Islands and oil — locality and structure

This paper analyses the meeting between the international petroleum industry and two local communities. The building of an oil terminal in a local community is both a major event, and a generator of processes on the local level. Three different angles is used to enlighten these processes; categorised as as place, people and mind. The place analysis consentrates on the effects on population and workforce development, the people analysis look at the institutional and planning processes, and the mind analysis the effects on the feeling of local identification. The paper demonstrates that local factors are of crucial importance even for the international petroleum industry.     

Partitioning and Hydrolysis of Nb and Ta and Their Implications with Regard to Mineralization

K₂NbOF₅ · H₂O and K₂TaF₇ were prepared through melting Nb₂O₅ and Ta₂O₅ respectively with KHF₂ · 2H₂O, followed by recrystallizing. The hydrolysis properties of K₂NbOF₅ and K₂TaF₇ were determined again by using a rapidly quench vessel. As temperature (from 250 to 550 °C) and pressure (from 500 to 1500 bars) increase, the degree of hydrolysis of both K₂NbOF₅ and K₂TaF₇ will increase. Nb- and Ta-fluorine complex compounds are instable in supercritical aqueous fluids. The degree of hydrolysis of both K₂NbOF₅ and K₂TaF₇ decreases with increasing concentration of HF, independent of the concentration of NaF. The partition coefficients of Nb and Ta between granitic melt and fluid phase are less than 0.15, i.e., most of Nb and Ta are left in granitic melt. The partition coefficient of Ta is more dependent on the concentration of HF than that of Nb. The significance of hydrolysis in Nb- and Ta- mineralization is also discussed in the present paper.     

Hydrologic and hydraulic characteristics of the Yellow River and impact of flow and sediment diversion

In the history, the Yellow River nurtured Chinese civilization. It is respected as the ＂ancestor of the four large rivers in China＂ and praised as ＂the mother river of China＂. At the same time, the Yellow River is regarded as ＂the misery of China＂ and considered as the most complex river hard to control in the world. Today, the Yellow River is also one large river greatly influenced by human activities in the world. The safety of the Yellow River, particularly flood control, is always the most important issue for governing and developing the country. Great achievements have been made after many years of efforts for controlling the Yellow River. However, since the nineties of 20 century, some new problems occurred, such as sharp reduction of flux to sea, dry rivercourse, worsen environment, etc. Rapidly shrinking riverbed and two-level perched stream are disadvantageous to flood safety especially. The new concepts and new practices are urgently needed to control the river. Therefore, the Yellow River Conservancy Committee of Ministry of Water Resources had continuously carded out flow and sediment diversion each year from 2002 to 2005. To timely probe into the new issues produced after flow and sediment diversion, and in order to deepen the understanding of rules for the Yellow River＇s water and sediment and provide reference and experience to the researchers for other large rivers, five hydrologic and hydraulic characteristics of the Yellow River, such as lack of water, much of sediment, different resources of water and sediment, inconsistency between water and sediment and frequency of sink switching and route changing, are described. Flow and sediment diversion of the Yellow River is also reviewed. Under flow and sediment diversion,     

Study of structural and valence state of Cr and Fe in chrysoberyl and alexandrite with EPR and M?ssbauer spectroscopy

Data on the structural and valence distribution of Cr and Fe in chrysoberyl and in alexandrite, its gem variety, are given. It is shown that the Cr³⁺ line in the natural Ural and Tanzania samples is the strongest in the M1 site and for the synthetic stones, in the M2 site. During the annealing of the alexandrite crystals, Cr³⁺ passes from the smaller M1 site into the larger M2 site. The M?ssbauer spectroscopy quantitatively determined the distribution of different valence Fe ions. The various proportions of both Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions isomorphically entering the octahedral sites in the BeAl₂O₄ crystal structure were established.     

