微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定火山灰中的痕量铅铬铜

火山灰是重要的土壤母质且易风化,铅、铬和铜是其中主要的重金属元素,火山灰风化后不可避免地进入环境中对人体健康造成危害。本研究针对火山灰样品的特点,建立了采用硝酸-氢氟酸微波消解,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定火山灰中痕量铅、铬、铜的分析方法。通过实验确定了灰化温度为600℃(Pb)、1000℃(Cr)和800℃(Cu),原子化温度为1800℃(Pb和Cu)、2200℃(Cr)。在优化实验条件下,测定Pb、Cr和Cu的检出限分别为3.50 ng/m L、0.92 ng/m L和1.22 ng/m L,相对标准偏差(RSD)均低于4%,加标回收率为92.8%~107.0%。本方法快速简便、准确度高、成本低。     

土壤中重金属有效态分析方法研究

土壤中重金属的不同形态决定了对于生物的有效性。自然界的重金属元素参与生态迁移能够被生物吸收利用的部分为生物有效态。土壤重金属可交换态的研究可以为其生物有效态研究提供参考。本文对于土壤中砷、汞、铬、镉、铅和铊的酸溶态、络合态和盐溶态这几种单一提取方式的可交换态的分析方法进行了研究比较,以其提取效率高的为有效态的表现方式,以p H值7.5为土壤酸碱度的界限,建立了土壤中的砷、汞、铬、镉、铅和铊在不同酸碱度下的分析方法。本方法的Cr的方法检出限为4.65ng/g;Cd的方法检出限为0.49ng/g;Pb的方法检出限为9.73ng/g;As的方法检出限为21.89ng/g;Hg的方法检出限为0.30ng/g;Tl的方法检出限为0.54ng/g。采用GBW7412,GBW7413,GBW7416这三个国家一级标准物质样品测得的方法精密度范围6.01%~19.3%。本方法适用于土地质量评估的要求。     

2.5次微分极谱溶出伏安法测定土壤中的镉＊

本文报告在悬汞电极上,用2.5次微分极谱阳极溶出伏安法测定环境标准参考物质——北京土壤中镉含量的方法。在0.37mol/L氨缓冲液-0.05mol/L KCl底液中,镉有一个良好的溶出极谱峰,其线性范围为1～100ng/ml,检测限为lng/g。土壤样品干燥后在聚四氟乙烯高压治解瓶中,用硝酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸消化(在180℃的空气浴中进行),蒸干后用0.01mol/L硝酸溶解、定容再加入底液进行测定。铅、铜、锌、铬、铁等不干扰测定。     

全国土壤污染状况详查重金属元素可提取态提取试剂的选择

土壤重金属元素可提取态是衡量其生物有效性的重要指标,但其含量随着土壤酸碱性等环境条件的变化而改变,在提取土壤重金属元素可提取态时,不可避免地面临着提取剂与提取方法的选择。中国有关土壤重金属元素可提取态的标准分析方法或技术规范涉及的提取剂多达7种(pH=5.8盐酸溶液、0.1mol/L盐酸溶液、0.43±0.02mol/L硝酸溶液、0.11mol/L乙酸溶液、1mol/L硝酸铵溶液、0.005mol/L DTPA浸提剂、0.01mol/L氯化钙溶液),不同学者对不同提取剂有不同的研究结论,对于通用提取剂的系统研究未见报道。本文选择代表性农耕土壤样品,采用以上7种提取剂提取其中8种重金属元素(镉镍铜锌铬铅砷汞),电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定镉铬铜铅锌镍含量,原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定砷和汞含量,对比了7种提取剂对各重金属元素的提取率,并研究了土壤酸碱性质对重金属元素提取率的影响。结果表明：(1)稀酸溶液对土壤重金属元素的提取率较高,且与土壤的酸碱性无关;(2) 1mol/L硝酸铵溶液虽然对镉的提取能力表征了镉在酸性土壤中的活性远大于碱性土壤的特点,但其对碱性土壤中铅的提取率...     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定绿茶中的铬量和铅量

样品经微波消解,用电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)测定绿茶中铬、铅的含量。在选定条件下,检出限铬为0.039ng/mL,铅为0.024ng/mL;精密度RSD:铬小于10%(Cr 10~20μg/g),铅小于25%(Pb 1μg/g);加标回收率铬为93.3%~111.5%,铅为95.3%~117.0%。方法准确、可靠,满足检测要求。     

