氧含量及附着面积对海洋底栖硅藻生长和胞外多聚物的影响

胞外多聚物(extracellular polymeric substance, EPS)是海洋底栖硅藻在水下表面附着时分泌的物质,环境因素对胞外多聚物的组成和分泌行为有直接影响,本文重点探讨了氧含量和附着面积对胞外多聚物的影响。采用热溶剂浸提法提取硅藻胞外多聚物,利用苯酚-硫酸法定量其中的多糖成分,利用考马斯亮蓝G-250法定量蛋白质成分,通过血球计数板法和紫外分光光度法计算细胞数量。结果表明,在氧含量高、可附着面积大的条件下,硅藻的生长繁殖速率快,且单个细胞的胞外多聚物分泌量大。氧含量对胞外多聚物主要成分中的水溶性多糖含量影响大,而对其余成分含量影响小。可附着面积对硅藻附着和生长的影响比氧含量影响小。     

盐度和pH对底栖硅藻胞外多聚物的影响

研究了盐度和pH值对底栖硅藻新月筒柱藻(Cylindrotheca closterium(Ehr.)Reimannet Lewin)增殖、蛋白质含量和胞外多聚物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)的影响.结果表明新月筒柱藻最适生长的盐度和pH值分别是15和8,属半咸水性生活.高盐度(>15)和低pH值(相似文献   

爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种(Achnanthes javanica var.Meister)胞外多聚物分泌过程及除草剂的影响研究

采用微孔板培养法,研究了爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种胞外多聚物的分泌过程及除草剂对该过程的影响。结果表明,爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种胞外多聚物的分泌过程分为4期即单细胞形成及重新定位期、球状体形成期、领形成和柄延伸期及细胞分裂增殖期。除草剂对胞外多聚物分泌的影响与其浓度有关当除草剂浓度为10×10-6时,除草剂对爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种单细胞的形成和运动没有影响,但胞外多聚物柄的生产受到抑制,柄的长度也明显缩短;随着除草剂浓度的进一步增加,群体细胞不能散开形成单细胞,胞外多聚物的分泌受到完全抑制。本研究结果表明,爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种胞外多聚物的分泌与细胞运动有关,除草剂可能影响了细胞内有机物质的合成和某些细胞器(如囊泡)的功能,从而抑制了胞外多聚物的分泌。     

硅藻粘附性EPS提取方法的比较研究

底栖硅藻是可见光能照射到的水下表面生物膜中的主要污损生物,胞外多聚物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)是硅藻生物膜形成和发育过程中的关键物质,可溶性EPS和粘附性EPS的提取方法不同,对粘附性EPS的分离提取仍没有统一的方法。本研究选用了4种方法提取底栖硅藻(Amphora sp.)粘附性EPS:30℃水浴处理、70℃水浴处理、福尔马林-NaOH处理和阳离子交换树脂处理,研究了不同分离方法条件下,Amphora sp.粘附性EPS中各主要成分的提取量。结果表明,粘附性EPS中各主要成分普遍受提取方法的影响,其中DNA含量变化幅度最大,其次是蛋白质、总糖和糖醛酸含量,硫酸基含量受提取方法的影响最小。低温水浴处理提取效率低,高温水浴处理可能影响EPS的后续分析,阳离子交换树脂提取粘附性EPS的效果较好,但对细胞的破坏最严重,福尔马林-NaOH处理提取的EPS总量最高,提取总糖、糖醛酸的效果最好,而且没有造成严重的细胞破裂。因此福尔马林-Na OH处理是相对均衡和高效的提取硅藻粘附性EPS的方法。     

盐度和营养限制对盐田底栖硅藻披针舟形藻生长及胞外多糖产率的影响

从台南盐场藻垫中分离得到底栖硅藻披针舟形藻(Navicula lanceolata),该藻生长的最适盐度是1.6% NaCl.在最适盐度之上,随着盐度增大,藻细胞生长受到轻微抑制.氮磷营养限制条件下披针舟形藻生长受到严重抑制,氮营养限制比磷营养限制对藻生长的抑制作用更显著.高盐度和氮磷营养限制条件下,披针舟形藻胞外多糖(EPS)产率都明显增加,氮营养限制比磷营养限制对EPS产率的促进作用更显著.这表明在盐田高盐和氮磷营养限制条件下披针舟形藻产生更多的EPS,有利于藻垫的形成和稳定.     

营养盐水平对四种海洋浮游硅藻胞外多糖产量的影响

4种海洋浮游硅藻(牟勒氏角毛藻、海链藻、三角褐指藻和新月菱形藻)培养在改进的f／2培养基中，研究了不同氮、磷和硅营养水平对它们胞外多糖产量的影响．结果表明，硅藻胞外多糖的生产和释放具有种间特异性，角毛藻和海链藻胞外多糖的生产和释放主要在静止期，而三角褐指藻和新月菱形藻在指数生长期前期和静止期都能生产和分泌较高的胞外多糖；培养液中低浓度磷减少了4种硅藻在静止期胞外多糖的产量，但增加了角毛藻在生长期前期胞外多糖的产量；氮浓度的降低增加了三角褐指藻在指数生长前期胞外多糖的产量，但减少了其他3种藻类胞外多糖的产量；硅浓度的降低对4种硅藻胞外多糖的产量影响不大，在一定程度上还促进了静止期胞外多糖的生产．本研究表明，营养盐水平对硅藻胞外多糖生产的影响因种类和细胞所处生长期不同而存在着很大的差异．     

