一次雷暴单体相互作用与中气旋的演变过程分析

2013年8月1日,上海位于副热带高压边缘弱垂直风切变的不稳定层结下,午后开始,不断有雷暴新生。在此次强雷暴过程中,生成了三个中气旋;特别是在第二个中气旋生成过程中,雷暴合并后呈现出钩状回波、回波悬垂、中气旋等超级单体的雷达回波特征,还具有标志大冰雹的三体散射长钉特征回波。本文通过分析常规天气观测、双多普勒天气雷达、自动气象站和风廓线雷达等资料发现,前两个中气旋的生成机制为:(1)前期雷暴出流的交汇形成了气旋性环流,加强了低层水平辐合,阵风锋类似锋面的作用促使低层的暖湿空气抬升;(2)在弱垂直风切变的天气背景下,由出流阵风锋导致环境垂直风切变有所增大,改变了雷暴发展的环境,形成了经典中气旋生成的有利环境。此外,超级单体中气旋(第二个)形成过程中,雷暴的合并使得上升运动加强,对流不断发展,增强了雷暴内的旋转程度,从而有利于中气旋的形成。在第三个中气旋形成过程中,由于雷暴中的弱出流被相邻雷暴爆发的下沉气流抬升,在中低层形成出流和人流间的旋转,因而被雷达探测为中气旋。     

一次长生命史超级单体风暴的雷达观测特征

利用地面观测资料、探空资料以及石家庄多普勒天气雷达和饶阳双偏振雷达资料等,对2018年6月13日影响河北中南地区的一个长生命史超级单体风暴的环流背景、雷达观测特征等进行了分析。结果表明:(1)此超级单体发生在涡后横槽转竖的环流背景下。(2)风暴生命史长204 min,其中超级单体维持时间长达138 min,其间雷达最大反射率因子基本上维持在65 dBz以上。(3)中气旋深厚并强烈发展是超级单体发展和维持的重要动力机制。中气旋底高最低可达风暴底部,顶高变化幅度较小,低质心中气旋和高质心中气旋的形成和发展都可能引起地面降雹,降雹期间对应超级单体短暂减弱。(4)超级单体维持期间一直伴有气旋、反气旋涡旋对特征。超级单体的钩状回波特征明显,表现为典型的回波墙-弱回波区-悬挂回波的垂直结构;低层辐合、高层辐散,高空辐散大于低层辐合,有利于超级单体内部强烈的旋转上升运动;有明显的三体散射和旁瓣回波,三体散射最长超过60 km,持续时间长达150 min。(5)双偏振雷达探测的超级单体反射率因子≥55 dBz,对应位置差分反射率-0.5~0.5 dB,差分传播相移率仅1.5~2.0°/km,相关系数在0.75~0.92之间,表明超级单体内同时存在液滴和较大冰雹。     

强弱降水超级单体风暴雷达回波特征对比分析

应用天气图、卫星云图资料,重点应用天津新一代天气雷达(CINRAD/SA)产品,对2002年7月15日发生在天津市宁河县的冰雹天气过程和2005年8月16日发生在天津地区的强降水天气过程进行对比分析,重点分析了速度图上中尺度系统的回波特征和反射率图上的图像特征.结果表明:虽然产生这两次强对流天气的影响系统不同,但雷达回波上显示都是超级单体风暴,强降水超级单体风暴产生的是77.5 mm·h-1的暴雨且回波移动方向不会发生改变;弱降水超级单体风暴产生的是直径40 mm的大冰雹且回波移动方向发生了180°的改变.速度图上的特征也不相同,强降水超级单体风暴显示的是"逆风区"特征;弱降水超级单体风暴显示的是中气旋特征.对回波转向原因进行了分析,得出了回波将向核区直径较大、旋转速度较大的中气旋所在方位转向的结论.     

