桐柏-大别造山带高压变质单元岩石Pb同位素组成

铅同位素组成对于研究构造分区与演化、块体相互作用以及识别地壳中不同块体的上、下层次关系等具有重要意义.桐柏-大别造山带高压变质单元岩石的全岩Pb同位素组成研究表明, 在该造山带不同区段, 高压变质岩系二云钠长片麻岩与榴辉岩具有相似的Pb同位素组成, 表现为上部地壳高放射成因的Pb同位素组成特征, 其中Pb同位素组成为: 206Pb/204Pb=17.599~18.310, 207Pb/204Pb=15.318~15.615, 208Pb/204Pb=37.968~39.143.大别和桐柏地区高压变质岩系Pb同位素组成的一致性进一步证明了大别地区与桐柏地区的高压变质岩系是可以相连的, 它们应属于同一构造单元.高压变质岩系Pb同位素比值总体高于超高压变质岩系, 验证了桐柏-大别造山带扬子俯冲陆壳从下部岩系到上部岩系Pb同位素比值呈规律增长这一Pb同位素化学特征.侵入于高压变质岩系中的面理化(含榴)花岗岩, 其Pb同位素组成与高压变质岩系相比相对较低, 而与超高压变质岩系及其中的面理化(含榴)花岗岩相似, 为: 206Pb/204Pb=17.128~17.434, 207Pb/204Pb=15.313~15.422, 208Pb/204Pb=37.631~38.122.这表明高压变质岩系和超高压变质岩系中的面理化(含榴)花岗岩具有相同的岩浆来源.结合面理化(含榴)花岗岩具有A型花岗岩的地球化学特征分析, 它们的岩浆物质可能来自超高压变质岩折返至中下地壳的减压退变和部分熔融.      

Pb Isotope Mapping in the Tongbai-Dabie Orogenic Belt, Central China

Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt in Central China is a part of the collisional belt between the Yangtze and North China cratons. It represents one of the most extensive ultrahigh-pressure （UHP） and high-pressure （HP） metamorphic rocks in the world. The Pb isotope mapping in this area is a significant method to constrain the crustal structure and tectonic evolution and to identify the tectonic boundaries within the vertical tectonic stack. Based on the Pb isotope compositions of the Dabie complex （DBC）, the Tongbai complex （TBC）, UHP and HP metamorphic rocks and associated foliated granites, the lower metamorphosed rocks from North Huaiyang （NHY） tectonic belt, and Cretaceous granites in the Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt, we determined the Pb isotope geochemical map of the Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt. The Pb isotope map shows that the Pb isotope compositions are similar within each geological body or lithotectonic unit, but the Pb isotope compositions of different lithotectonic units show systematic variations in the Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt. The NHY tectonic belt contrasts strongly with the Tongbai-Dabie UHP.HP metamorphic belt in Pb isotope compositions. It is suggested that the line along the Xiaotian-Mozitan fault, the north limit of the Tongbai-Dabie UHP and HP metamorphic rocks, represents an important tectonic boundary. Within the Tongbai-Dabie HP -UHP metamorphic belt, to the south of Xiaotian-Mozitan fault, the vertical variations of Pb isotope compositions in different lithotectonic units and the spatial relationship among different major lithotectonic units have been constrained.     