Framvaren and the Black Sea – Similarities and Differences

The following determinations in the Norwegian fjord Framvaren and the Black Sea have been compared: carbon-14, carbon-13, alkalinity, total dissolved inorganic carbon, sulfide, tritium (HTO), trace metals, silica, ammonium and phosphate. The historical development of the two anoxic basins is quite different. The carbon-14 age of the total inorganic dissolved carbonate in the deep water is 2000 years in the Black Sea, but only 1600 in Framvaren. The fresh water supply and composition are different. The rivers entering the Black Sea have a high alkalinity, but the river input and runoff to Framvaren has a very low alkalinity. The alkalinity, carbonate and sulfide concentrations in the anoxic waters below the chemoclines are much higher in Framvaren. This is mainly an effect of the different surface to volume ratios. The difference in carbon-13 (-8 for the Black Sea deep water, -19 in the Framvaren bottom water) is mainly due to the smaller imprint of the decomposition of organic matter on the Black Sea deep water.The concentration of trace metals in the particulate form are about the same in the deep water. About 76% of the molybdate in seawater is lost in the sulfidic water of Framvaren, and about 82–96% of the molybdate carried into the Black Sea by the Bosporus undercurrent is lost in the deep water. The relation between silica, ammonium and phosphate can be understood if part of the ammonium is being removed by denitrification, a process that most likely has been going on for thousands of years.     

Land–sea carbon and nutrient fluxes and coastal ocean CO2 exchange and acidification: Past,present, and future

Epochs of changing atmospheric CO₂ and seawater CO₂–carbonic acid system chemistry and acidification have occurred during the Phanerozoic at various time scales. On the longer geologic time scale, as sea level rose and fell and continental free board decreased and increased, respectively, the riverine fluxes of Ca, Mg, DIC, and total alkalinity to the coastal ocean varied and helped regulate the C chemistry of seawater, but nevertheless there were major epochs of ocean acidification (OA). On the shorter glacial–interglacial time scale from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to late preindustrial time, riverine fluxes of DIC, total alkalinity, and N and P nutrients increased and along with rising sea level, atmospheric PCO₂ and temperature led, among other changes, to a slightly deceasing pH of coastal and open ocean waters, and to increasing net ecosystem calcification and decreasing net heterotrophy in coastal ocean waters. From late preindustrial time to the present and projected into the 21st century, human activities, such as fossil fuel and land-use emissions of CO₂ to the atmosphere, increasing application of N and P nutrient subsidies and combustion N to the landscape, and sewage discharges of C, N, P have led, and will continue to lead, to significant modifications of coastal ocean waters. The changes include a rapid decline in pH and carbonate saturation state (modern problem of ocean acidification), a shift toward dissolution of carbonate substrates exceeding production, potentially leading to the “demise” of the coral reefs, reversal of the direction of the sea-to-air flux of CO₂ and enhanced biological production and burial of organic C, a small sink of anthropogenic CO₂, accompanied by a continuous trend toward increasing autotrophy in coastal waters.     

Bromine and water quality – Selected aspects and future perspectives

Bromine is a microelement present in waters, both in inorganic and in a wide range of organic compounds, though at lower concentrations. Typically, concentrations of organobromine compounds in waters are several orders of magnitude lower than of bromides. Two issues are addressed in the paper: the influence of bromides on the quality of treated waters and organobromines as contaminants of natural waters. Bromide presence in treated water gives rise to formation of potentially mutagenic disinfection by-products (DBPs). Registered amounts of DBPs in potable waters, exceeding the admissible levels, and the published data on DBPs in waters used for leisure and recreation activities, clearly indicate the health risk. Major sources are identified and registered concentrations of EDB, DBCB, methyl bromide, bromacil and PBDEs in the aquatic environment are summarized. The effects of bromide on DBPs formation and numerous examples of organobromine contamination of the aquatic environment indicate that the presence of bromides and organobromine compounds in the aquatic environment will have to be given more consideration, for several reasons. Firstly, larger amounts of bromide are present in saline and contaminated waters and the proportion of such waters being handled is increasing. Similarly, the processes of water purification, treatment and disinfection are now playing a major role. Secondly, emissions from manufacturing of bromine-containing materials growing, due to, inter alia, intensive development of the electronic industry and the plastic manufacturing sector. Thirdly, bromine compounds are also used as medicine ingredients. There is now a growing awareness of the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Fourth, low bromide concentrations in hypergene zones may be modified in the future, partly because of the climate changes, which may give rise to difficulties with water treatment systems.Water quality standards having relevance to water used for consumption are based only on the best-known (most widespread) DBPs. However new more restrictive legal regulations relating to the use of bromine compounds have been put in place prohibiting the use of certain bromine-based substances or restricting their amount in finished products. In the light of current legislation, the monitoring of water contamination with potentially toxic, mutagenic and endocrine-disrupting organobromine compounds is still unsatisfactory because newly discovered compounds are not included and certain factors governing the exposure to those substances are still left out.The effects of bromine (bromide and organobromine compounds) on water quality have been investigated by researchers from several fields of expertise. The water management authorities ought to make use of the available research data and identify the problems which need to be addressed directly and those which may emerge in the future.     

