三门峡市2006年两次下击暴流天气过程诊断分析

2006年5月26日和6月25日三门峡辖区均出现了以地面大风、冰雹为主的灾害性天气.利用常规观测资料和非常规加密探测资料以及雷达、卫星云图资料对这两次灾害性天气过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:这两次灾害性天气均是由500 hPa华北冷涡后部的下滑槽或横槽转竖带动北方冷空气急剧南下造成的下击暴流引发的强对流天气.当雷达回波顶高超过10 km、强度≥50 dBz并出现回波悬垂结构的超级对流单体或多单体超级对流风暴移来时,易产生强对流天气;强回波质心在移动过程中不断下降或回波悬垂结构、低层弱回波区出现在风暴后部时,是下击暴流发生的前兆;冰雹指数、风暴跟踪信息、中气旋3个产品叠加对强对流风暴发生、发展、移向的预报具有较好的参考作用.     

4.28临沂强对流灾害性大风多普勒天气雷达产品分析

分析了2006年4月28日发生在临沂的罕见灾害性大风的多普勒天气雷达产品.分析发现,雷达回波具有典型的弓状回波特征,在弓状回波前沿,对流单体强烈发展,出现有界弱回波区,低层入流缺口等超级单体的典型特征,风暴中出现中气旋,强降水之后风暴回波顶高、风暴质心高度、风暴的最大反射率因子高度迅速下降,灾害性大风出现在这个时段.实地考察表明,灾害性大风的路径与中气旋最大风速圈南缘移过的路径一致.分析认为,弓状回波后部存在较强后部下沉入流,由于强降水的拖曳作用,将中层中气旋的水平动量带到地面,中气旋右侧动量的方向与弓状回波后部的强下沉入流方向一致,两者叠加,使地面风速加大,造成灾害性大风.     

一次长生命史超级单体风暴的雷达观测特征

利用地面观测资料、探空资料以及石家庄多普勒天气雷达和饶阳双偏振雷达资料等,对2018年6月13日影响河北中南地区的一个长生命史超级单体风暴的环流背景、雷达观测特征等进行了分析。结果表明:(1)此超级单体发生在涡后横槽转竖的环流背景下。(2)风暴生命史长204 min,其中超级单体维持时间长达138 min,其间雷达最大反射率因子基本上维持在65 dBz以上。(3)中气旋深厚并强烈发展是超级单体发展和维持的重要动力机制。中气旋底高最低可达风暴底部,顶高变化幅度较小,低质心中气旋和高质心中气旋的形成和发展都可能引起地面降雹,降雹期间对应超级单体短暂减弱。(4)超级单体维持期间一直伴有气旋、反气旋涡旋对特征。超级单体的钩状回波特征明显,表现为典型的回波墙-弱回波区-悬挂回波的垂直结构;低层辐合、高层辐散,高空辐散大于低层辐合,有利于超级单体内部强烈的旋转上升运动;有明显的三体散射和旁瓣回波,三体散射最长超过60 km,持续时间长达150 min。(5)双偏振雷达探测的超级单体反射率因子≥55 dBz,对应位置差分反射率-0.5~0.5 dB,差分传播相移率仅1.5~2.0°/km,相关系数在0.75~0.92之间,表明超级单体内同时存在液滴和较大冰雹。     

2017年江西副热带高压边缘雷暴大风回波特征

利用MICAPS天气资料、WebGIS雷达拼图、自动站、强天气监测和雷电监测等数据,对2017年8月江西副热带高压边缘产生的4次雷暴大风天气过程,采用数据统计、形态特征对比等方法进行分析,结果表明:江西北部回波和南部回波发生辐合运动时,南面回波会发展的更为旺盛,形成飑线回波带。回波的传播方式一方面加快了回波移动速度,另一方面改变了回波的移动方向。副热带高压边缘雷达回波特征主要有两种:一是南北向短带回波,有时会发展为弓状回波;二是强回波单体,超级单体和复合单体回波。带状回波上,雷暴大风分布在回波带前沿,尤其是弓状回波带的头部,雷电分布则在回波带移动方向的后侧;强单体、超级单体和复合单体回波上,雷暴大风和雷电集中在强回波中心附近区域。超级单体回波具有55～60 dBZ块状回波结构,垂直液态水含量VIL达到60 kg·m~(-2);相对风暴速度SRM图上和垂直径向速度RHI_V图上,都具有相邻的正负速度对和达到中等以上中气旋标准。     

一次弓状回波、强对流风暴及合并过程研究Ⅰ：以单多普勒雷达资料为主的综合分析

利用济南CINRAD/SA雷达探测资料,结合卫星、自动站和其他常规天气资料,分析了一次弓状回波和强对流风暴的发生、发展,弓状回波和强对流风暴合并形成新弓状回波后又演变成逗点回波的过程。结果表明：（1）强对流过程发生在东北低涡横槽转竖过程,大气环境具有较大的对流有效位能和中等强度的低层垂直风切变。FY-2C卫星的红外云图...     