西秦岭党川地区花岗岩的成因及其构造意义

对西秦岭造山带党川地区的党川花岗岩和石门花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成的研究.结果表明, 党川花岗岩和石门花岗岩的岩浆结晶年龄分别为438±3Ma和220±2Ma.在岩石地球化学特征上, 党川花岗岩类似于C-型埃达克质岩石, 岩浆产生于增厚地壳物质的部分熔融, 而石门花岗岩类似于普通的地壳深熔型花岗岩.党川花岗岩的I_Sr=0.70660~0.70929, ε_Nd (t) =-2.24~-4.48;石门花岗岩的I_Sr=0.70581~0.70804, ε_Nd (t) =-3.73~-4.72.Sr-Nd同位素组成进一步指示它们的岩浆派生于地壳物质.然而, 在Pb同位素组成上, 党川花岗岩和石门花岗岩存在着明显的差异.党川花岗岩以相对富放射成因Pb同位素组成为特征, 初始Pb同位素比值为: 206Pb/204Pb=18.288~18.484, 207Pb/204Pb=15.677~15.693, 208Pb/204Pb=38.182~38.283;而石门花岗岩以相对低的放射成因Pb同位素组成为特征, 初始Pb同位素比值为: 206Pb/204Pb=17.989~18.189, 207Pb/204Pb=15.560~15.567, 208Pb/204Pb=37.982~38.000.这表明党川花岗岩和石门花岗岩的岩浆来自于不同地壳物质的部分熔融.区域分析表明, 西秦岭党川地区中古生代和早中生代的岩浆事件、岩石成因机制及岩浆源区均可与东秦岭地区北秦岭构造单元相对比, 由此说明西秦岭党川地区是东秦岭地区北秦岭构造单元的西延, 并且东秦岭地区早中生代南秦岭块体向北秦岭块体的大陆俯冲作用向西一直延至到西秦岭地区.      

从Pb同位素组成看东秦岭官坡超高压变质岩片的走势

通过研究表明,东秦岭官坡超高压变质岩片具有较高的放射性成因铅同位素组成：^206Pb／^204Pb=18．089～18．772,^207Pb／^204Pb=15．571～15．631,^208Pb／^204Pb=38．299～38．829。其铅同位素组成与秦岭岩群及二郎岩坪群一致,而与大别超高压变质带有明显的区别。结合构造分析可以判断,东秦岭超高压变质带与大别超高压变质带是两个不同的构造带,中央造山带内可能至少发育有两条超高压变质带。     

Major Constituents of the Dabie Collisional Orogenic Belt and Partial Melting in the Ultrahigh-Pressure Unit

The present constitution and architecture of the Dabieshan orogenic belt is the combined result of Triassic subduction collision, extensional tectonics postdating the HP and UHP metamorphism, and thermo-tectonic evolution in Mesozoic-Cenozoic time. In addition to Yanshanian and post-Yan-shanian magmatic intrusion, volcanic eruption, and basin deposition, lithotectonic constituents of the Dabie orogenic belt consist mainly of a core complex (CC) unit, an UHP unit, an HP unit, an epidote-blueschist (EBS) unit, and a sedimentary cover (SC) unit. Minor mafic-ultramafic plutons were intruded into or preserved within the CC, UHP, HP, or EBS units. Slices of UHP, HP, and EBS units are progressively sandwiched between the underlying core complex and the overlying sedimentary cover. The distribution of lithotectonic units is controlled by an extensional tectonic framework, which postdates the collisional event. The tectonic pattern of the Dabieshan orogenic belt as a whole is characterized by a general doming, with the development of multi-layered detachment zones.

The study of partial melting associated with decompressive retrogression in the UHP unit during exhumation of the eclogites provides us with a better understanding of the relationship between eclogites and the surrounding country rock (socalled UHP gneisses), and the foliated garnet-bearing granites (the non-HP country rocks). It supports the “in situ” interpretation. Anatexis occurred under conditions of amphibolite-facies metamorphism at lower to middle crustal levels. This partial melting associated with decompression is one of the most important physico-chemical processes that postdate the collisional event in the Dabieshan. It signaled the evolution of the deformation regime from compression to extension, and reflected thinning of the continental crust and rapid uplift of UHP metamorphic rocks to middle to lower crustal levels by regional-scale extension.     