Thermal expansion and phase transitions in åkermanite and gehlenite

Thermal expansion has been measured by laboratory and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction for end-member åkermanite (ak, Ca₂MgSi₂O₇) and gehlenite (ge, Ca₂Al₂SiO₇) in the range 20–1,500 K. In ak in the range 340–390 K, there is a negative linear thermal expansion in [001] direction. This is related to the phase transition from an incommensurate modulated structure (IC) to a normal one (N). The volumetric mean thermal expansion coefficients for ak and ge, obtained with a linear fit of the experimental data in the temperature range 298–1,400 K, are respectively 32.1×10^–6 and 28.3×10^–6 K^–1 . The variation of the c/a ratio with temperature, due to different thermal expansion along the crystallographic axes, can be related to the different behaviour of the tetrahedral layers in the N and IC phases. Analysis of the variation of the superstructure peaks intensity across the phase transition confirms the tricritical behaviour of the IC/N transition in ak.     

新疆拜城县波孜果尔A型花岗岩类矿物学特征及岩浆形成的温度条件

新疆拜城县波孜果尔A型花岗岩类为富含铌、钽、锆等有用元素的含矿岩体。通过偏光显微镜、电子探针(EPMA)化学成分分析、电子探针背散射(BSE)对波孜果尔A型花岗岩类的矿物学特征进行了研究,并对岩浆形成的温度条件与构造背景进行了讨论。结果表明,波孜果尔A型花岗岩类包括霓石钠闪石英碱性长石正长岩、霓石钠闪碱性长石花岗岩、黑云母碱性长石正长岩3种岩石类型。主要造岩矿物包括石英、钠长石、钾长石、霓石、钠铁闪石和铁叶云母。副矿物包括锆石、烧绿石、钍石、萤石、独居石、氟碳铈镧矿、磷钇矿等。岩浆平均温度832~839℃,形成于非造山的板内构造环境,且具高温、无水、低氧逸度的成岩特点。     

The Mannapra syenite,Central Kerala,India: Geochemistry,petrogenesis and bearing on anorogenic magmatism

Occurrence of a syenite body near Mannapra, Trichur district, Kerala, is reported. The syenite, emplaced within charnockitic country rocks along the Idamalayar faultlineament, is exposed over an area of 8 km². The rock, classified as quartz alkali feldspar syenite based on Q-A-P proportions, has alkali feldspar as the dominant mineral constituent which shows variation in perthitic texture from crypto- to micro- and patch-perthites. Both ortho- and clino-pyroxenes are present, with the former showing blebs of plagioclase suggesting Al-unmixing. Clinopyroxene shows subsolidus reequilibration with greenish pleochroic grain margins and local conversion to alkali amphibole. The petrochemical characters indicate that the syenite crystallized from a partial melt which equilibrated from K-rich, Rb-depleted source in the upper mantle, in response to crustal distension and mantle degassing prior to the rifting of the continent. Reaction between early formed minerals and the late peralkaline liquid towards the residual phase resulted in subsolidus reequilibration textures. The syenite is envisaged to be yet another example of the manifestation of anorogenic magmatism in this part of the Indian shield.     

冀北雾灵山碱性花岗质杂岩的岩石学,成因类型及构造意义

河北雾灵山碱性花岗质杂岩主要由似斑状碱长正长岩、碱长正长斑岩、碱性石英正长岩和碱性石英正长班岩组成，是华北地区燕山晚期岩浆活动的代表。本文系统报道了它的地质学、岩相学、岩石化学和地球化学的特征，讨论了它的成因类型归属和所代表的大地构造环境问题。这些资料表明；该杂岩体形成于白垩纪早期，是一个剥蚀程度较小、定位于浅成环境的硅饱和碱性－过碱性岩杂岩体，属裂谷－类裂谷Ａ型花岗岩类，它的出现表明华北地区早白垩纪时期曾处于板内裂谷－类裂谷的引张环境。     

The Petrological and Geochemical Evolution of Ediacaran Rare-Metal Bearing A-type Granites from the Jabal Aja Complex, Northern Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia

New fieldwork, mineralogical and geochemical data and interpretations are presented for the rare-metal bearing A-type granites of the Aja intrusive complex(AIC) in the northern segment of the Arabian Shield. This complex is characterized by discontinuous ring-shaped outcrops cut by later faulting. The A-type rocks of the AIC are late Neoproterozoic post-collisional granites, including alkali feldspar granite, alkaline granite and peralkaline granite. They represent the outer zones of the AIC, surrounding a core of older rocks including monzogranite, syenogranite and granophyre granite. The sharp contacts between A-type granites of the outer zone and the different granitic rocks of the inner zone suggest that the AIC was emplaced as different phases over a time interval, following complete crystallization of earlier batches. The A-type granites represent the late intrusive phases of the AIC, which were emplaced during tectonic extension, as shown by the emplacement of dykes synchronous with the granite emplacement and the presence of cataclastic features. The A-type granites consist of K-feldspars, quartz, albite, amphiboles and sodic pyroxene with a wide variety of accessory minerals, including Fe-Ti oxides, zircon, allanite, fluorite, monazite, titanite, apatite, columbite, xenotime and epidote. They are highly evolved(71.3–75.8 wt% SiO_2) and display the typical geochemical characteristics of post-collisional, within-plate granites. They are rare-metal granites enriched in total alkalis, Nb, Zr, Y, Ga, Ta, REE with low CaO, MgO, Ba, and Sr. Eu-negative anomalies(Eu/Eu* = 0.17–0.37) of the A-type granites reflect extreme magmatic fractionation and perhaps the effects of late fluid-rock interactions. The chemical characteristics indicate that the A-type granites of the AIC represent products of extreme fractional crystallization involving alkali feldspar, quartz and, to a lesser extent, ferromagnesian minerals. The parent magma was derived from the partial melting of a juvenile crustal protolith with a mantle contribution. Accumulation of residual volatile-rich melt and exsolved fluids in the late stage of the magma evolution produced pegmatite and quartz veins that cut the peripheries of the AIC. Post-magmatic alteration related to the final stages of the evolution of the A-type granitic magma, indicated by alterations of sodic amphibole and sodic pyroxene, hematitization and partial albitization.     

东昆仑东段益克郭勒侵入岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

东昆仑东段益克郭勒侵入体主要由闪长岩、石英碱长正长岩、英云闪长斑岩及花岗闪长岩组成.锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示,闪长岩、石英碱长正长岩和英云闪长斑岩的年龄分别为(223.4±1.1)Ma、(222.9±1.3)Ma和(230.9±1.1)Ma,表明益克郭勒侵入体形成于中三叠世.益克郭勒中三叠世侵入岩属...     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of post-collisional alkaline and peralkaline granites of the Arabian-Nubian Shield: a case study from the southern tip of Sinai Peninsula,Egypt

The southern Sinai Peninsula, underlain by the northernmost extension of the Arabian-Nubian Shield, exposes post-collisional calc-alkaline and alkaline granites that represent the youngest phase of late Neoproterozoic igneous activity. We report a petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical investigation of post-collisional plutons of alkaline and, in some cases, peralkaline granite. These granites intrude metamorphosed country rocks as well as syn- and post-collisional calc-alkaline granitoids. The alkaline and peralkaline granites of the southern tip of Sinai divide into three subgroups: syenogranite, alkali feldspar granite and riebeckite granite. The rocks of these subgroups essentially consist of alkali feldspar and quartz with variable amounts of plagioclase and mafic minerals. The syenogranite and alkali feldspar granite contain small amounts of calcic amphibole and biotite, often less than 3%, while the riebeckite granite is distinguished by sodic amphibole (5–10%). These plutons have geochemical signatures typical of post-collisional A-type granites and were most likely emplaced during a transition between orogenic and anorogenic settings. The parental mafic magma may be linked to lithospheric delamination and upwelling of asthenospheric mantle material. Differentiation of the underplated basaltic magma with contributions from the juvenile crust eventually yielded the post-collisional alkaline granites. Petrogenetic modelling of the studied granitic suite shows that pure fractional crystallization cannot quantitatively explain chemical variations with the observed suite, with both major oxides and several trace elements displaying trends opposite to those required by the equilibrium phase assemblage. Instead, we show that compositional variation from syenogranite through alkali feldspar granite to riebeckite granite is dominated by mixing between a low-SiO₂ liquid as primitive or more primitive than the lowest-SiO₂ syenogranite and an evolved, high-SiO₂ liquid that might be a high-degree partial melt of lower crust.     

