塔里木河流域绿洲城镇发展与水土资源效益分析(英文)

This paper examines the spatial pattern of land and water resources as well as urbanization and their interactions in the Tarim River Basin, Xinjiang, China. In order to do so, we extract the data associated with efficiency of land and water resources and urbanization for the years of 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2008. Specifically the paper investigates the extent to which agglomeration of population and economic activities varies geographically and interplays with spatial pattern of resources efficiency through computation of Global Moran’s I index, Getis-Ord Gi* index and a coordinated development model. The method used provides clear evidence that urbanization, land and water resources efficiency have shown uneven spatial pattern due to oasis distribution, climate, and initial phase of urban development. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.(1) Agglomeration and dispersion of urbanization are not consistent with those of land and water resources efficiency.(2) Evolution of the hot and cold spots of urbanization, and land and water resources efficiency, in different trajectories, indicate that there are no significant interactions between them.(3) The evidence that numbers of hot and cold spots of the three factors present varying structures reveals the dominance of unequal urban development in the study area.(4) Significant differences are also found between sub-river basins in terms of the three factors, which is a reflection of the complex physical geography of the area.(5) The degree of coordinated development of cities in the Tarim River Basin is generally low in part as a reflection of difference in spatial patterns of the three factors. It is also shown that the pattern of the degree of coordinated development is relatively stable compared with evolution of hot and cold spots of the three factors.     

北京城市空间发展和土地利用—伦敦经验启示

Beijing is facing a huge challenge to manage the growth of its built-up area whilst also retaining both productive arable land and land for conservation purposes in order to simultaneously realize the three aims of economic development,protecting arable land and generating environmental improvements. Meanwhile,London,as a world city with more than 200 years of industrialization and urbanization,has accumulated rich theoretical and practical experiences for land use planning in a major urban area,such as the creation of Garden Cities,a designated Green Belt and New Towns. This paper firstly analyzes the main characteristics of the spatial distribution of the built-up area,arable land and conservation land in Beijing. Then,some of the key aspects of urban fringe planning in the London region are examined. Lastly,several implications from the experience of London are provided with respect to land-use planning for Beijing,concentrating on a re-appraisal of land-use functions around Beijing,measures to improve the green belt,the development of small towns to house rural-urban migrants and urban overspill,and effective implementation of land-use planning.     

中国中、东部典型样区不同发展水平下土壤与土地利用多样性的对比分析(英文)

Two typical provincial capitals (Nanjing and Zhengzhou) and two counties (Rugao and Yuanyang) in east (Jiangsu Province) and central (Henan Province) China were chosen respectively as the developed and less developed comparative cases for pedodiversity and land use diversity correlative analysis by borrowing the recently better developed pedodiversity methodology. Land use classification was worked out using remote sensing images in three different periods (1986-1988, 2000-2001 and 2004-2006) for these studied case areas before the calculation of the constituent diversity index and spatial distribution diversity index modified after Shannon entropy in 2 km×2 km grid scale of the soil and land use pattern were conducted and then a connection index was proposed to evaluate the relationship between soil and land use diversity. Results show that during the years from 1986 to 2006, the composition and spatial distribution of regional land use pattern had changed greatly. The agricultural land area of all the studied case areas decreased obviously in which Nanjing has the highest decrement of 895.98 km 2 mainly into urban use while the other land use type area changes show the same trend. The connection index of four typical soil family types and typical urban land use types, i.e., urban construction land, transportation land and industrial and mining area all increased in this period. In the studied case areas, there is the highest soil constituent diversity in Zhengzhou at 0.779 while the simplest soil constituent diversity in Rugao at 0.582. Meanwhile we have higher land use diversity in the more urbanized Jiangsu Province than Henan Province, Nanjing is ranking the first that has been getting higher and higher in the three periods at 0.366 in 1986-1988, 0.483 in 2000-2001 and 0.545 in 2004-2006. Finally, the connection index figures to evaluate the relationship between soil and land use diversity of the studied areas were compared to show the similar phenomenon that this figure grows fastest in Nanjing followed by Zhengzhou and other places.     