Pb and Nd isotopic composition of the Jigongshan granite: constraints on crustal structure of Tongbaishan in the middle part of the Qinling–Tongbai–Dabie orogenic belt, Central China

The Qinling–Dabie–Sulu belt is the world's largest ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt. The UHP metamorphism is well dated at 220–245 Ma in the Dabie–Sulu belt but at 507 Ma in the Qinling belt. The Tongbaishan is located between the Qinling orogenic belt to the west and the Dabie–Sulu UHP metamorphic belt to the east. It is the key area for studying the tectonic relation between the Qinling and Dabie–Sulu belts and the diachronous UHP metamorphism. The Jigongshan granitic pluton (t=128 Ma) with a total area of 1200 km², composed of monzogranite, was mostly emplaced into the Tongbai complex, an exposed basement in the Tongbaishan. The Jigongshan granites have SiO₂=69.85–72.35%, K₂O/Na₂O=0.87–1.13, A/CNK=0.91–1.03, Rb/Sr=0.14–0.25 and Th/U=3.3–12. Their REE compositions show strongly fractionated patterns with (La/Yb)_N=14–58 and Eu*/Eu=0.79–1.05. The granites are characterized by low radiogenic Pb isotopic composition. The present-day whole-rock Pb isotopic ratios are ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=16.707–17.055, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.239–15.326 and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=37.587–37.853, which are similar to that of the continental lower crust. Their _Nd(t) values range from −16 to −20, and depleted-mantle Nd model ages (T_DM) from 1.8 to 2.2 Ga. The above evidence indicates that the magma of the Jigongshan granites was derived from the partial melting of the continental crust. The Pb and Nd isotopic compositions of the Jigongshan granites resemble those of the Dabie core complex in the Dabieshan but are distinct from those of the Tongbai complex in the Tongbaishan. Thus, the Dabie core complex would be the magma source of the Jigongshan granites. The result implies that the Dabie core complex is extended to the west and constitutes the unexposed basement underlaying the Tongbai complex in the Tongbaishan.     

大别山北部榴辉岩的Pb同位素特征

大别山北部榴辉岩的全岩 Pb同位素研究结果表明 ,Pb同位素比值 N(2 0 6 Pb) /N (2 0 4 Pb) =16 .773～ 18.339,N (2 0 7Pb) /N (2 0 4 Pb) =15 .346～ 15 .5 16 ,N (2 0 8Pb) /N (2 0 4 Pb) =37.133～ 38.346 ,平均值分别为 17.6 5 ,15 .4 5和 37.81)明显接近于下地壳成分 N(2 0 6 Pb) /N(2 0 4 Pb) ,N(2 0 7Pb) /N(2 0 4 Pb) ,N(2 0 8Pb) /N(2 0 4 Pb)值分别为 17.6 2 ,15 .35和 38.75 ) ,同时 ,北部榴辉岩的 U /Pb比 (0 .0 0 2～ 0 .0 0 9)及 U质量分数 (0 .0 4× 10 - 6 ～ 0 .2 3× 10 - 6 )稍低于下地壳平均值 ,而 Pb质量分数 (6 .72× 10 - 6～ 2 6 .6 4× 10 - 6 )则接近于或略高于地壳平均值 ,但是 ,U/Pb比则明显偏离上地壳平均值、也不同于大别山南部榴辉岩及有关岩石 (较低的 Pb质量分数和较高的 U/Pb比 )。此外 ,考虑到研究区榴辉岩的岩石地球化学及 Sr,Nd同位素年代学方面研究已证明它们大多数为印支期扬子陆壳俯冲变质成因。由此进一步表明 ,大别山北部榴辉岩的原岩大多数应来自于扬子大陆下地壳。这对正确认识大别山碰撞造山带的构造格局和演化具有重要意义。     

大别山北缘中生代火山—侵入岩铅同位素组成特征及其地质意义

大别山北缘中生代火山－侵入岩的１４个夺铅同位素组成表现为高的非放射性成因＾２０４Ｐｂ,较低的＾２０６Ｐｂ／＾２０４Ｐｂ比值和低且相对一致的＾２０７Ｐｂ／＾２０４Ｐｂ比值,属于明显的低Ｕ／Ｐｂ体系,并暗示它们由具低μ值的源岩衍生的。     