The Geochemical and Zircon Trace Elements Characteristics of A-type Granitoids in Boziguoer,Baicheng County,Xinjiang

The Boziguoer A-type granitoids in Baicheng County,Xinjiang,belong to the northern margin of the Tarim platform as well as the neighboring EW-oriented alkaline intrusive rocks.The rocks comprise an aegirine or arfvedsonite quartz alkali feldspar syenite,an aegirine or arfvedsonite alkali feldspar granite,and a biotite alkali feldspar syenite.The major rock-forming minerals are albite,K-feldspar,quartz,arfvedsonite,aegirine,and siderophyllite.The accessory minerals are mainly zircon,pyrochlore,thorite,fluorite,monazite,bastnaesite,xenotime,and astrophyllite.The chemical composition of the alkaline granitoids show that SiO2 varies from 64.55％ to 72.29％ with a mean value of 67.32％,Na2O＋K2O is high （9.85％-11.87％） with a mean of 11.14％,K2O is 2.39％-5.47％ （mean =4.73％）,the K2O/Na2O ratios are 0.31-0.96,Al2O3 ranges from 12.58％ to 15.44％,and total FeOT is between 2.35％ and 5.65％.CaO,MgO,MnO,and TiO2 are low.The REE content is high and the total SREE is （263-1219） ppm （mean =776 ppm）,showing LREE enrichment and HREE depletion with strong negative Eu anomalies.In addition,the chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the alkaline granitoids belong to the ＂seagull＂ pattern of the right-type.The Zr content is （113-1246） ppm （mean =594 ppm）,Zr＋Nb＋Ce＋Y is between （478-2203） ppm with a mean of 1362 ppm.Furthermore,the alkaline granitoids have high HFSE （Ga,Nb,Ta,Zr,and Hf） content and low LILE （Ba,K,and Sr） content.The Nb/Ta ratio varies from 7.23 to 32.59 （mean =16.59） and the Zr/Hf ratio is 16.69-58.04 （mean =36.80）.The zircons are depleted in LREE and enriched in HREE.The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the zircons are of the ＂seagull＂ pattern of the left-inclined type with strong negative Eu anomaly and without a Ce anomaly.The Boziguoer A-type granitoids share similar features with A1-type granites.The average temperature of the granitic magma was estimated at 832-839℃.The Boziguoer A-type granitoids show crust-mantle mixing and may have formed in an anorogenic intraplate tectonic setting under high-temperature,anhydrous,and low oxygen fugacity conditions.     

滇东南个旧白云山碱性岩年代学和地球化学及成因意义滇东南个旧白云山碱性岩年代学和地球化学及成因意义

报道了滇东南个旧超大型锡多金属矿区西区北部白云山碱性岩新的锆石U-Pb年龄、全岩地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素数据。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,白云山碱性正长岩形成于晚白垩世（80.0±0.6 Ma）,与个旧地区的中基性岩及花岗岩均为同一次构造岩浆事件的产物;碱性正长岩与霞石正长岩具有相似的主微量元素地球化学特征及Sr-Nd同位素组成,暗示二者很可能是源于同一富集地幔源区并经历了不同程度演化的产物。结合已有的元素和同位素组成结果,认为碱性岩、中基性岩和成矿花岗岩很可能分别源自富集的岩石圈地幔、正常的岩石圈地幔和地壳源区。在晚白垩世伸展构造背景控制下,源于不均一岩石圈地幔的碱性和中基性的岩浆底侵,促使中下地壳岩石部分熔融形成花岗质熔体,在上升至近地表过程中引起构造活动带成矿物质的富集,从而形成个旧超大型锡多金属矿床的矿化格局。可以说,源于富集地幔的碱性岩浆在含矿花岗质岩浆的成岩成矿过程中,应不只是提供热量的贡献。     

冀北印支期碱性岩浆活动及其地球动力学意义

冀北印支期碱性岩浆活动及其地球动力学意义张招崇（中国地质科学院地质研究所，北京１０００３７）王永强（中国地质科学院西安地质矿产研究所，西安７１００５４）关键词碱性岩浆印支期冀北地球动力学燕山地区是否存在印支期的构造、岩浆活动一直存在着争论。过去多数人...     

低18O碱性花岗岩成因讨论——以内蒙巴尔哲碱性花岗岩为例

巴尔哲花岗岩是一个罕见的亏损^18O的碱性花岗岩体，其中的石英、长石、钠闪石、锆石以及全岩的氧同位素含量都是国内碱性花岗岩中最低的。根据其氧同位素资料，结合岩体地质地球化学特征，讨论了该岩体以及我国东部低^18O碱性花岗岩的成因，认为用岩石与大气降水间同位素交换和开放体系下的岩浆去气作用解释该类岩石成因较为合理，但也有缺陷，有待进一步研究。