砂质海岸整治修复效果模糊综合评价研究——以营口月亮湾为例

本文采用模糊综合评价方法,从自然环境效果、景观生态效果、沙滩资源效果和社会经济效果4个方面研究构建了砂质海岸整治修复效果综合评价指标体系与评价方法,并以营口月亮湾为例进行了实证研究。结果表明:本文提出的砂质海岸整治修复效果综合评价方法涵盖内容全面,指标获取可行,评价结果明确,整体方法实用。营口月亮湾砂质海岸整治修复效果总体评价结果为优秀,综合评分为2.636 2,其中社会经济效果贡献率为30.52%,沙滩资源效果贡献率为30.17%,自然环境效果和景观生态效果贡献率分别为19.88%和19.44%。     

2014-2015年辽东湾东岸砂质海滩海岸侵蚀现状评价

根据2014-2015年对大连李官华铜海岸、营口白沙湾海岸、营口仙人岛海岸以及营口鲅鱼圈月亮湾海岸的岸滩地形监测数据,依据海岸侵蚀灾害监测与评价技术方法,对辽东湾东岸的4个连续砂质海岸的稳定性进行了分析.结果表明:海滩岸线发生侵蚀的岸段主要分布在营口仙人岛海岸和大连李官华铜海岸南部,其中仙人岛岸段岸线后退距离最为严重,达到了7.8 m/a;从断面地形监测结果来看,大连李官华铜海岸发育较强侵蚀,岸滩下蚀速率为9.35 cm/a.辽东湾东岸的华铜海岸和仙人岛岸段,侵蚀现象仍然明显;而开展了防护修复工程的月亮湾、白沙湾等原侵蚀岸段,都基本趋于稳定,没有再发生海岸侵蚀现象.     

基于高空间分辨率卫星遥感影像的砂质海岸空间整治效果分析——以营口月亮湾为例

采用2005年采集的SPORT5卫星遥感影像和2015年采集的GF-1卫星遥感影像,分别对2006-2014年之间营口月亮湾海岸空间整治项目实施前后的海岸景观格局进行监测,在此基础上构建了沙滩面积系数、适宜游乐水域指数、主体功能度指数、景观多样性系数、景观变化指数等评估指标,评估了营口月亮湾海岸空间整治效果。结果表明:营口月亮湾沙滩养护工程实施后沙滩面积大幅增加,沙滩面积系数为2.44,适宜游泳嬉水娱乐区面积略有增加,适宜游乐区指数为1.10。海岸空间整理工程实施使月亮湾海岸游乐功能分区明显,月亮湖公园、高尔夫休闲区、山海广场区、农业生态旅游度假区和滨海嬉水观光区主体功能度指数分别达到0.89、0.76、0.68、0.65和0.77。海岸景观美化工程整体改变了海岸景观格局,使各功能分区海岸景观多样性提高,海岸景观格局更为优化,总体景观多样性系数达到1.13,景观变化指数达到0.30。     

人工海岸生态化改造及修复效果评价指标体系研究

海岸作为海洋资源开发、沿海经济发展的重要支撑,大量人口、产业向海岸带区域聚集,高强度的人类活动导致海岸带环境日益恶化、自然岸线严重受损、海岸带资源锐减。海岸整治修复成为保护海岸带生态环境、恢复海岸带资源的重要技术手段。为评价人工海岸生态化改造及整治修复工作效果,基于国内外学者对海岸生态修复的研究成果,综合考虑生态指标、经济指标和功能指标三方面,筛选出50项产出性指标构建人工海岸生态化改造及修复效果评价指标体系,力求科学全面、客观合理地评价人工海岸整治修复效果,为人工海岸生态化改造及整治修复工作的检查、考核以及验收提供参考依据。     

海洋生态文明视域下河口沙坝-潟湖生态修复思路探究

加大海岸整治修复力度是推进海洋生态文明建设的必然要求。沙坝-潟湖海岸具有典型的生态系统和独特的社会价值,同时也因人类活动受到不同程度破坏,是“蓝色海湾”等整治修复项目的重要对象。文章以辽宁省浮渡河口沙坝-潟湖为例,总结国内外河口沙坝-潟湖主要生态修复思路和方法,提出生态修复过程中沙坝-潟湖受损机制和生态修复评估体系构建两个关键技术问题。在此基础上,为深入推进我国海岸生态保护修复管理和海岸整治修复工程实践,需要做好顶层设计和提升整治修复能力两方面主要工作。     

淤积型海湾整治修复效果综合评价——以厦门湾为例

淤积型海湾整治修复属于海域空间整治工作中较为典型的整治形式,有着目标多重、手段多样、效果多面的综合性特点。本研究在分析海湾淤积环境问题成因机理的基础上,系统梳理了淤积型海湾整治修复工程效果评价的流程和技术方法,形成淤积型海湾整治修复效果综合评价技术指标体系,建立了评价模型,并以厦门海域清淤整治工程为例进行应用。研究表明,海湾淤积问题成因、整治措施和修复目标是评价指标体系的关键因素。厦门海域清淤整治工程的效果综合评价指数为84. 2,达到了较好的整治效果。     

砂质海岸演变的地貌动力学研究进展

７０年代以来,海岸演变的地貌动力学研究成果引人注目。本文着重论述了在砂质海岸演变研究中,海滩状态,海滩地下水动力,砂坝动力学,海岸沙岸,近岸带过程等方面研究进展。     

辽宁省海岸的蚀淤等级与分布

为了查清辽宁省海岸的蚀淤等级和分布,从1990年和2007年遥感图像中提取了17年的岸线变化信息,结合辽宁省908专项海岸带海岸侵蚀特征的调查资料,对全省海岸蚀淤情况进行了等级划分,并对其形成原因进行了分析与评价。结果表明,砂质海岸侵蚀较重的区域主要分布在绥中和熊岳一带,黄海岸段的砂质海岸基本稳定,基岩海岸侵蚀较重的区域主要分布在老铁山一带,粉沙淤泥质海岸侵蚀较重的区域分布在庄河一带。摸清辽宁省海岸蚀淤等级分布,对海岸整治与修复、海岸侵蚀灾害的防治与防护以及海岸带管理具有一定的指导意义。     

我国海岸与近岸海域综合整治势在必行

海岸与近岸海域在国民经济、国家生态安全中占有重要地位,然而近年来由于自然灾害和人类过度开发等原因,海岸与近岸海域面临巨大压力.文章在分析海岸与近岸海域的重要地位和当前面临的主要问题的基础上,着重研究探讨海岸与近岸海域综合整治的必要性和可行性.     

山东省砂质海岸侵蚀与保护对策

20世纪50年代以来,山东省砂质海岸遭受愈来愈强烈的侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率为1～2 m/a,局部和短期可达4.7～6.0 m/a.通过分析认为,侵蚀的原因主要包括入海陆源泥沙严重减少、人为大量采取海滩沙及不合理的海岸工程的影响.多年来,山东省为抑制海岸侵蚀采取了多种对策,包括大量修建顺岸坝、丁坝等海岸工程遏止砂质海岸后退;抛沙养滩,对个别海滩重塑;严禁滩面和近滨采砂.综合评价以上3种方案的效果,并对海岸保护提出合理的建议.     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...