度变异函数满足球状模型,而NH3-N浓度变异函数为高斯模型,硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮浓度的空间自相关距离分别为9.98、1.51和3.82kmn.对硝酸盐污染因素进行了分析,结果表明:硝酸盐浓度与氮肥使用量呈明显正相关关系,年平均施肥量(以N计)为300kg/ha地区平均硝酸盐氮浓度达6.7mg/L,年平均施肥量(以N计)为100kg/ha地区平均硝酸盐氮浓度为2.2mg/L;地下水硝酸盐与地下水位埋深有直接关系,埋深较浅(1～3m)地区的硝酸盐浓度较高;当土地利用类型相同时,硝酸盐氮浓度与人口密度具有线性正相关关系.     

宁东煤炭基地煤炭开采对地下水的影响预测

宁东煤炭基地生态环境脆弱,水资源匮乏,煤炭开采过程中的水资源保护备受关注。采用公式法及现有3个工作面实测数据研究,确定了首采煤层开采导水裂缝带发育的最大高度,对比首采煤层至主要含水层之间的距离与导水裂缝带发育的高度差值,预测首采煤层开采对含水层结构的影响程度。研究结果表明,宁东煤炭基地首采煤层开采的导水裂缝带发育高度一般为20～80m,其中大于180m的区域面积约5.9km2,集中于西北部灵武矿区;石炭纪—二叠纪煤矿区横城矿区7个钻孔导水裂缝带突破石盒子组达主要含水层(新生界含水层)底部,侏罗纪煤矿区灵武矿区9个钻孔的导水裂缝带已经沟通地表。将首采煤层开采影响含水层的程度划分为影响大、影响较大、影响一般、影响微弱4种类型,各种类型所占比例分别为14.7%、40.31%、18.65%、26.34%。     

Distribution of nitrate in groundwater affected by the presence of an aquitard at an agricultural area in Chiba, Japan

Geological and geographical parameters including land use, stratigraphic structure, groundwater quality, and N- and O-isotopic compositions of nitrate in groundwater were investigated to elucidate the mechanism of groundwater pollution by NO₃ ^? in the agricultural area of Katori, Chiba, Japan. An aquitard distributed in the western part of the study area has produced two unconfined aquifers. The average concentrations of NO₃ ^? and dissolved oxygen (DO) were high in the aquifer above the aquitard (7.5 and 7.6 mg/L, respectively) and in the aquifer of the eastern part of the study area that was not influenced by the aquitard (11.9 and 7.8 mg/L, respectively); however, the levels in the aquifer under the aquitard were relatively low (2.2 and 3.7 mg/L, respectively). The δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O values of NO₃ ^? generally increased exponentially in the groundwater that flowed into the aquifer under the aquitard as the concentration of NO₃ ^? decreased, although this decrease in NO₃ ^? also occasionally occurred without isotopic changes. These results indicated that the aquitard prevented the penetration of NO₃ ^?, DO, and gaseous O₂. Under the aquitard, denitrification and dilution with unpolluted water that entered from natural forested areas reduced the NO₃ ^? concentrations in the groundwater. The major sources of NO₃ ^? in groundwater in the study area were estimated to be NH₄-chemical fertilizer, livestock waste, and manure.     

Geochemical assessment of groundwater quality in vicinity of Bhalswa landfill,Delhi, India,using graphical and multivariate statistical methods

A geochemical assessment of groundwater quality and possible contamination in the vicinity of the Bhalswa landfill site was carried out by using a hydrochemical approach with graphical and multivariate statistical methods with the objective of identifying the occurrence of various geochemical processes and understanding the impact of landfill leachates on groundwater quality. Results indicate that nitrate, fluoride and heavy-metal pollution are in an alarming state with respect to the use of groundwater for drinking purposes. Various graphical plots and statistical analyses have been applied to the chemical data based on the ionic constituents, water types, and hydrochemical facies to infer the impact of the landfill on groundwater quality. The statistical analysis and spatial and temporal variations indicate the leaching of contaminants from the landfill to the groundwater aquifer system. The concentrations of heavy metals in the landfill leachates are as follows: Fe (22 mg/l), Mn (~20 mg/l), Cu (~10 mg/l), Pb (~2 mg/l), Ni (0.25 mg/l), Zn (~10 mg/l), Cd (~0.2 mg/l), Cl⁻ (~4,000 mg/l), SO₄²⁻ (~3,320 mg/l), PO₄³⁻ (~4 mg/l), NO₃⁻ (30 mg/l) and fluoride (~50 mg/l); all were much higher than the standards. The study reveals that the landfill is in a depleted phase and is affecting groundwater quality in its vicinity and the surrounding area due to leaching of contaminants.     