大别造山带和扬子陆块北缘中生代玄武岩铅同位素组成及构造意义

大别造山带在地球化学分区上属于扬子大板块还是华北大板块一直存在争议。近年来，一些学者根据其显生宙矿石铅和花岗岩长石铅（揭示地壳铅）具有低铅同位素成分特征，将大别造山带整体划归华北大板块。本文对大别造山带南部（黄陂、新洲、大悟地区）、腹地（麻城地区）和扬子陆块北缘（黄石地区）晚中生代碱性玄武岩铅同位素组成（揭示地幔铅）研究表明，大别造山带具有高放射性成因铅同位素特征，与扬子铅同位素省中南扬子亚省基本一致。扬子陆块北缘（黄石地区）晚中生代碱性玄武岩铅同位素组成与扬子铅同位素省中北扬子亚省基本一致。铅同位素组成特征和Th-U-Pb体系变异趋势均表明：（1）大别造山带晚中生代地幔属于扬子地幔，与华北地幔存在明显区别；（2）大别造山带壳、幔铅同位素成分上存在明显的非耦合特征，反映大别造山带壳幔演化历史的复杂性。     

滇西花岗岩类 Pb、Sr 同位素组成特征及其基底时代和性质

澜沧江西侧的临沧花岗岩带和怒江以西的腾冲花岗岩带是滇西最主要的两个花岗岩带,它们形成于不同构造环境。Pb、Sr 同位素研究表明,腾冲花岗岩主要来源于1200-2000Ma 的上地壳(或未分异的地壳)物质,同位素组成变化范围较小,说明源区物质组分较均一。临沧带 Pb 同位素组成变化较大,其物源是上地壳、造山带和上地幔不均匀的混合物,基底时代为800-1600Ma。因此,临沧地区和腾冲地区的基底时代和性质不同,应视为两个不同的基底地体。     

大别超高压变质地体四道河地区岩石学研究

对四道河地区超高压变质岩剖面的研究分析显示,该剖面有3种岩石类型:榴辉岩类、片麻岩和面理化含榴花岗岩。榴辉岩具不同程度的退变质现象,呈透镜体状产出于斜长角闪岩、片麻岩和面理化含榴花岗岩中,原生矿物组合为石榴石、绿辉石、柯石英和金红石。榴辉岩退变为斜长角闪岩近于等化学系列;片麻岩在主量成分上与榴辉岩及其退变产物(斜长角闪岩)存在突变关系,但微量元素与榴辉岩有一定的相似性;面理化含榴花岗岩主量元素和微量元素地球化学特点为:富SiO2 、K2 O Na2 O和高价阳离子Ga、Y以及REE ,K2 O/Na2 O值低,贫Al、Ca、Mg、Ti、P ,结合构造环境、同位素及年代学资料分析,其应属于后碰撞造山A型花岗岩。基于以上认识推断:大陆板片俯冲至上地幔经历了超高压变质作用,表壳岩变质形成榴辉岩;当超高压变质岩石折返至中下地壳时发生了强烈的减压退变质作用形成斜长角闪岩,随后,与片麻岩及面理化含榴花岗岩一道从中下地壳向地表进一步折返,并一同经历了后期的变质变形作用。     

The formation of foliated (garnet-bearing) granites in the Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt: partial melting of subducted continental crust during exhumation

Foliated (garnet-bearing) (FGB) granites are associated closely with and are usually the major wall rocks of the high-pressure (HP) and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks in the Tongbai-Dabie region, the mid segment of the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt in central China. These granites appear either as small plutons or as veins, which commonly intrude into or surround the HP and UHP metamorphic eclogites or gneisses. The veins of FGB granites usually penetrate into the retrograded eclogites or gneisses along the foliations. Condensation rims can occasionally be found along the margins of granite veins. These granites are rich in Si and alkali with high Ga/Al ratios, and depleted in Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, Sc, V, Ni, Co, Cr and Sr, which are similar to A-type granites. In a chondrite normalized diagram, the samples are light rare earth elements enriched with different extent of negative Eu anomaly. Moreover, Rb, Nb, Ta, Sr, P and Ti show different degrees of negative anomalies, whereas Ba, K, La, Zr and Hf show positive anomalies in the primitive mantle normalized diagram. Negative anomalies of Eu and Sr indicate strong influence of plagioclase. In conventional discrimination diagrams, these FGB granites belong to the A-type granite, with geochemical characteristics affinitive to post-collisional granites. The εNd (230 Ma) values (−15.80 to −2.52) and T _DM values (1.02–2.07 Ga) suggest that magma for the FGB granites were derived from a heterogeneous crustal source. Therefore, the FGB granites may provide clues for deciphering the formation of post-collisional granites. It is proposed that the magma of the FGB granites both in the HP and UHP units was formed in an extensional tectonic setting slightly post-dating the HP and UHP metamorphism, most likely as a result of decompressional partial melting of UHP retrograded eclogites during exhumation.     

