蓝色海湾评估体系构建及初步应用研究 ——以温州市洞头区为例

蓝色海湾整治行动是我国海洋生态文明建设的重大举措之一，通过实施海岸带生态修复、滨海湿地生态修复、海岛海域生态修复，使海洋生态环境质量得以改善，海域、海岸带和海岛生态服务功能得到有效提升。为了客观评价蓝色海湾整治行动的修复效果，文章借鉴我国海洋整治修复项目实践情况，围绕“水清、岸绿、滩净、湾美、物丰”的美丽海洋建设目标，构建了涵盖16个指标的蓝色海湾指数评估体系，从生态环境保护修复和人居环境改善等角度科学反映蓝色海湾整治行动的生态、社会、经济效益，并以第一批温州市蓝色海湾整治行动为例，实施蓝色海湾指数评价。蓝色海湾指数评估体系的构建对于全面掌握全国蓝色海湾整治行动的实施情况，科学指导修复工程的有序实施具有非常重要的意义，能够为我国开展海洋生态修复提供理论支撑。     

营口月亮湾砂质海岸整治修复工程近岸水环境效果评价

针对砂质海岸整治修复工程的近岸水环境效果评价问题,建立了基于海洋功能区划水质要求的砂质海岸整治修复工程近岸水环境效果评价方法,并以辽宁营口月亮湾砂质海岸整治修复工程为例进行了实证研究.结果表明:月亮湾海岸整治修复工程初步改善了海湾水环境质量,海湾环境中主要污染物变化各具特点:无机氮质量浓度由工程实施前所有站位点都不满足...     

海岸工程累积环境影响评价：厦门西海域案例研究

海湾内单个海岸工程建设的环境影响由于海水流动 ,影响分散且有明显的滞后性 ,往往为人们所忽视。但多个项目海岸工程在长时间尺度下的累积影响大多是不可逆的 ,对海域环境有重大影响[1]。评价多个海岸工程的累积影响 ,是进行海洋管理和海域环境保护的依据。由于目前累积影响的研究处于初步阶段 ,评价方法尚不成熟 [2 ,3],且海域环境较为特殊 ,评价存在一定的困难 ,相关的研究和实践较少 [4 ,5]。本文拟通过厦门西海域海岸工程累积影响案例 ,较系统地分析海岸工程对整个厦门西海域环境和生态的直接和间接影响 ,探讨半封闭海湾内多个海岸工程…     

厦门海域水体富营养化状况综合评价

以2003—2012年厦门海域监测数据为基础,参考美国第二代富营养化评价方法,针对厦门海域实际监测特点并结合我国水体富营养化研究现状与评价标准,进行部分改良,使其更适用于该海域水体的富营养化状况评价。应用此评价体系,本文研究了厦门海域水体富营养化压力程度;以叶绿素a为初级症状指标、以底层溶解氧及赤潮发生状况为次级症状指标分析了水体富营养化的状态水平;并通过结合厦门海域整治、人口增长趋势、经济发展趋势以及周边营养盐入海现状等因素预测了未来厦门海域水体富营养化压力变化趋势。结果表明,厦门海域水体综合评价等级为中等富营养化程度,其中压力等级为中高、状态和响应的评价等级均为中级。该评价结果较好地反映了厦门海域水体富营养化程度、压力和症状,便于海洋管理部门对厦门海域环境容量进行监控与管理。     

辽宁省海洋生态修复现状、存在的问题及对策建议

随着沿海经济带的开发建设,海洋生态环境承受着巨大压力,湿地、河口、海湾、海岛等重要生态系统面临前所未有的威胁。对海洋生态的保护修复已经迫在眉睫、刻不容缓。文章基于辽宁省海洋资源环境的特征,结合海域开发利用及海洋生态修复现状,探索辽宁省海洋生态修复工作面临的主要问题,并提出生态修复重点及对策建议,截至2017年,累计整治修复岸线长度约140km,整治修复海域面积超过50km~2。辽宁省海洋生态修复工作面临的主要问题有:近岸局部海域水体污染、生态受损;湿地、滩涂面积有缩减趋势;河口生态系统脆弱,生物多样性指数降低;海湾生态功能退化;海岛生态环境失衡。辽宁省应重点开展海湾环境综合治理以及滨海湿地、岸滩、岛礁等整治修复工作。     