Assessing nitrate origin in a volcanic aquifer using a dual isotope approach

Identifying the origin of nitrate is important for the control and management of groundwater quality in aquifer systems. In the southern Apennines (Italy), the Mount Vulture volcanic aquifer is a large and valuable resource of potable and mineral water supply. Unfortunately, signs of anthropogenic impact, especially nitrogen contamination, have recently become evident. In this study, and for the first time, stable isotope ratios (δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O) of NO₃ ^? were determined in groundwater to identify their origins and evaluate the presence of transformation processes. The Mount Vulture groundwaters are meteoric in origin, as demonstrated by measurements of δD and δ¹⁸O, and can be divided into two distinct areas based on their NO₃ ^? content. In the southeastern area, characterized by active agricultural land use, the high NO₃ ^? content and the δ¹⁵N–NO₃ isotopic values are due to anthropogenic contamination (inorganic fertilizer). In groundwaters from the western area, the NO₃ ^? contents below 4 mg/L and the δ¹⁵N–NO₃ values can be associated at organic soil N. Evidence for local denitrification may be assumed in a few groundwater samples of the western area showing relatively heavy δ¹⁵N values and low concentrations of nitrate. Finally, the low measured δ¹⁸O values indicate that nitrification occurred in both investigated areas.     

再生水入渗区典型抗生素分布特征与地下水微生物群落影响因素研究

再生水入渗携带的抗生素污染是地下水污染的来源之一,已经成为城市地下水资源的安全中不可忽视的问题。抗生素对复杂和脆弱地下水环境中的微生物群落及其功能的影响值得关注。本研究基于利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序方法,对3月和9月两个月份再生水渗入区城市地下水中微生物群落结构进行分析。结合现场调查测试和室内分析,测得样品中离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、NH~+₄、F~-、Cl~-、SO■、NO~-₃、NO~-₂、HCO~-₃、CO■)浓度,并采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术测得主要的抗生素浓度(环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、磺胺吡啶和磺胺醋酰),对研究区地下水环境中微生物群落结构及与环境因子的响应规律进行探讨。结果表明：(1)研究区内3月份地下水中抗生素浓度要高于9月份整体抗生素浓度,以磺胺醋酰和环丙沙星为主,此外除了季节因素外,人类活动可能是影响抗生素分布的又一因素;(2)微生物群落主要由变形菌门(Proteobacteria,81.0...     

Agricultural activities impact on groundwater nitrate pollution

Concern over agricultural diffuse pollution sources in integrated water quality management has been growing recently. High nitrogen fertilizers application rates may increase the potential groundwater pollution. These effects were investigated in Andimeshk and Susa plains that cover an area of 1100 km² between the Dez and Karkhe rivers in north of Khozestan-Iran. This region divided to 4 sub-regions A, B, C, and D. Additionally 168 groundwater samples were collected from 42 water wells during the months April, May, August, and September of 2004. The Hackspectrophotometer nitrate test was used to measure the NO₃ ^? concentration in water samples. Information about further nitrate data was obtained. A questionnaire procedure was used for collection N-fertilizers application rate data in studied area. The results demonstrated that all of the groundwater samples have NO₃ ^t- concentration below the EPA MCL (44.27 mg/l) and WHO guideline (50 mg/l). The mean nitrate concentrations are 16.1, 19.5, 13.3, and 7.9 mg/l in sub-regions A, B, C, and D respectively. There are different amount of N-fertilizers applied in sub-regions A, B, C, and D. Correlation between NO₃t- concentrations and N-fertilizers rate suggests a inverse correlation between Nfertilizers application rate and ground waters nitrate concentrations in studied area (r=?0.69).     

