五原县食用向日葵气候品质认证及其应用

以五原县三瑞农科向日葵示范园区为研究点,通过采集园区内食用向日葵(SH363)各发育期数据及期间的气象观测资料,在实地调查及前人研究的基础上,采用指标判别和专家打分法相结合的方法,建立了食用向日葵生长立地条件、当年生长气象条件、生产企业管理水平三要素的五原县食葵气候品质评价模型,将食用向日葵气候品质等级划分为特优、优、不评分三个等级。结果表明:五原县的气候特征适宜食用向日葵的生长,2017年各项气象指标有利于优质食用向日葵的形成,食用向日葵籽粒的各项品质化验指标均已达到或超过国家1级标准,气候品质认证等级为"特优"。     

水稻障碍型冷害损失评估及预测动态模型研究

在分析东北水稻生殖生长关键期低温生理反应的基础上,建立了计算日冷积温(时积温)及其与空壳率关系的模式和敏感期内每日水稻敏感群体数量比率分布标准化模式,进而建立了水稻在生殖生长关键期内因低温影响而导致空壳率及减产率评估、预测模式。该模式可较精确地计算出逐日低温导致的空壳率及减产率,可比成熟期提前25 d左右进行冷害评估和损失预测。     

黑龙江省2009年水稻障碍型冷害评估

利用2009年6-8月逐日、逐时平均气温,根据日冷积温与水稻空壳率的关系以及敏感期内水稻敏感群体数量分布概率,评估水稻发生障碍型冷害而导致的空壳率及减产率.结果表明:2009年黑龙江省水稻种植区均发生了不同程度的障碍型冷害,总空壳率在10%以上,三江平原水稻减产程度重于松嫩平原,这与实际情况基本吻合.该方法足在明确水稻...     

大麦发生空壳的气象条件初探

浙江省大麦面积占全国总面积近1/10,总产量占1/8,但大麦空壳现象比较严重,空壳率往往达20％以上,严重的田块达50％以上。空壳成为影响大麦穗产、高产的主要原因之一,研究大麦空壳发生规律已成当务之急。     

影响临沂市水稻空壳率的农业气象条件分析

采用逐步回归方法,对水稻幼穗分化及产量形成期,影响水稻空壳率的主要气象因子进行了分析。其中乳熟期的日照数影响最大,而孕穗期的平均温度、开花期的相对温度及降水也有较大影响。提出了相应的气象服务对策,对减少水稻空壳率,提高产量有一定的指导作用。     

基于作物系数与水分生产函数的向日葵产量预测

利用河套灌区向日葵2012年田间水分、分期播种试验数据和两个站点的农业气象历史资料,研究基于向日葵作物系数和水分生产函数的产量预测方法。结果表明:向日葵标准作物系数在生育期内的变化规律是前期小、中期大、后期小, 最高值为1.21, 出现在开花期。标准作物系数与出苗后日数和大于0℃积温有很好的二次和三次多项式关系,拟合优度在0.93以上。在分析相对叶面积指数和作物系数关系的基础上,提出标准作物系数的相对叶面积指数订正方法,得出河套灌区向日葵作物系数的动态计算式,为水分生产函数中实际蒸散量的计算提供支撑。建立以Jensen模型为基础的向日葵水分生产函数,得到对水分亏缺的敏感顺序从高到低是开花期、花序形成期、成熟期、苗期。综合应用向日葵作物系数方程和水分生产函数模型计算分期播种产量,与实际产量分别相差4.4%和4.1%,初步证明该文提出的方法对产量预测较为理想,在该地区具有很好的适用性。     

铜仁地区中高山水稻冷害及预防对策

分析了铜仁地区中高山水稻冷害的类型、天气特征、分布规律及其与空壳率的关系，同时提出了预防对策。     

豫南一季中稻生育期气象因子与产量及其构成要素相关性分析

以信阳国家一级农业气象试验站1981-2009年29a气象资料以及水稻观测资料为基础,利用SPSS统计分析软件．建立豫南一季中稻生育期旬平均气温、最低气温、降水量以及日照时数与空壳率、枇各率、千粒重以及地段1m2产量之闻的统计回归关系。结果表明：1）一季中稻的空壳率随着6月中旬和8月中旬的日照时数的减少而增大,随着8月...     