东海PN断面透明胞外聚合颗粒物分布特征及来源研究

透明胞外聚合颗粒物（TEP）是凝聚网的重要组成部分甚至核心，在微尺度范围上形成了水环境结构的重要梯度，对于元素地球化学生物循环、碳沉降以及食物网有着举足轻重的作用。本文研究了东海典型断面PN透明胞外聚合颗粒物的分布特征及来源。结果表明:东海典型断面PN透明胞外聚合颗粒物含量介于28~376 μg Xeq./L之间，平均值为（115±67）μg Xeq./L；呈现出明显的夏季 > 冬季 > 秋季 > 春季的季节变化特征以及近岸 > 外海和底层 > 表层的分布趋势。通过对比透明胞外聚合颗粒物分布趋势和硅藻、甲藻分布趋势以及统计分析得出，东海典型断面PN透明胞外聚合颗粒物主要来源于硅藻，甲藻贡献不大；而外海TEP的来源可能主要由超微型浮游植物贡献。     

氮磷硅对咖啡双眉藻和缢缩菱形藻繁殖速度和油脂积累的影响

采用光密度法和尼罗红染色法,探索了氮、磷、硅对从温州海区分离出的底栖硅藻咖啡双眉藻(Amphora coffeaeformis)和缢缩菱形藻(Nitzschia constricta)的繁殖速度和油脂积累的影响。结果显示,2种底栖藻在NO3-N质量浓度为1.746 mg/L时,细胞均不繁殖,且在实验第7天开始死亡,当NO3-N质量浓度再升高后,细胞繁殖速度开始加快,质量浓度达8.820 mg/L后,藻细胞的繁殖速度不再明显加快;2种藻类的繁殖速度均随H2PO4-P质量浓度升高而加快,但当质量浓度达到0.884 mg/L后,藻细胞的繁殖速度不再明显加快;2种底栖藻类均随Si O3-Si质量浓度增加而加快,但质量浓度对2种底栖硅藻细胞繁殖速度影响并不显著。3种元素对2种底栖硅藻繁殖速度的影响力:NPSi。实验期间,2种底栖硅藻的油脂含量均呈先降后升的变化规律,油脂的积累主要集中在实验后期,氮磷硅限制均能促进2种底栖硅藻细胞油脂的积累,对2种硅藻细胞油脂积累的影响程度,氮限制比磷和硅限制都要大。     

双环海链藻(Thalassiosira diporocyclus Hasle)赤潮

20 0 1— 2 0 0 2年的秋冬季节 ,于中国东南沿海的南澳岛周围海域突发了双环海链藻赤潮 ,该赤潮藻及其赤潮在中国都是首次记录。该赤潮藻以实心胶质块的群体形式出现 ,其群体一般呈球形或椭球形 ,常为茶褐色 ,大小不一 ,直径多数在 2— 3mm之间 ,最小的不到 0 1mm ,最大的约有 5mm。胶质块由双环海链藻和数种羽纹硅藻组成 ,前者分布于外层 ,后者包埋其中。双环海链藻的细胞密度最大达 1 75× 10 7cells/L ,占浮游植物总细胞数的 78 8%。如把包埋其中的羽纹硅藻考虑进去 ,赤潮藻胶质块的组成细胞总密度则高达 2 2 8× 10 7cells/L以上 ,占浮游植物总细胞数的 95 9%。赤潮藻的密度由湾内向外海呈显著递减趋势 ,与营养盐的平面分布格局相反。该赤潮起源于外海 ,赤潮发生机制可能与 2 0 0 1— 2 0 0 2厄尔尼诺年导致的水温异常升高有关。     

一株抗硅藻附着的海绵附生菌的鉴定及发酵条件优化

为了从海绵共附生微生物中寻找天然高效抗污损活性物质,本文针对前期研究获取的4株具有显著抗硅藻附着的活性菌株进行活性验证和比较,选出其中最优菌株进行菌种鉴定及发酵条件优化.比较了活性菌株对小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium)、咖啡双眉藻(Amphora coffeaeformis)、碎片菱形藻(Nitzschia frustulum)附着的抑制活性,确定菌株UST050418-715为最优菌株;通过16S r DNA的测序分析,结合平板的菌落形态和扫描电镜下菌体特征,鉴定活性菌株UST050418-715为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus).为优化该菌株的培养条件,选择了酵母粉、蛋白胨、Na Cl、p H值进行四因素三水平的正交实验,对菌株培养条件进行优化.发现选择的4个因素对应的菌株发酵产物对硅藻附着的抑制活性大小不同,影响显著性顺序是酵母粉蛋白胨Na Clp H值,综合菌株发酵产物活性、粗提物产量和菌株生长情况进行分析,确定菌株UST050418-715基于海洋2216E培养基的最佳发酵条件为:蛋白胨含量7.5 g/dm3,酵母粉含量3 g/dm3,Na Cl含量10.45 g/dm3,p H值9.5.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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