Correlation between nitrate concentration in groundwater and parameters affecting aquifer intrinsic vulnerability

This paper is the result of a study which was carried out in order to verify if the traditional methods to evaluate the intrinsic vulnerability or vulnerability related parameters, are able to clarify the problem of nitrate pollution in groundwater. In particular, the aim was to evaluate limitations and problems connected to aquifer vulnerability methods applied to nitrate contamination prevision in groundwater. The investigation was carried out by comparing NO₃ ⁻ concentrations, measured in March and November 2004 in the shallow aquifer, and the vulnerability classes, obtained by using GOD and TOT methods. Moreover, it deals with a comparison between NO₃ ⁻ concentrations and single parameters (depth to water table, land use and nitrogen input). The study area is the plain sector of Piemonte (Northern Italy), where an unconfined aquifer nitrate contamination exists. In this area the anthropogenic presence is remarkable and the input of N-fertilizers and zootechnical effluents to the soil cause a growing amount of nitrates in groundwater. This approach, used in a large area (about 10,000 km²) and in several monitoring wells (about 500), allowed to compare the efficiency of different vulnerability methods and to verify the importance of every parameter on the nitrate concentrations in the aquifer. Furthermore it allowed to obtain interesting correlations in different hydrogeological situations. Correlations between depth to water table, land use and nitrogen input to the soil with nitrate concentrations in groundwater show unclear situations: in fact these comparisons describe the phenomenon trend and highlight the maximum nitrate concentrations for each circumstance but often show wide ranges of possible nitrate concentrations. The same situation could be observed by comparing vulnerability indexes and nitrate concentrations in groundwater. These results suggest that neither single parameters nor vulnerability methods (GOD and TOT) are able to describe individually the complex phenomena affecting nitrate concentrations in soil, subsoil and groundwater. In particular, the traditional methods for vulnerability analysis do not analyze physical processes in aquifers, such as denitrification and nitrate dilution. According to a recent study in the shallow unconfined aquifer of the Piemonte plain, dilution can be considered as the main cause for nitrate attenuation in groundwater.     

基于不同开采方式的煤矿涌水量预测及其环境影响分析

煤矿开采不当会对水资源与水环境造成破坏,尤其在生态环境相对脆弱地区更是如此。针对目前矿井涌水量预测大多以单一工作面或煤矿为评价单元,对沟域内煤矿群同时长期开采的地下水环境影响重视不够。选择头道河则沟域为研究区,以地下水勘查、井田勘探资料为依据,构建了头道河则完整沟域的地下水三维非稳定流数值模型,根据地下水、地表水监测数据和煤矿群开采涌水量的长观资料进行模型的识别与验证,以9#煤矿为典型矿区,分析综采和条带充填2种不同开采方式下矿井涌水量及其对水环境的影响。研究结果表明：(1)综采状态下,矿井涌水量增加0.70×10⁴ m³/d,导致地下水溢出量减少0.20×10⁴ m³/d,引发矿区及区域地下水水位下降0.21～17.92 m;条带充填开采状态下,矿井涌水量增加0.11×10⁴ m³/d,导致地下水溢出量减少0.04×10⁴ m³/d,引发矿区及区域地下水水位下降0.01～0.44 m。(2)煤矿按综采方式开采,...     

Tracking sources of groundwater nitrate contamination using nitrogen and oxygen stable isotopes at Beijing area,China

The identification of sources and behavior of contaminants is important to control and manage groundwater quality of aquifer systems in urban areas. In this study, hydrogeochemistry of major constituents and stable isotope ratios of nitrate in groundwater were determined to identify contamination sources and transformation processes occurring in soils and deeper groundwater of Beijing with intense human activities. The nitrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of nitrate in pore water extracts from groundwater samples indicate at least three potential sources of nitrate in groundwaters at Beijing. Stable isotope analyses from this study site, which has atmospheric, chemical fertilizer and human waste nitrate sources, provide a tool to distinguish nitrate sources in a confined aquifer where concentrations alone do not. These data indicate that the most common sources of high nitrate concentrations in groundwater at Beijing are wastewater and denitrification process occurred specially in the Central area. NO₃–N and cation and anion concentrations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ Cl^? and SO ₄ ² ) showed strong correlations indicating that they originated from the same sources. This study demonstrates that a thorough evaluation of hydrodynamic and hydrochemical parameters with dual isotopes of NO₃ ^? constitutes an effective approach for identifying sources and transformation processes of NO₃ ^? in deeper groundwater systems.     