大别山北部卢镇关杂岩的Pb同位素特征及大地构造属性

Pb同位素组成研究表明,卢镇关杂岩中花岗片麻岩的^204Pb为1．366％～1．392％(平均为1．381％)、^206Pb／^204Pb为17．083～17．874(平均为17．463)和^204Pb／^204Pb为38．161～38．794(平均为38．438);斜长角闪岩的^204Pb为1．386％～1．412％(平均1．400％),其^206Pb／^204Pb为17．001～17．492(平均17．227)和^208Pb／^204Pb37．390～38．151(平均37．713)。二者的总平均为：^204Pb1．389％,^204Pb／^204Pb17．362,^208Pb／^204Pb38．127。与北部杂岩带和南部超高压变质带比较,卢镇关杂岩明显类似于南部超高压变质带的Ph同位素组成即表现为贫非放射成因铅和富集放射成因铅,表明它们应属于扬子大陆板块的一部分。考虑到北部杂岩带在地壳结构上应位于南部超高压带之下,以及北大别正片麻岩具有中、下地壳性质而南大别花岗片麻岩则具有上地壳特征。因此,卢镇关杂岩也应属于扬子大陆的上地壳,华北与扬子两个陆块之间的缝合线应在卢镇关杂岩以北。但是,由于在北淮阳带中一直未发现榴辉岩或榴辉岩相岩石等高压一超高压岩石以及有关印支期变质作用记录,说明至少卢镇关杂岩在印支期未卷入深俯冲,大别山的印支期俯冲带应位于卢镇关杂岩的南侧即磨子潭晓天断裂附近,大别山印支期深俯冲应属于扬子板块的陆内俯冲。     

Magnesium isotopic behaviors between metamorphic rocks and their associated leucogranites,and implications for Himalayan orogenesis

Magnesium isotopic compositions, along with new Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data and elemental analyses, are reported for 12 Miocene tourmaline-bearing leucogranites, 15 Eocene two-mica granites and 40 metamorphic rocks to investigate magnesium isotopic behaviors during metamorphic processes and associated magmatism and constrain the tectonic-magmatic-metamorphic evolution of the Himalayan orogeny. The gneisses, granulites and amphibolites represent samples of the Indian lower crust and display large range in δ²⁶Mg from −0.44‰ to −0.09‰ in mafic granulites, −0.44‰ to −0.10‰ in amphibolites, and −0.70‰ to −0.03‰ in granitic gneisses. The average Mg isotopic compositions of the granitic gneisses (−0.19 ± 0.34‰), mafic granulites (−0.22 ± 0.17‰) and amphibolites (−0.25 ± 0.24‰) are similar, indicating the limited Mg isotope fractionation during prograde metamorphism from granitic gneisses to mafic granulites and retrograde metamorphism from mafic granulites to amphibolites. The Eocene two-mica granites and Miocene leucogranites are characterized by large variations in elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions. The leucogranites and two-mica granites have their corresponding (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i varying from 0.7282 to 0.7860 and 0.7163 to 0.7191, (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_i from 0.511888 to 0.512040 and 0.511953 to 0.512076, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.7215 to 15.7891 and 15.7031 to 15.7317, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 38.8521 to 39.5286 and 39.2710 to 39.4035, and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 18.4748 to 19.0139 and 18.7834 to 18.9339. However, they have similar Mg isotopic compositions (−0.21‰ to +0.06‰ versus −0.24‰ to +0.09‰), which did not originate from fractional crystallization nor source heterogeneity. Based on hornblende/biotite/muscovite dehydration melting reaction and Mg isotopic variations in two-mica granites and leucogranites with the proceeding metamorphism, along with elemental discrimination diagrams, Eocene two-mica granites and Miocene leucogranites could be related to hornblende dehydration melting and muscovite dehydration melting, respectively. Mg isotopic compositions of Eocene two-mica granites become heavier compared to the source because of residues of isotopically light garnet in the source; while those of Miocene leucogranites become lighter because of entrainment of isotopically light garnet from the source region. Thus, a new model for crustal anatexis and Himalayan orogenesis was proposed based on the Mg isotope fractionation in the leucogranites and metamorphic rocks. This model emphasizes a successive process from Indian continental subduction to rapid exhumation of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Series (HHCS). The former underwent high-temperature (HT) and high-pressure (HP) granulite-facies prograde metamorphism, which resulted in the hornblende dehydration melting and the formation of Eocene two-mica granites; while the latter experienced amphibolite-facies retrogression and decompression, which resulted in the muscovite dehydration melting and the formation of Miocene leucogranites.     