浙中一次强对流天气动力热力场和雷达回波特征分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、常规气象观测和区域自动站观测资料、闪电及多普勒雷达天气资料,对2013年5月29日浙中局地强对流天气过程的环境场、触发机制和雷达回波特征进行了分析。结果表明：局地强对流天气是在东北冷涡背景下产生的;高空冷平流南侵、低层暖平流北上,有利于大气对流不稳定度进一步加大;在热力不稳定能量增长储存条件下,冷空气、地面辐合线与中低层切变线是强对流天气的重要触发机制,地面辐合线对强对流天气还具有组织作用;沿等熵面移动的较大位涡有利于超级单体风暴的发生和发展;初夏0 ℃层高度偏高,但在满足强烈位势不稳定、中等风垂直切变以及低层充足水汽条件下仍可以导致局地小冰雹的产生;地面大风过程是低空暖湿气流入流在快要进入上升气流区时受到上升气流区的抽吸作用而加速导致生成的;多个回波强核被中气旋组织在一起,形成超级单体风暴造成了局地强风雹天气。     

“12.7.21”西南涡极端强降雨的成因分析

利用常规观测资料、ECMWF分析场、区域自动站、多普勒雷达及SWAN系统产品等资料对2012年7月21日西南涡暴雨过程及盘龙极端强降雨进行分析。分析发现：此次过程是“北槽南涡”形势下,地面冷空气触发西南涡其东侧辐合上升运动强烈发展,高层强辐散,因而产生了对流性暴雨天气过程;冷空气从西侧侵入西南涡是925 hPa “S”形冷锋形成的直接原因,也是地面辐合线形成的重要因素;极端短时强降雨就发生在西南涡东侧中尺度雨带的中部偏北区域,有地面辐合线相配合,降雨最强时MCC冷云中心TBB达最低值。雷达回波表明：西南涡两侧冷暖空气的交绥促进了β中尺度气旋式环流的形成;偏南风低空急流为强降雨提供了充足的水汽,增强了中低层的垂直风切变,有利于强降水超级单体风暴的发展和维持;盘龙的极端短时强降雨是β中尺度气旋式环流中,伴随有深厚中气旋的强降水超级单体风暴在环流中心附近持续发展的结果。     

2011年“7.3”暴雨过程的卫星云图特征和湿位涡分析

2011年7月2-3日豫西北出现局地暴雨天气,降雨强度大、时段集中,具有明显的强对流暴雨持征,其中有2站达大暴雨。采用1°×1°NCEP再分析资料进行环流背景分析和物理量诊断,结果表明：这次暴雨是由高空低槽和中低空切变线直接影响所致,高湿不稳定区的稳定持续为雨区积累了大量不稳定能量,在冷空气入侵的激发下,不稳定能量释放产生强对流降水;低层气旋性环流的形成和气旋性弯曲的存在利于上升运动加强,水汽的输送和辐合作用配合强烈的上升运动使得强降水持续;高层干位涡向对流层低层扰动下传具有促使低层气旋性涡旋生成和加强的作用,位涡的传播特征与未来4-6h的雨势强弱对应较好。利用FY-2E卫星资料结合自动站逐小时降水量对暴雨中尺度特征进行分析,结果显示,这次暴雨过程中存在明显的中尺度云团自组织现象,强降水是组织、合并后的一个中α尺度对流云团内部两个中β尺度的强雨团直接造成的;Tbb〈221K的冷云覆盖区与暴雨落区相对应。     

一次弓状回波和超级单体过程分析

本文利用济南CINRAD/SA雷达的探测资料对2005年7月12日发生在山东境内的一次弓状回波和超级单体过程分析表明,这次弓状回波和超级单体产生在东北低涡横槽转竖及真潜在不稳定的天气形势下.雷达本站的风廓线清楚揭示了横槽转竖前后的高空风场变化,对强对流天气的临近预报具有指示意义.横槽转竖时弓状回波产生,反射率因子图上后侧入流槽口的出现是弓状回波即将形成的前兆信号.一个典型超级单体产生在弓状回波头部前方的暖区中,二者相互作用合并后强度加强.弓状回波具有持续产生中气旋的能力.中气旋多出现在其头部和颈部的前沿,绝大部分中气旋产生冰雹和大风等灾害性天气.     