厦门岛城市空间扩张特征及其影响因素

Most of the world’s cities are concentrated in coastal areas. As a special geographical component of the coastal system, island urban spatial expansion is the outcome of interactions between city development and the physical environment. This paper takes Xiamen Island, located in Southeastern China, as an example to analyze island urban spatial expansion and its determinants by combining an analysis of the literature on urban development policies, urban overall plans, population growth and industrial development, with geographical information analysis using historical maps and remote sensing photographs. Firstly, we reviewed the history of the Xiamen City development during the last 100 years, which can be divided into four periods: the embryonic modern city and early development from 1908 to 1949; administrative boundary expansion and infrastructure development from 1950 to 1979; special economic zone construction and rapid urbanization from 1980 to 2003; and Bay City construction since 2003. The dynamic changes to the coastline, island shape, built-up area, transportation, administrative division, and major land use type conversion which occurred during approximately the past 100 years were analyzed and the characteristics of the island urban spatial expansion were concluded: early expansion from a central point, followed by expansion along a section of coastline, and expansion from the coastline inland. Secondly, we discussed the potential determinants of island urban spatial expansion including administrative division adjustment, urban master planning revision, industrial development, topographical factors, coastal area reclamation, transportation expansion, and population growth. Finally, the effects of each potential determinant on island urban spatial expansion were concluded. Island urban spatial expansion is the result of a synthesis of natural and socio-economic factors which are not independent but interacting. Built-up area expansion is the major driver of island land cover and land use changes. By this paper, we hope to provide a scientific reference contributing to the rational understanding of island and coastal sustainable urbanization in China, and the world beyond.     

基于景观生态学和马尔可夫模型的日本北九州土地利用分析

Based on four phases of TM images acquired in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, this paper took Kitakyushu in Japan as a case study to analyze spatial change of land use landscape and corresponding effects on environmental issues guided by landscape ecology theory in virtue of combining technology of Remote Sensing with GIS. Firstly, land use types were divided into 6 classes （farmland, mountain, forestland, water body, urban land and unused land） according to national classification standard of land use, comprehensible ability of TM image and purpose of this study. Secondly, following the theory of landscape ecology analysis, 11 typical landscape indices were abstracted to evaluate the environmental effects and spatial feature changes of land use. Research results indicated that land use has grown more and more diversified and unbalanced, human activities have disturbed the landscape more seriously. Finally, transfer matrix of Markov was applied to forecast change process of land use in the future different periods, and then potential land use changes were also simulated from 2010 to 2050. Results showed that conversion tendency for all types of land use in Kitakyushu into urban construction land were enhanced. The study was anticipated to help local authorities better understand and address a complex land use system, and develop improved land use management strategies that could better balance urban expansion and ecological conservation.     

Coordinated development efficiency between cultivated land spatial morphology and agricultural economy in underdeveloped areas in China: Evidence from western Hubei province

Suitable spatial morphology of cultivated land is a basic requirement for sustaining agricultural economic development in mountainous areas. Coordinated development efficiency of cultivated land spatial morphology and agricultural economy(CECA) is of great practical significance to measure the efficiency of cultivated land use, and thereby promote regional rural revitalization. However, few studies to date have focused on coordinated development efficiency between cultivated land use and agricul...     

Impact of land use change on soil resources in the peri-urban area of Suzhou city

The Yangtze delta area is among the fastest developing areas in China. Here there are mega-cities like Shanghai, Nanjing and the attached urban areas of different sizes including those along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River from Shanghai up to Nanjing as well as their satellite cities and towns, forming one of the most densely distributed urban areas in China. This is a case study done in Suzhou city at the center of the Yangtze delta to reflect the impact of urban sprawl on soil resources using satellite images and digital soil databases. The extent of the developed land in the studied area and the impact of development on soil resources at 1:100,000 scale are estimated and the soil types impacted most by urbanization development are determined through overlaying the soil map on the satellite images (Landsat-7) of the studied area at different times (1984, 1995, 2000 and 2003). The methodology for this study consists of analyzing data resulting from using a geographic information system (GIS) to combine urban land use maps of different times derived from satellite images with data on soil characteristics contained in the established soil databases by which some results come into being to present the fast expanding trend of urbanization in the Yangtze delta area, the urban spread and the soils occupied by the urbanization process, and also the quality of the occupied soils.     