江西近50年寒露风演变趋势及其对双季晚稻的影响

利用江西省81个代表站1959—2008年的气象资料和14个农业气象站1983—2007年的双季晚稻观测资料,对江西省寒露风的发生情况和演变趋势,以及寒露风出现日数与空壳率的关系进行了分析。结果表明,江西省寒露风约十年九遇,且赣中的发生频率要高于赣北和赣南;寒露风有提前出现的趋势。寒露风日数每增加1d,可造成空壳率增加0.4%—3.0%。     

包头地区向日葵产量与降雨量及日照时数的关系

分析了包头地区向日葵产量与气温、积温、地温和降雨量及日照时数的关系,找出了向日葵生长过程中影响产量的主要气象因子,揭示了向日葵各个生育期对降雨量及日照时数的不同要求。     

WENO格式与虚拟单元浸入边界法在笛卡尔网格中的应用

高精度有限差分WENO格式在结构网格上处理具有复杂几何外形绕流问题时较困难,而虚拟单元浸入边界法却是一种较新颖且对网格的要求较低的方法,适用于复杂几何外形边界的处理.为此,在笛卡尔网格上采用WENO格式以求解Euler守恒律方程,试图将两者有效结合起来,希望能在笛卡尔网格上处理具有复杂几何外形的物体绕流问题.最后,几个经典数值算例的结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

不同土壤水分对向日葵光合光响应的影响

以食用向日葵为试验材料,大田试验采取人为控制土壤水分在胁迫、适宜和过湿 (土壤田间持水量的40%~54.9%,55%~69.9%和70%~90%) 条件下,研究了向日葵3个生育期 (二对真叶—花序形成期、花序形成—开花期、开花—成熟期) 的光合光响应特性。结果表明:在试验设置光强条件下,各生育期净光合速率随着光合有效辐射的增加而增加,同等的光合有效辐射下净光合速率也随着土壤水分的减少依次降低,尤其是随着光合有效辐射的增大愈加明显。土壤湿度对最大净光合速率和表观量子效率的影响并不是同步的,最大净光合速率随着土壤湿度的增加而增大,而表观量子效率在一定程度的水分胁迫情况下出现最大值。不同的土壤水分含量对光补偿点和光饱和点影响不同,光饱和点随着土壤水分的增加而增加,光补偿点却相反,表明水分胁迫使向日葵可利用光的范围缩小,而适宜水分则扩大了光的利用范围,更有利于干物质积累。暗呼吸速率随着植物的生长进程逐渐降低,不同生育期的水分胁迫均导致暗呼吸速率降低。     

A model for predicting actual evapotranspiration under soil water stress in a Mediterranean region

Summary In this paper a model for estimating actual evapotranspiration is developed and tested for field crops (grain sorghum and sunflower) maintained under water stress conditions. The model is based on the Penman-Monteith formulation of ET in which canopy resistance (r _c) is modeled with respect to the crop water status and local climatological conditions. The model was previously tested on reference grass; in this last case no reference was made to soil water conditions andr _c was modeled only as a function of climatological parameters. Herer _c is expressed as a function of available energy, vapour pressure deficit, aerodynamic resistance and crop water status by means of predawn leaf water potential. Results, obtained with various crop water stress intensities, show that, on a daily scale, calculated ET is 98% and 95% of the measured ET for sorghum and sunflower respectively. The correlation between daily calculated and measured ET is very high (r ² = 0.95 for sorghum andr ² = 0.98 for sunflower). On an hourly scale, the model works very well when the crops were not stressed and during the senescence stage. In case of weak and strong stress the model has to be used with some precautions.With 9 Figures     

Energy balance comparison of sorghum and sunflower

Summary An understanding of the energy exchange processes at the surface of the earth is necessary for studies of global climate change. If the climate becomes drier, as is predicted for northern mid-latitudes, it is important to know how major agricultural crops will play a role in the budget of heat and moisture. Thus, the energy balance components of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), two drought-resistant crops grown in the areas where summertime drying is forecasted, were compared. Soil water content and evapotranspiration (ET) rates also were determined. Net radiation was measured with net radiometers. Soil heat flux was analyzed with heat flux plates and thermocouples. The Bowen ratio method was used to determine sensible and latent heat fluxes. Sunflower had a higher evapotranspiration rate and depleted more water from the soil than sorghum. Soil heat flux into the soil during the daytime was greater for sorghum than sunflower, which was probably the result of the more erect leaves of sorghum. Nocturnal net radiation loss from the sorghum crop was greater than that from the sunflower crop, perhaps because more heat was stored in the soil under the sorghum crop. But daytime net radiation values were similar for the two crops. The data indicated that models of climate change must differentiate nighttime net radiation of agricultural crops. Sensible heat flux was not always less (or greater) for sorghum compared to sunflower. Sunflower had greater daytime values for latent heat flux, reflecting its greater depletion of water from the soil. Evapotranspiration rates determined by the energy balance method agreed relatively well with those found by the water balance method. For example, on 8 July (43 days after planting), the ET rates found by the energy-balance and water-balance methods were 4.6 vs. 5.5 mm/day for sunflower, respectively; for sorghum, these values were 4.0 vs. 3.5 mm/day, respectively. If the climate does become drier, the lower soil water use and lower latent heat flux of sorghum compared to sunflower suggest that sorghum will be better adapted to the climate change.Contribution from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. F. Rachidi is now with the Département d'Écologie Végétale et Pastoralisme, École Nationale d'Agriculture, Meknès, Morocco, and E. T. Kanemasu is now with the Department of Agronomy, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, U.S.A.With 5 Figures     