Lead Isotopic Composition and Lead Source in the Bainiuchang Ag-polymetallic Deposit, Yunnan Province, China

The Bainiuchang deposit in Yunnan Province, China, is located geographically between the Gejiu ore field and the Dulong ore field. In addition to the 〉7000 t Ag reserves, the deposit also boasts of large-scale Pb, Zn and Sn reserves with a lot of dispersed elements （In, Cd, Ge, Ga, etc.）. We have determined systematically the Pb isotope composition of the deposit. The Pb isotope ratios of the ores that are of sea-floor exhalative sedimentary origin in the northwest of the mining district, are 206pb/204pb = 17.758-18.537, 207pb/204pb = 15.175-15.862 and 206pb/204pb = 37.289-39.424, while those of ores that are of magmatic hydrothermal superimposition origin in the southeast of the mining district, are 206pb/204pb = 17.264-18.359, 207pb/204pb = 14.843-15.683 and 208pb/204pb = 36.481-38.838, respectively. In terms of the Pb isotope composition of feldspar in magmatic rocks or magmatic whole- rock samples from the mining district, we have determined the Pb isotope composition and acquired the Pb isotope ratios as： 206pb/204pb -- 18.224-18.700, 207pb/204pb -- 15.595-15.797 and 208pb/204pb -- 38.193-39.608. Then, in the light of the Pb isotope composition of metamorphic rock samples from the Proterozoic basement exposed in the Dulong ore field, we have determined the Pb isotope composition and obtained the isotope ratios as： 206pb/204pb -- 18.434-19.119, 207pb/204pb -- 15.644-15.693, and 208pb/204pb = 38.514-38.832. And the Pb isotope ratios of Cambrian sedimentary rocks, which are exposed in the Bainiuchang mining district, are 206pb/204pb = 18.307-19.206, 207pb/204pb = 15.622-15.809, and 208pb/204pb = 38.436-39.932. By comparing the two types of ores with respect to their Pb isotope compositions, it is indicated that lead in the Bainiuchang deposit was derived largely from the lower-crust granulite which is earlier than Neoproterozoic in age, but the Yanshanian magmatic hydrothermal fluids probably provided a part of ore-forming elements such as Sn for the ore blocks in the south of the mining district.     

滇西喜马拉雅期斑岩型矿床硫、铅同位素特征及地质意义

滇西地区的九顶山铜钼矿、北衙金矿和姚安铜矿是与喜马拉雅期斑岩有关的矿床.九顶山、北衙和姚安矿区的硫、铅同位素组成特征十分相似：各矿床的δ（34S）组成分布范围比较窄,在-2.4×10^-3～4.5×10^-3之间,平均值为0.64×10^-3,具有明显的塔式分布,说明硫主要为深部岩浆来源;各矿床的Pb同位素组成（N（206 Pb） /N（204 Pb）,N（207 Pb）/N（204 Pb）,N（208 Pb）/N（204 Pb））相似,都比较稳定,依据构造模式判别及成因分类综合分析,铅具有深源性,主要来源于地幔和下地壳,显示造山带铅的特征.研究结果表明,滇西地区与喜马拉雅期斑岩有关的矿床具有相同的成矿物资来源,主要成矿物质都来自深部地幔.     