基于土地集约利用的长株潭城市群建设用地供需仿真模拟（英文）

Urban land intensive use is an important indicator in harmonizing the relationship between land supply and demand. The system dynamics(SD) can be used to construct the feedback loop between urban construction land supply and demand and index variable function. Based on this, this study built a supply and demand system dynamic model of urban construction land for Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration. This model can simulate the change trends of supply and demand of construction land, industrial land, and residential land in 2016–2030 by three scenarios of low, medium, and high intensity modes. The results showed that the scale of construction land of urban agglomeration is expanding, with a rapid increase rate for the urban construction land. The scale and speed of land use based on the three intensity modes existed differences. The large scale and supply of construction land in the low intensity mode caused easily the waste of land resources. In high intensity mode, the scale and supply of construction land were reduced against the healthy development of new-type urbanization. In the medium intensity mode, the scale and supply of land use adapted to the socio-economic development and at the same time reflected the concept of modern urban development. In addition, the results of this study found that the proportion of industrial land in construction land ranged from 15% to 21%, which increased year by year in the low intensity mode, and decreased slowly and stabilized in medium and high intensity modes. The proportion of residential land in construction land ranged from 27% to 35%, which decreased in the low and the medium intensity modes, and maintained a high level in the higher intensity mode. This study contributes to provide scientific reference for decision-making optimization of land supply and demand, urban planning, and land supply-side reform.     

2005-2014年长江经济带城镇化效率时空格局特征（英文）

The question of how to generate maximum socio-economic benefits while at the same time minimizing input from urban land resources lies at the core of regional ecological civilization construction.We apply stochastic frontier analysis(SFA)in this study to municipal input-output data for the period between 2005 and 2014 to evaluate the urbanization efficiency of 110 cities within the Yangtze River Economic Belt(YREB)and then further assess the spatial association characteristics of these values.The results of this study initially reveal that the urbanization efficiency of the YREB increased from 0.34 to 0.53 between 2005 and2014,a significant growth at a cumulative rate of 54.07%.Data show that the efficiency growth rate of cities within the upper reaches of the Yangtze River has been faster than that of their counterparts in the middle and lower reaches,and that there is also a great deal of additional potential for growth in urbanization efficiency across the whole area.Secondly,results show that urbanization efficiency conforms to a"bar-like"distribution across the whole area,gradually decreasing from the east to the west.This trend highlights great intra-provincial differences,but also striking inter-provincial variation within the upper,middle,and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The total urbanization efficiency of cities within the lower reaches of the river has been the highest,followed successively by those within the middle and upper reaches.Finally,values for Moran’s I within this area remained higher than zero over the study period and have increased annually;this result indicates a positive spatial correlation between the urbanization efficiency of cities and annual increments in agglomeration level.Our use of the local indicators of spatial association(LISA)statistic has enabled us to quantify characteristics of"small agglomeration and large dispersion".Thus,"high-high" (H-H)agglomeration areas can be seen to have spread outwards from around Zhejiang Province and the city of Shanghai,while areas characterized by"low-low"(L-L)patterns are mainly concentrated in the north of Anhui Province and in Sichuan Province.The framework and results of this research are of considerable significance to our understanding of both land use sustainability and balanced development.     

Land use change and its ecological effect in Qian＇an County of Jilin Province

Based on GIS and statistical methods, with the help of searching historical literatures and calculating the landscape indices, the land use changes of Qian‘an County in both spatial and temporal aspects from 1945 to 1996 has been analyzed in this paper. And the driving forces of land use changes and their ecological effects are discussed too. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) Land use changed greatly in Qian‘an during 1945-1996, characterized by a decrease in grassland, wetland and water bodies, and an increase in cultivated land, saline-alkali land, and the land for housing and other construction purposes. Grassland decreased by 175,828.66 ha, and cultivated land increased by 102,137.23 ha over the half century. Accordingly, the main landscape type changed from a steppe landscape to a managed agricultural ecosystem. (2) Results of correlation analysis show that the land use change in the study area was mainly driven by the socioeconomic factors. (3) The ecological effects of land use change in the area are characterized by serious salinization, degression of soil fertility and the weakening, of landscaoe suitability.     