长江武汉段冲积土壤中重金属的环境地球化学特征

长江沿江全流域的重金属元素镉异常带引发了人们对沿长江流域城市的镉及其他重金属元素的环境地球化学特征及生态效应的关注。本文以长江流域具有重要的经济发展战略意义的武汉为研究区,对长江武汉段沿岸的冲积土壤中主要重金属元素镉、铜、铅、镍、铬的含量和以BCR法分步提取的弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态等4种形态的分量进行了较系统的分析,同时,配套分析了蔬菜样品中的重金属元素镉、铜、铅、镍、铬的含量,以便了解重金属元素的环境地球化学特征。结果显示,长江武汉段沿岸的冲积土壤中,重金属镉含量超标;铅、铜、镍元素含量接近国家土壤环境质量标准二级指标,基本上对植物和环境不造成危害和污染,满足一般农田、蔬菜地、茶园、果园、牧场等土壤环境标准;铬元素含量较低,接近其背景值。长江武汉段沿岸的冲积土壤中重金属元素的含量和活动性强的弱酸提取态分量随着采样点位置距离武汉钢铁厂越近而增大,显示重金属污染的部分原因可能是工业生产造成的。重金属元素在表层土壤中存在积累效应,表现为表层土壤中重金属元素含量高于对应深层的含量。重金属元素的形态分布特征与各自的地球化学性质有关,活动性强的弱酸提取态镉和铅分量高,具有潜在的环境危害。这些土壤中种植的蔬菜中,重金属元素镉含量普遍明显超标,部分蔬菜中铅元素含量超标,铜、镍、铬元素含量正常。     

金矿区农田土壤重金属污染的环境效应分析

通过对比研究小秦岭某金矿区土壤重金属综合污染区和对比区内的小麦、玉米籽粒中重金属的含量,结果表明污染区内小麦籽粒中汞、铅、镉累积程度显著高于土壤对比区对照样,铬、砷、铜、锌与对照区几乎没有差异,汞、铅、镉、锌、铜的超标率分别为86.67%、60%、33.33%、6.67%、20%。在污染区,玉米中铅、镉、铬较对照区明显累积,但仅有汞超标,超标率为15.15%。同一采样地点,金矿区小麦籽粒比玉米更易吸收累积重金属。小麦中重金属含量与立地土壤重金属污染程度存在较好的相关性。与1990年比较,小麦中汞、镉累积效应非常显著。研究区土壤重金属污染已经造成了小麦严重污染。     

上海崇明岛表层土壤重金属元素分布特征与环境地球化学基线值研究

对上海崇明岛地区表层土壤中重金属元素的分布特征进行了研究,结果表明崇明岛表层土壤未受人为污染。运用标准化方法计算了崇明岛地区表层土壤中重金属元素镉、铬、铜、铅、锌、砷的环境地球化学基线值,建立了元素镉、铬、铜、铅、锌、砷的环境地球化学基线模型,确定其环境地球化学基线值分别为0.19、71.97、31.32、24.79、86.43、8.34μg/g。与上海市土壤背景值进行了对比检验,结果显示,标准化方法能有效计算土壤中元素的环境地球化学基线,获得的基线符合其定义和实际意义,为区域经济发展规划和环境评价提供了实用的基础地球化学信息。     

广西某铅锌矿区废水汇集洼地土壤重金属污染调查与评价

对某铅锌矿废水汇集的岩溶洼地土壤重金属镉、铜、铅、锌、铬、砷和汞的含量进行调查分析,运用单项污染指数与综合污染指数相结合的方法对土壤环境质量状况和采用Hakanson潜在生态指数法对土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明,该区块土壤受到重金属镉、锌、汞、铅的严重污染,其污染指数均大于1,尤其是镉污染指数高达88.4,其后依次为锌和汞,铅最小;剖面上,A、B、C层,即0~30 cm、30~60 cm和60~90 cm土壤,均已受到不同程度的重金属污染,而且污染程度A层>B层>C层,其综合污染指数分别为67.0、11.9和8.8,各自的潜在生态风险指数分别为2 921.0、543.4、421.2,对应的潜在生态风险程度分别为极强、强、强。由此可见,该岩溶洼地土壤不仅镉、锌、汞、铅污染严重,而且其生态风险也很大,但土壤中基本没有受铜、铬、砷污染。在该洼地土壤重金属污染物没有清除前,建议禁止种植食用农产品,而改为种植非食用型经济作物。      

利用原子荧光光谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法研究济南市大气干湿沉降重金属含量及年沉降通量特征

大气降尘是地表土壤重金属元素的重要来源,研究大气降尘中重金属元素的地球化学特征并进行源解析对制定污染防控政策具有重要的指导作用。本文采用原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、X射线荧光光谱法分析济南市大气干湿沉降中8种重金属(砷镉铬铜汞镍铅锌)含量特征;采用相关分析及主成分分析方法对大气干湿沉降重金属进行源解析。结果表明,大气干湿沉降物中镉铬铜汞镍铅锌平均含量分别为2.07 mg/kg、135.9 mg/kg、65.7 mg/kg、218.6μg/kg、110.7 mg/kg、380 mg/kg,显著高于土壤背景值,且富集程度高,明显受人为活动污染。镉铜汞铅主要来源于燃煤,砷铬来源于道路尘,镍来源于土壤,锌来源于交通尘;燃煤和道路尘对大气降尘的贡献率为50.13%,两者是济南市大气降尘污染的主要来源。大气干湿沉降对城区表层土壤中镉汞铬铅锌及砷的含量水平影响显著,其中锌年沉降通量最高(均值148 mg·m-2·a-1),汞年沉降通量最低(均值0.085 mg·m-2·a-1),且镉汞含量增长速率较高;大气干湿沉降对砷铬在土壤中的累积影响显著。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)