Lead isotopes of the carbonate-hosted Kabwe, Tsumeb, and Kipushi Pb-Zn-Cu sulphide deposits in relation to Pan African orogenesis in the Damaran-Lufilian Fold Belt of Central Africa

Lead isotope ratios of galena from the carbonate-hosted massive sulphide deposits of Kabwe (Pb-Zn) and Tsumeb (Pb-Zn-Cu) in Zambia and Namibia, respectively, have been measured and found to be homogeneous and characteristic of upper crustal source rocks. Kabwe galena has average isotope ratios of ^206/204Pb = 17.997 ± 0.007, ^207/204Pb = 15.713 ± 0.010 and ^208/204Pb = 38.410 ± 0.033. Tsumeb galena has slightly higher ^206/204Pb (18.112 ± 0.035) and slightly lower ^207/204Pb (15.674 ± 0.016) and ^208/204Pb (38.276 ± 0.073) ratios than Kabwe galena. The isotopic differences are attributed to local differences in the age and composition of the respective source rocks for Kabwe and Tsumeb. The homogeneity of the ore lead in the two epigenetic deposits suggests lead sources of uniform isotopic composition or, alternatively, thorough mixing of lead derived from sources with relatively similar isotopic compositions. Both deposits have relatively high ²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 10.31 and 10.09 for Kabwe and Tsumeb galenas, respectively. These isotope ratios are considered to be typical of the upper continental crust in the Damaran-Lufilian orogenic belt, as also indicated by basement rocks and Cu-Co sulphides in stratiform Katangan metasediments which have a mean μ-value of 10.25 ± 0.12 in the Copperbelt region of Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire). The ²³²Th/²⁰⁴Pb isotope ratios of 43.08 and 40.42 for Kabwe and Tsumeb suggest Th-enriched source regions with ²³²Th/²³⁵U (κ-values) of 4.18 and 4.01, respectively. Model isotopic ages determined for the Kabwe (680 Ma) and Tsumeb (530 Ma) deposits indicate that the timing of the mineralisation was probably related to phases of orogenic activity associated with the Pan-African Lufilian and Damaran orogenies, respectively. Galena from the carbonate-hosted Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn massive sulphide deposit in the Congo also has homogeneous lead isotope ratios, but its isotopic composition is comparable to that of the average global lead evolution curve for conformable massive sulphide deposits. The μ (9.84) and κ (3.69) values indicate a significant mantle component, and the isotopic age of the Kipushi deposit (456 Ma) suggests that the emplacement of the mineralisation was related to a post-tectonic phase of igneous activity in the Lufilian belt. The isotope ratios (^206/204Pb, ^207/204Pb, ^208/204Pb) of the three deposits are markedly different from the heterogeneous lead ratios of the Katangan Cu-Co stratiform mineralisation of the Copperbelt as well as those of the volcanogenic Nampundwe massive pyrite deposit in the Zambezi belt which typically define radiogenic linear trends on lead-lead plots. The host-rock dolomite of the Kabwe deposit also has homogeneous lead isotope ratios identical to the ore galena. This observation indicates contamination of the Kabwe Dolomite Formation with ore lead during mineralisation. Received: 8 September 1997 / Accepted: 21 August 1998     

Tectonic Subdivision of Dabie Orogenic Belt,Central China：Evidence from Pb Isotope Geochemistry of Late Mesozoic Basalts