Measuring urban sprawl in Beijing with geo-spatial indices

Concerning about the rapid urban growth in recent China, this study takes Beijing as a case and puts forward that urban sprawl can be measured from spatial configuration, urban growth efficiency and external impacts, and then develops a geo-spatial indices system for measuring sprawl, a total of 13 indicators. In order to calculate these indices, different sources data are selected, including land use maps, former land use planning, land price and floor-area-ratio samples, digitized map of the highways and city centers, population and GDP statistical data, etc. Various GIS spatial analysis methods are used to spatialize these indices into 100m×100m cells. Besides, an integrated urban sprawl index is calculated by weight sum of these 13 indices. The application result indicates that geo-spatial indices system can capture most of the typical features and interior differentia of urban sprawl. Construction land in Beijing has kept fast growing with large amount, low efficiency and disordered spatial con-figuration, indicating a typical sprawling tendency. The following specific sprawl features are identified by each indicator: (1) typical spatial configuration of sprawling: obvious fragmenta-tion and irregularity of landscape due to unsuccessful enforcement of land use planning, unadvisable pattern of typical discontinuous development, strip development and leapfrog development; (2) low efficiency of sprawl: low development density, low population density and economic output in newly developed area; and (3) negative impacts on agriculture, en-vironment and city life. According to the integrated sprawl index, the sprawling amount in the northern part is larger than that in the southern, but the sprawling extent is in converse case; most sprawling area include the marginal area of the near suburbs and the area between highways, etc. Four sprawling patterns are identified: randomly expansion at urban fringe, strip development along or between highways, scattered development of industrial land, leapfrog development of urban residence and industrial area.     

北京城市蔓延的测度与分析

针对现阶段我国城市用地快速扩张和无序蔓延的现实问题, 以北京市在1996~2004 年期间的城市扩展作为研究案例, 提出可以从城市扩展形态、扩展效率和外部影响等三个方面来判识城市蔓延现象, 并提出基于地理空间指标体系的城市蔓延测度方法, 主要由涉及人口、经济、土地利用、农业、环境和城市生活等方面的13 项指标所组成。实证分析结果表明, 该方法可以有效地测度和量化研究区城市蔓延的特征: ① 建设用地斑块具有明显的破碎化和不规则化趋势, 缺乏良好的规划控制, 不连续开发、条带式开发和跳跃式开发特征明显, 扩展形态不尽合理; ② 新增建设用地的建设密度和容积率较低, 并且新增用地的人口密度和经济产出水平均低于原有用地绩效, 扩展效率不高; ③ 城市蔓延占用大量的耕地和开敞空间、加重了交通负担, 对农业、环境和城市生活存在显著的负面影响。     

2000-2009年长春、吉林城市蔓延特征、效应与驱动力比较研究

经济核心区是国家和地区经济增长、城市化发展的主要空间,也是城市蔓延最为严峻的区域。长(春)吉(林)一体化地区是中国图们江区域合作开发开放的先导区和东北地区的粮食主产区,肩负着“经济增长”、“人口城镇化”和“粮食安全”等多重责任。基于2000、2005、2009年的遥感图像和相关年份的统计年鉴,结合GIS和SPSS统计工具,对长、吉城市蔓延的程度、方式、效应与驱动力因子进行了比较分析。结果表明:用地扩展水平上长春市明显强于吉林市,且吉林市还表现出明显的阶段性特征;蔓延程度上,两市都表现出集约度低下、蔓延程度大的特性;蔓延方式上,长春市以“近域推进”式蔓延为主,吉林市以“轴带扩展”式蔓延为主;蔓延效应上,都带来了一系列负面效应,但长春市程度要重;在蔓延驱动力上,工业化和投资拉动是两者共同的主导影响因子,带有明显的政府导向性特征。文中提倡城市内部土地节约集约利用、区际培育城市群以形成合理的城市规模。     