Using stable isotopes (δD, δ<Superscript>18</Superscript>O, δ<Superscript>34</Superscript>S and <Superscript>87</Superscript>Sr/<Superscript>86</Superscript>Sr) to identify sources of water in abandoned mines in the Fengfeng coal mining district,northern China

With depleted coal resources or deteriorating mining geological conditions, some coal mines have been abandoned in the Fengfeng mining district, China. Water that accumulates in an abandoned underground mine (goaf water) may be a hazard to neighboring mines and impact the groundwater environment. Groundwater samples at three abandoned mines (Yi, Er and Quantou mines) in the Fengfeng mining district and the underlying Ordovician limestone aquifer were collected to characterize their chemical and isotopic compositions and identify the sources of the mine water. The water was HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg type in Er mine and the auxiliary shaft of Yi mine, and HCO₃·SO₄-Na type in the main shaft of Quantou mine. The isotopic compositions (δD and δ¹⁸O) of water in the three abandoned mines were close to that of Ordovician limestone groundwater. Faults in the abandoned mines were developmental, possibly facilitating inflows of groundwater from the underlying Ordovician limestone aquifers into the coal mines. Although the Sr²⁺ concentrations differed considerably, the ratios of Sr²⁺/Ca²⁺ and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and the ³⁴S content of SO₄^2? were similar for all three mine waters and Ordovician limestone groundwater, indicating that a close hydraulic connection may exist. Geochemical and isotopic indicators suggest that (1) the mine waters may originate mainly from the Ordovician limestone groundwater inflows, and (2) the upward hydraulic gradient in the limestone aquifer may prevent its contamination by the overlying abandoned mine water. The results of this study could be useful for water resources management in this area and other similar mining areas.     

Hydrogeochemistry of karst groundwater for the environmental and health risk assessment: The case of the suburban area of Chongqing (Southwest China)

Karst groundwater is a vital resource for drinking, living and irrigation purposes in karst agricultural areas of the world. Due to the vulnerability of karst aquifers, surface pollutants are easily transferred to the subsurface and make karst groundwater be deteriorated, thereby restricting the rational exploitation of karst groundwater resource. In view of this, 49 karst groundwater samples were collected from spring (SW) and underground river (URW) sites in the suburban area of Chongqing City and analyzed for various hydrochemical components. Particularly, the karst groundwater quality was comprehensively uncovered by combining characteristics of hydrogeochemical evolution and health risks caused by nitrate and fluoride. The results revealed that the karst groundwater was slightly alkaline in nature and the water types were mainly characterized by Ca-HCO₃ accounting for 93.88% of the total samples due to the heavy dissolution of carbonate rock. The relatively high concentrations of Na⁺, SO₄^2? and NO₃^? up to 271.88 mg/L, 277.94 mg/L and 56.94 mg/L were over the corresponding maximum acceptable limits for drinking water, which can be predominately attributed to the emissions of industrial park, dissolution of gypsum and pyrite and excessive application of chemical fertilizers. Although agricultural activities were stopped and chemical fertilizers were no longer applied during the sampling period, long-term application of fertilizers have a persistent adverse effect on the karst groundwater NO₃^?. The pollution index of the karst groundwater (PIG) revealed that the low pollution and potential pollution zones were noticed in the northwestern parts of the study area. With respect of the SW, all the total hazard index (HI) values were below 1 suggesting no significant health risk. On the contrary, HI values of 0.11–1.16 for adults, 0.15–1.61 for children and 0.17–1.83 for infants in the URW indicated significant noncarcinogenic health risks. Particularly, infants and children were more vulnerable to karst groundwater NO₃^? than adults. Furthermore, the noncarcinogenic health risks of karst groundwater can be mainly attributed to NO₃^?, confirmed by the higher contribution ratio (66.55%) to the HI values. Therefore, special and targeted measures need to be taken to decrease the NO₃^? concentration in agricultural area.