It has long been debated that the Dabie orogenic belt belongs to the North China or Yangtze craton. In recent years, eastern China has been suggested, based on the Pb isotopic compositions of Phanerozoic ore and Mesozoic granitoid K-feldspar (revealing the crust Pb) in combination with Meso-Cenozoic basalts (revealing the mantle Pb), being divided into the North China and Yangtze Pb isotopic provinces, where the crust and mantle of the Yangtze craton are characterized by more radiogenic Pb. In this sense, previous researchers suggested that the pro-EW-trending Dabie crogenic belt with less radiogenic Pb in the crust was part of the North China craton. In this paper, however, the Late Cretaceous basalts in the central and southern parts of the Dabie orogenic belt are characterized by some more radiogenic Pb (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=17.936−18.349,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.500−15.688,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.399−38.775) and a unique U-Th-Pb trace element system similar to those of the Yangtze craton, showing that the Mesozoic mantle is of the Yangtze type. In addition, the decoupled Pb isotopic compositions between crust and mantle were considerably derived from their rheological inhomogeneity, implying a complicated evolution of the Dabie orogenic belt. The study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49794043) and the Open Laboratory of Constitution, Interaction and Dynamics of the Crust-Mantle System, China.     

大别—苏鲁超高压地体折返过程中岩石组合演化的地球化学约束

大别—苏鲁超高压地体现今的岩石组合是超高压变质岩石经历快速折返过程中各种地质作用叠加改造的最终产物, 其中拆沉、底侵、构造体制转换是改造的动力; 退变质作用、构造置换、深熔作用是改造的主要方式.超高压地体的主要岩石组合有榴辉岩、大理岩、硬玉石英岩、斜长角闪岩、片麻岩和面理化花岗岩.地质、常量、微量、同位素地球化学研究表明, 斜长角闪岩是榴辉岩退变的产物, 片麻岩、面理化花岗岩是榴辉岩退变的斜长角闪岩递进深熔的产物, 即退变榴辉岩折返到中下地壳, 初次熔融产生相当于片麻岩成分的半原地英云闪长质-花岗闪长质-花岗质岩浆, 片麻岩再次熔融产生成分相当于面理化花岗岩的A型花岗岩岩浆.      

Lead Isotopic Composition and Lead Source in the Bainiuchang Ag-polymetailic Deposit,Yunnan Province,China

The Bainiuchang deposit in Yunnan Province,China,is located geographically between the Gejiu ore field and the Dulong ore field.In addition to the>7000 t Ag reserves,the deposit also boasts of large-scale Pb,Zn and Sn reserves with a lot of dispersed elements(In,Cd,Ge,Ga,etc.).We have determined systematically the Pb isotope composition of the deposit.The Pb isotope ratios of the ores that are of sea-floor exhalative sedimentary origin in the northwest of the mining district,are ~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=17.758-18.537,~(207)pb/~(204)pb=15.175-15.862 and ~(208)pb/~(204)pb=37.289-39.424,while those of ores that are of magmatic hydrothermal superimposition origin in the southeast of the mining district, are ~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=17.264-18.359,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=14.843-15.683 and ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=36.481-38.838, respectively.In terms of the Pb isotope composition of feldspar in magmatic rocks or magmatic whole- rock samples from the mining district,we have determined the Pb isotope composition and acquired the Pb isotope ratios as:~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.224-18.700,~(207)Tpb/~(204)Pb=15.595-15.797 and ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb= 38.193-39.608.Then,in the light of the Pb isotope composition of metamorphic rock samples from the Proterozoic basement exposed in the Dulong ore field,we have determined the Pb isotope composition and obtained the isotope ratios as:~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.434-19.119,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.644-15.693,and ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.514-38.832.And the Pb isotope ratios of Cambrian sedimentary rocks,which are exposed in the Bainiuchang mining district,are ~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.307-19.206,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb= 15.622-15.809,and ~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.436-39.932.By comparing the two types of ores with respect to their Pb isotope compositions,it is indicated that lead in the Bainiuchang deposit was derived largely from the lower-crust granulite which is earlier than Neoproterozoic in age,but the Yanshanian magmatic hydrothermal fluids probably provided a part of ore-forming elements such as Sn for the ore blocks in the south of the mining district.