Changes in Climate and Crop Production During the 20th Century in Argentina

This work was focused on the assessment of changes occurring in crop production and climate during the 20th century in Argentina. The study was carried out for nine sites located in the Pampas region that are representative of contrasting environments. We have considered the four main crops cultivated in this area (wheat, maize, sunflower and soybean). Historical climatic data and crop production related variables (yield, planted area, harvested area) were analyzed and, by means of crop simulation models, we quantified the impact of climate on crop yields. Changes occurring in climate during the three last decades of the 20th century were characterized by important increases in precipitation especially between October and March, decreases in maximum temperature and solar radiation in particular during spring and summer and increases in minimum temperature during almost all of the year. These changes contributed to increases in yields, especially in summer crops and in the semiarid zone, mostly due to increases in precipitation, although changes in temperature and radiation also affected crop yields but to a lesser extent. Comparing the period 1950–1970 with 1971–1999, yields increases attributable to changes in climate were 38% in soybean, 18% in maize, 13% in wheat, and 12% in sunflower while mean observed yield increases were 110% for maize, 56% for wheat and 102% for sunflower.     

Evaluation of three simulation approaches for assessing yield of rainfed sunflower in a Mediterranean environment for climate change impact modelling

The determination of the impact of climate change on crop yield at a regional scale requires the development of new modelling methodologies able to generate accurate yield estimates with reduced available data. In this study, different simulation approaches for assessing yield have been evaluated. In addition to two well-known models (AquaCrop and Stewart function), a methodological proposal considering a simplified approach using an empirical model (SOM) has been included in the analysis. This empirical model was calibrated using rainfed sunflower experimental field data from three sites located in Andalusia, southern Spain, and validated using two additional locations, providing very satisfactory results compared with the other models with higher data requirements. Thus, only requiring weather data (accumulated rainfall from the beginning of the season fixed on September 1st, and maximum temperature during flowering) the approach accurately described the temporal and spatial yield variability observed (RMSE?=?391 kg ha^?1). The satisfactory results for assessing yield of sunflower under semi-arid conditions obtained in this study demonstrate the utility of empirical approaches with few data requirements, providing an excellent decision tool for climate change impact analyses at a regional scale, where available data is very limited.     

Polar amplification of surface warming on an aquaplanet in “ghost forcing” experiments without sea ice feedbacks

Polar amplification of surface warming has previously been displayed by one of the authors in a simplified climate system model with no ice-albedo feedbacks. A physical mechanism responsible for this pattern is presented and tested in an energy balance model and two different GCMs through a series of fixed-SST and “ghost forcing” experiments. In the first ghost forcing experiment, 4 W/m² is added uniformly to the mixed layer heat budget and in the second and third, the same forcing is confined to the tropics and extra-tropics, respectively. The result of the uniform forcing is a polar amplified response much like that resulting from a doubling of CO₂. Due to an observed linearity this response can be interpreted as the sum of the essentially uniform response to the tropical-only forcing and a more localized response to the extra-tropical-only forcing. The flat response to the tropical forcing comes about due to increased meridional heat transports leading to a warming and moistening of the high-latitude atmosphere. This produces a longwave forcing on the high-latitude surface budget which also has been observed by other investigators. Moreover, the tropical surface budget is found to be more sensitive to SST changes than the extra-tropical surface budget. This strengthens the tendency for the above mechanism to produce polar amplification, since the tropics need to warm less to counter an imposed forcing.     

Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Sunflower and Beech: Dependence on Temperature and Light Intensity

Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. giganteus) were measured in a continuously stirred tank reactor. The compounds predominantly emitted from sunflower were: isoprene, the monoterpenes -pinene, -pinene, sabinene, 3-carene and limonene, an oxygenated terpene, not positively identified so far and the sesquiterpene -caryophyllene. Emission rates ranged from 0.8 x 10^–16 to 4.3 x 10 ^–15 mol cm^–2 s^–1 at a temperature of 25°C and at a light intensity of 820 µEm^–2 s^–1. A dependence of the emission rates on temperature as well as on light intensity was observed. The emission rates of -pinene, sabinene and thujene from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were also affected by temperature as well as by light intensity. Our results suggest that an emission algorithm for all compounds emitted from sunflower and beech has to consider temperature and light intensity simultaneously. The observations strongly indicate that the emissions of VOCs from sunflower and beech are in part closely coupled to the rate of biosynthesis and in part originate from diffusion out of pools. The emission rates can be described by an algorithm that combines the model given by Tingey and coworkers with the algorithm given by Guenther and coworkers after slight modification.     

复播油葵栽培方式及小气候特征试验研究

通过复播油葵不同栽培方式及小气候特征的试验研究，得出起垄沟播较对照发育期进程、生长量、地温、节水均效果显著。