北京市城区扩展的空间格局与影响因素

2000年以来北京市持续推进产业结构升级,由此引发了经济活动的空间重构,伴随着住宅郊区化、职住分离以及交通基础设施的配套建设,将引起新一轮城市空间扩展。构建顾及综合可达性因素、邻域因素、自然因素、规划因素以及社会经济因素的城市空间扩展模型,分析诊断北京城区扩展进程中的主要影响因素及问题,从而为指导与管治北京市城市空间的有序扩展提供科学支撑。研究表明：① 综合交通静态可达性（单一年份）与城市扩展呈显著负相关;综合交通动态可达性（年份之间的可达性变化）则在引导北京市城市空间发展方面并无显著影响。② 邻域建设用地百分比与城市扩展呈正相关,而农用地、林业用地及水域用地的比例将减少土地开发的概率。③ 城市总体规划在指导城市空间扩展的纲领性地位逐渐受到重视,其对城区扩展的影响程度最为显著。④ 常住人口的分布现状、第二产业企业数量、第三产业企业数量分布现状对土地开发无显著影响。⑤ 认为北京市静态可达性与土地利用变化呈负相关,即可达性条件较差的地区,土地开发的可能性越小,这与北京市“摊大饼式”空间蔓延和居住郊区化的发展现实相符;北京市动态可达性与土地利用变化亦呈负相关,表明可达性提高程度越大的区域并不一定带来更高的土地开发几率,这从侧面传递了沿着既有建成区进行土地扩展的概率远远大于由于诸如轨道交通建设而带来可达性极大改善区域的概率。因此,重视与发挥综合交通动态可达性指标对城市扩展的引导作用,将是有效破解城市蔓延式扩张、优化城市扩展的重要手段。     

Spatial patterns of urban land use growth in Beijing

By using digitized land use maps of Beijing in 1982, 1992 and 1997 and employing GIS spatial analysis techniques, this paper conducts an empirical study on the spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of urban land use growth in Beijing in the period of 1982–1997. It is observed that urban land use growth in Beijing went beyond the control of urban planning, in terms of the extraordinary high growth rate and undesired spatial pattern. The rate of urban expansion after 1982, which was predominated by growth of industrial land, was extraordinary high compared to its historical period. While its growth centers have been actively shifting toward the northern part, rather than toward the southern and eastern parts as designated by the latest General Plan (1991–2010) of Beijing, its spatial pattern of urban land use growth in general was in distinct concentric sprawl, which seriously violated the General Plan of Beijing.     

基于建筑物空间特征的北京市城市空间结构及其机制分析

定量研究城市空间结构特征是城市地理学研究的核心内容。基于建筑物空间结构特征的分析,研究北京市城市结构特征及变化规律。根据建筑物空间结构的特点设计了一种城市结构的“向量”模型,利用行政区划、同心圆区划和扇形区划三种不同分区数据分别分析北京城市建设中心、城市建设方向和城市建设强度。结果表明,本文的方法能够很好的刻画出北京市城市结构的空间形态及其变化规律：① 北京市城市建设由于城市功能扩散及积聚作用的影响呈现内城向外城扩张建设、外城向内城积聚建设的单方向推进发展特征;② 由于重大事件的影响,单方向推进会变化方向发生调头发展或者多次迂回发展,形成北京市城市结构的多重形态;③ 北京城市蔓延区的产生原因不仅仅是城市功能的扩张,也是由于外延区县城市功能向城市中心集聚造成的;④ 北京城市空中扩展是伴随着城市平面扩张同时进行的,并且其空中扩展的地带也在向城市外延发展;⑤ 北京的“双轴”结构已经确立,然而“东西轴”比“南北轴”要更为成熟。同时,北京市城市发展在方向上的差异正在减弱,呈现均衡的发展态势。     

Spatial patterns of urban land use growth in Beijing

By using digitized land use maps of Beijing in 1982, 1992 and 1997 and employing GIS spatial analysis techniques, this paper conducts an empirical study on the spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of urban land use growth in Beijing in the period of 1982-1997. It is observed that urban land use growth in Beijing went beyond the control of urban planning, in terms of the extraordinary high growth rate and undesired spatial pattern. The rate of urban expansion after 1982, which was predominated by growth of industrial land, was extraordinary high compared to its historical period. While its growth centers have been actively shifting toward the northern part, rather than toward the southern and eastern parts as designated by the latest General Plan (1991-2010) of Beijing, its spatial pattern of urban land use growth in general was in distinct concentric sprawl, which seriously violated the General Plan of Beijing.     