浙江省淤泥质海岸线特点及整治修复探讨

文章总结了浙江省海岸线分类及分布特点,以及淤泥质海岸线面临被大量占用、数量和比例锐减、自然淤积形成速率减缓、潮间带生态系统单一等一系列问题。为完成国务院关于浙江省海洋功能区划(2011—2020年)的批复要求,近年来浙江省全面开展海岸线整治修复工作。结合浙江省近岸海域含沙量高,潮滩长期处于淤涨态势的特点,对于人工海塘外自然淤涨条件较好的淤泥质滩,在以自然恢复为主、人工干预为辅的整治修复措施下可将该部分海岸线整治修复成为淤泥质海岸线,使其具有较完备的淤泥质海岸线地貌形态和潮间带生态系统,最终纳入自然岸线管控目标管理。文章针对淤泥质海岸线整治修复,提出了潮滩地貌结构完整性塑造、潮滩生态系统构建及整治修复海域水环境改善等整治修复方向,以供规划设计单位和管理部门参考。     

福建同安湾的泥沙来源及淤积问题

同安湾是厦门岛北同安县南之间的海湾,包括同安东溪、西溪河口的东咀港和厦门岛北侧的浔江海域。高崎——集美海堤兴建后几乎隔断了原相通的厦门西港和浔江水道,使之形成半封闭的海湾,加之近20年来沿岸的围垦,使海湾的水动力条件发生变化而产生淤积,致使文昌鱼赖以生存的生态环境受到破坏。本文根据我所1981—1982年的调查资料,对同安湾的泥沙来源及淤积问题进行初步的探讨。     

我国海洋生态保护修复的关键问题和攻坚方向

海洋生态保护修复是破解海洋生态环境污染问题和建设美丽海洋的必然要求,是加强海洋生态系统保护和保障国家生态安全的必要环节,是解决当前社会主要矛盾和为人民群众提供更多生态产品的重要手段。为深入推进我国海洋生态保护修复工作,文章对中央财政支持沿海各地实施的270余个海域、海岛和海岸带整治修复和保护项目以及18个"蓝色海湾"整治行动项目进行系统分析,提出海洋生态保护修复主要包括海域海岸带环境综合整治、海岛整治修复、典型生态系统保护修复和生态保护修复能力建设4个方面;据相关统计,截至2017年年底,全国累计修复岸线260km、沙滩1 240hm~2、海岛近60个、滨海湿地4 100hm~2,多地整治修复效果明显,海洋生态环境呈明显改善和整体趋稳向好的积极态势。与此同时,目前仍存在缺乏具有综合性和系统性的海洋生态保护修复规划、尚未形成多渠道投入机制以及海洋自然修复的研究和实践不足等问题。在此基础上,提出海洋生态保护修复攻坚方向的建议,即做好"三个"转变:保护修复从局部向系统化和高层次转变、资金来源从依靠中央财政向多渠道投入机制转变以及修复模式从人工干预为主向自然恢复为主转变。     

福建平海湾沉积动力特征与海床稳定性分析

结合平海湾海域规划,通过对平海湾岸滩地质地貌考察、水深测量、底质采样与分析、海域水文泥沙测验与资料分析、海域泥沙运动分析计算和新老图件对比分析等综合手段研究,结果表明:平海湾区周边无大河、溪注入,陆域和海域来沙量小,海域和沿岸泥沙活动不大.湾内水动力条件相对较弱,海底沉积物以粘土质粉砂为主,湾东北侧沿岸浅水区至湾口区的平海村近岸以较粗的砂和砂质粉砂沉积物为主.湾内岸滩总体属于基本稳定状态,但其内湾潮滩、内湾的北部和东部岸滩处于弱淤积状态,波浪输沙往湾顶岱前段净输沙量为5.37×104 m3/a,而西侧和西南岸滩处于弱的冲刷状态,山柄村向南往湾外净输沙量为1.97×104 m3/a,但总体而言,海岸蚀退的速度相当缓慢.平海湾自1970 ～2007年的37a来,在平海湾海域水深5m以浅的内湾海域呈弱的淤积趋势,淤积速率仅为0.018 m/a.     

砂质海岸整治修复效果模糊综合评价研究——以营口月亮湾为例

本文采用模糊综合评价方法,从自然环境效果、景观生态效果、沙滩资源效果和社会经济效果4个方面研究构建了砂质海岸整治修复效果综合评价指标体系与评价方法,并以营口月亮湾为例进行了实证研究。结果表明:本文提出的砂质海岸整治修复效果综合评价方法涵盖内容全面,指标获取可行,评价结果明确,整体方法实用。营口月亮湾砂质海岸整治修复效果总体评价结果为优秀,综合评分为2.636 2,其中社会经济效果贡献率为30.52%,沙滩资源效果贡献率为30.17%,自然环境效果和景观生态效果贡献率分别为19.88%和19.44%。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.