造成临桂极端大风的超级风暴单体观测分析

2019年3月21日21:13 (北京时),广西桂林市临桂区国家气象观测站录到60.3 m·s-1极端大风,打破了广西气象站建站以来的历史极值。综合利用多种观测资料对临桂极端大风的发展演变和成因进行详细分析,结果表明:(1)地面锋前暖区对流在移近临桂站时地面冷空气的适时入侵促进其发展成超级单体风暴,其产生的下击暴流击中临桂测站造成极端大风。(2)雷达回波表明该超级单体具有明显的钩状回波、中层径向辐合、近地面强辐散及反射率因子核心下降等雷达特征;风暴垂直方向流场结构表现为上面是反气旋性旋转或辐合、中间为径向速度辐合、底下为气旋性旋转。(3)中层径向辐合加强导致中气旋旋转性加大、直径减小、厚度增加,近地面层的强中气旋对下击暴流有加强作用。(4)环境条件分析表明临桂上空具有极好的产生雷暴大风的环境条件和发展成超级单体风暴的潜势。(5)极端雨强与极端大风相伴出现,表明降水拖曳作用是极端大风产生原因之一;在地形作用下冷空气大风对极端大风形成有叠加效应。     

2010年福建一次早春强降雹超级单体风暴对比分析

利用探空、地面资料以及建阳、龙岩、长乐三部新一代天气雷达资料,对2010年3月5日福建中北部地区5cm强降雹的两个超级单体风暴进行了对比分析。结果表明,干暖盖、强垂直风切变、中高层正涡度区及地面中尺度低压为超级单体的形成提供了良好的环境场。两个超级单体都是由多单体合并后发展起来的,在成熟阶段以右移为主,属长寿命右移风暴:第一个超级单体在发展过程中由于地形作用和新单体的并入经历了3次加强过程,低层出现明显的钩状回波、中高层三体散射特征;第二个超级单体经历了多单体风暴—超级单体风暴—多单体风暴3个阶段,成熟阶段低层呈现出明显的倒"V"形回波特征,中高层有明显向右伸展的云帖。两个超级单体风暴的中气旋都是由中层发展起来,随着中气旋强度不断加强和厚度加大,最强切变中心突降时出现冰雹、大风强对流天气。通过对第一个超级单体中气旋流场分析,发现风暴前、后侧的下沉气流与低层入流形成了明显的辐合旋转作用,下沉的干冷气流进一步推动低层的暖湿入流,形成强烈的上升气流,并在风暴顶形成强辐散,使得风暴长时间维持。第二个超级单体在风暴减弱阶段,风暴右侧出现中气旋分裂,之后减弱、消失。产生强对流天气时,中高层维持高反射率因子,出现三体散射现象、风暴顶强烈辐散以及较大的VIL密度等特征。     

一次强降水超级单体风暴的动力特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR(0.25°×0.25°)逐6 h再分析资料、常规观测资料、多普勒雷达资料对2018年9月19日晚发生在四川盆地东北部的强降水超级单体风暴进行诊断分析。研究表明：此次强降水超级单体风暴发生在较强的不稳定能量、很低的抬升凝结高度、低层深厚湿层、较弱的对流抑制能量及中等到强的垂直风切变的背景条件下,低层冷空气的侵入最终触发了本次过程。在强降水超级单体风暴发展演变过程中,中低层较强垂直风切变的重要作用是产生水平涡管。水平涡管又在上升气流的作用下抬升为垂直涡管,最后产生垂直涡度。而通过对大气垂直涡度方程的分析发现：垂直涡管在随高度增加的上升气流的拉伸作用下,不断加强,致使上升气流更强烈旋转,水平旋转又反过来加强了上升气流。上升气流与水平涡旋持续不断的正反馈机制是形成中气旋的重要原因。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on