北京住宅郊区化与就业空间错位

北京从20 世纪80 年代末开始出现郊区化,其住宅郊区化特点尤为突出。北京市住宅郊区化的驱动力与西方城市的郊区化相比既有相似之处又有明显差异,相似之处是：都是城市化水平不断提高与社会进步的必然结果,以及土地有偿使用制度的实施和城市规划的引导; 不同之处在于北京的住宅郊区化是一种被动的郊区化,居民本身并不想离开市区,但是旧城改造与市区内高昂的房价迫使居民不得不到郊区购房。随着住宅郊区化的大规模发展,北京也出现了居住与就业的空间错位问题,这种空间错位虽然与美国郊区化过程中空间错位有许多不同之处,但在本质上是一致的,都是出现居住与就业的空间分离,造成低收入阶层通勤的时间成本与经济成本增加,导致交通拥挤、社会隔离等社会问题。     

深圳快速城市化地区公路沿线土地利用空间集聚

以2005 年深圳市主要公路沿线6 类城市建设用地为研究对象, 基于景观格局指数和空间数据挖掘(SDM) 中的空间关联规则, 研究不同缓冲带内其建设用地单一类型、相邻类型及组合类型的空间聚集特征。结果表明: 主要公路两侧以工业用地为主, “三来一补”、“三 资”企业为主体的外向型乡镇企业加快了特区外的农村城市化进程; 城市公共设施、教育和医疗卫生用地缺乏, 一定程度上妨碍了城市经济功能的协调; 单一类型建设用地景观分异特征趋向于距公路越远, 出现频率越小, 且随着逐渐远离公路线出现了若干次级集中区, 距公路500-1000 m 可作为识别该次级中心的特征带; 两类建设用地之间的空间邻近分布特征表 明, 以各类建设用地为中心与其他类建设用地在公路线附近均表现邻近, 沿线附近和较远距离上随工业用地出现峰值, 同时出现其周围住宅用地的聚集, 特区外该类现象尤为明显; 土地利用组合特征表明各类建设用地均呈很强的空间自相关性, 其中以各类建设用地与工业用 地的组合尤为普遍, 体现了研究区尤其是特区外主要工业承载区中经济活动空间以工业区为 中心的集群效应。     

2000–2015年京津走廊耕地和建设用地变化监测研究（英文）

Rapid peri-urbanization has become a new challenge for sustainable urban-rural development worldwide. To clarify how unprecedented urban sprawl at the metropolitan fringe impacts urban-rural landscape, this study took the Beijing-Tianjin corridor of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area, one of the largest urban clusters in China, as a typical example. By using Landsat-based landscape metrics and a practical methodology, we investigated the landscape changes and discussed the potential reasons in the context of rapid peri-urbanization of China. Specifically, multi-temporal land use maps derived from Landsat images were used to calculate landscape metrics and analyze their characteristics along the urban-rural gradients. The practical methodology was used to monitor spatio-temporal characteristics of landscape change in large metropolitan areas. The results showed that landscape patterns in the area had changed greatly from 2000 to 2015 with characteristics of construction land sprawl and arable land shrinkage. The intensity and scale of landscape changes varied along the urban-rural gradients. Sampled plots in urbanized areas and rural areas demonstrated distinguishable landscape patterns and significant differences. Urban areas had more heterogeneous and fragmented landscapes than rural areas. Peri-urban areas in general experienced higher levels of land diversification than rural areas. Rural residential land appeared to be more aggregated near Beijing and Tianjin cities. Besides, our findings also indicated that urban expansion was largely responsible for landscape patterns.The findings of this study potentially provide strategical insights into landscape planning around mega cities and sustainable coordinated urban-rural development.