山东两次强对流天气雷达特征及环境场对比

利用常规地面和高空观测资料、加密自动站资料和多普勒雷达资料,对2016年6月山东两次强对流天气的雷达特征、环境条件等进行了对比分析,结果表明:6月14日强对流天气主要是横槽转竖引导冷空气南下引起,6月30日强对流天气发生在高空槽前、山东高低层受一致西南气流影响的环流形势下,地面辐合线是两次过程的触发机制。6月14日垂直风切变和风暴承载层平均风均比30日大很多,致使14日的超级单体风暴持续时间更长、强度更强。风暴相对螺旋度的大小对强对流天气强弱程度有指示意义。两次过程都在地面辐合线附近生成,都具有中气旋、高悬的强回波、有界弱回波区、回波悬垂、风暴顶辐散等雷达特征,不同的是14日具有倒V形缺口、中层径向辐合、冰雹散射和钩状回波等特征,30日具有窄带回波、径向速度大值区等特征。两次过程都出现了弱旋转对应地面都带来小冰雹天气,这在预报业务中值得注意。两次降雹与风暴单体高度及强度、垂直累积液态水含量及密度、中气旋厚度、最大切变和持续时间密切相关。     

一次强飑线内强降水超级单体风暴的单多普勒雷达分析

文中利用位于福建建阳新一代S波段多普勒天气雷达资料和探空、地面观测资料,对2003年4月12日07-09时发生在建阳附近的一次强降水超级单体风暴进行了分析.天气分析显示,风暴发生于地面冷锋北侧、低层高湿、中等对流不稳定(1601 J/kg)和强风切变(0-5 km,22 m/s)环境,总理查逊数为16,同典型的强降水超级单体生成环境相当接近.雷达回波分析揭示,风暴发生在一强飑线系统的前沿,初期为一普通单体,随后逐渐发展成为弓状并发生分裂,分裂后风暴移动方向左侧单体逐渐减弱.而右侧的单体发展成为超级单体,持续时间约为1 h.在强降水超级单体成熟期,其移动前侧的低层反射率因子出现明显的钩状回波,中层反射率则显示在宽广的反射率高值区(>60 dBz)内存在有界弱回波区,强度大于40 dBz.沿入流方向穿过最强回波位置的反射率因子也呈现典型的回波悬垂和有界弱回波区.相应的中低层径向速度场显示在钩状回刎波附近的强降水区中存在一个强烈的中气旋,其起源于中层3.5-5 km,随后向上、下发展,最大旋转速度达到24 m/s,持续时间达1 h.由GBVTD方法分析,中气旋成熟时(08:33 UTC)轴对称环流结构显示,轴对称切向风分布在中层接近兰金涡旋模型,最大轴对称切线风位于高度4-5 km,离气旋中心约3 km,强度约20 m/s.4 km高度以下为气旋式辐合,气旋中心为上升运动.至4-7 km以旋转为主,在最大切向风半径以内为外流,以外为内流,相应的在最大风速半径处伴随较强的辐合和上升运动,7 km以上则为辐散对应的出流.此结构同经典超级单体内的中气旋结构相当一致.此外.风暴结构同Moller(1994)提出的中纬度强降水超级单体风暴的特征非常相似.但演变过程却明显不同,是由普通单体形成弓状回波,弓状回波分裂后沿移动方向右侧的单体发展成为强降水超级单体.     

襄阳一次强雷暴过程的雷达回波与地闪特征分析

利用湖北省闪电定位仪、新一代天气雷达资料并结合常规气象观测等资料,对2011年7月24日下午出现在湖北襄阳的一次强雷暴天气过程进行了分析。该过程的两个强风暴分别产生了冰雹和雷雨大风（后期强降水）,重点分析了两个强风暴系统生命期雷达回波和闪电（地闪）特征。结果表明：产生冰雹的强风暴是一个孤立的超级单体,降雹发生在超级单体成熟阶段;产生雷雨大风和强降水的强风暴是一个弓状回波,雷雨大风发生在弓状回波顶部,强降水回波成片状且移速较慢;两个风暴的地闪演变特征及闪电在风暴生命史各阶段分布的位置不同。     

2017年江西上高雷暴大风雷达回波特征分析

利用MICAPS天气资料、江西WebGIS雷达拼图、自动站、强天气监测和雷电监测等数据,对2017年8月江西副热带高压边缘产生的四次雷暴大风天气过程,采用数据统计、形态特征对比等方法进行分析,结果表明：江西北部A回波和南部B回波发生辐合运动时,B回波会发展的更为旺盛,形成飑线回波带。当东北～西南走向的回波带,发生转向为南～北走向时,是形成弓状回波带的前兆。副高边缘对流单体回波分布很广,江西境内大多数地方都可以产生,雷暴大风发生在个别强回波或短带回波中。回波系统在不断向东移动过程中,其东南侧不断触发产生新的对流单体,通过不断合并,不断新生单体,形成向东东南方向“传播”的发展趋势,造成回波系统向传播方向移动。回波的传播方式一方面加快了回波移动速度,另一方面改变了回波的移动方向。副高边缘雷达回波特征主要有两种：一是南北向短带回波,有时会发展为弓状回波;二是强回波单体,超级单体和复合单体回波。带状回波上,雷暴大风分布在回波带前沿,尤其是弓状回波带的头部,雷电分布则在回波带移动方向的后侧;强单体、超级单体和复合单体回波上,雷暴大风和雷电集中在强回波中心附近区域。     

强弱降水超级单体风暴雷达回波特征对比分析

应用天气图、卫星云图资料,重点应用天津新一代天气雷达(CINRAD/SA)产品,对2002年7月15日发生在天津市宁河县的冰雹天气过程和2005年8月16日发生在天津地区的强降水天气过程进行对比分析,重点分析了速度图上中尺度系统的回波特征和反射率图上的图像特征.结果表明:虽然产生这两次强对流天气的影响系统不同,但雷达回波上显示都是超级单体风暴,强降水超级单体风暴产生的是77.5 mm·h-1的暴雨且回波移动方向不会发生改变;弱降水超级单体风暴产生的是直径40 mm的大冰雹且回波移动方向发生了180°的改变.速度图上的特征也不相同,强降水超级单体风暴显示的是"逆风区"特征;弱降水超级单体风暴显示的是中气旋特征.对回波转向原因进行了分析,得出了回波将向核区直径较大、旋转速度较大的中气旋所在方位转向的结论.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on