金矿区农田土壤重金属污染的环境效应分析

通过对比研究小秦岭某金矿区土壤重金属综合污染区和对比区内的小麦、玉米籽粒中重金属的含量,结果表明污染区内小麦籽粒中汞、铅、镉累积程度显著高于土壤对比区对照样,铬、砷、铜、锌与对照区几乎没有差异,汞、铅、镉、锌、铜的超标率分别为86.67%、60%、33.33%、6.67%、20%。在污染区,玉米中铅、镉、铬较对照区明显累积,但仅有汞超标,超标率为15.15%。同一采样地点,金矿区小麦籽粒比玉米更易吸收累积重金属。小麦中重金属含量与立地土壤重金属污染程度存在较好的相关性。与1990年比较,小麦中汞、镉累积效应非常显著。研究区土壤重金属污染已经造成了小麦严重污染。     

内梅罗综合指数法在河道底泥重金属污染评价中的应用与研究

为探索8种重金属污染物(镉Cd、汞Hg、砷As、铅Pb、铬Cr、铜Cu、锌Zn、镍Ni)污染程度、空间分布特征、生态污染风险,运用单因子污染指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对某清淤河道底泥重金属污染现状进行评价,探究不同评价方法的适用特征。结果表明,三种评价方法的评价结果反映的指向一致,单因子指数法评价结果分级不明确,内梅罗综合指数法评价结果更严格、分级更精确,潜在生态危害指数法评价结果分级较为宽松。研究成果可为城市河道底泥重金属污染综合治理提供依据,为合理选择评价方法提供参考借鉴。     

利用原子荧光光谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法研究济南市大气干湿沉降重金属含量及年沉降通量特征

大气降尘是地表土壤重金属元素的重要来源,研究大气降尘中重金属元素的地球化学特征并进行源解析对制定污染防控政策具有重要的指导作用。本文采用原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、X射线荧光光谱法分析济南市大气干湿沉降中8种重金属(砷镉铬铜汞镍铅锌)含量特征;采用相关分析及主成分分析方法对大气干湿沉降重金属进行源解析。结果表明,大气干湿沉降物中镉铬铜汞镍铅锌平均含量分别为2.07 mg/kg、135.9 mg/kg、65.7 mg/kg、218.6μg/kg、110.7 mg/kg、380 mg/kg,显著高于土壤背景值,且富集程度高,明显受人为活动污染。镉铜汞铅主要来源于燃煤,砷铬来源于道路尘,镍来源于土壤,锌来源于交通尘;燃煤和道路尘对大气降尘的贡献率为50.13%,两者是济南市大气降尘污染的主要来源。大气干湿沉降对城区表层土壤中镉汞铬铅锌及砷的含量水平影响显著,其中锌年沉降通量最高(均值148 mg·m-2·a-1),汞年沉降通量最低(均值0.085 mg·m-2·a-1),且镉汞含量增长速率较高;大气干湿沉降对砷铬在土壤中的累积影响显著。     

江西省德兴矿区土壤重金属污染的综合评价分析

在对德兴矿区可能存在重金属污染的地区进行取样、检测的基础之上,采用了不同方法对德兴矿区土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,德兴地区存在不同程度的砷、汞、铬、镉、锌、铜和铅重金属污染,尤其以德兴矿区为中心的区域污染最为严重。此外,乐安河中下游沿岸地区、西北方向的煤矿区均有不同程度的重金属污染。     

高强度模拟酸雨量对珠三角地区潮土中重金属元素释放的影响

采用平均离子强度下30年雨量的模拟酸雨淋滤珠江三角洲潮土,电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定重金属元素,研究潮土0~90 cm处各节土壤柱中重金属镉、钴、铜、锌、铅、砷、钛、钒、铬、锰等元素的释放情况。研究表明,在高强度模拟酸雨淋滤下,潮土中重金属元素的释放情况存在较大差异。长期的酸雨淋滤,土壤中的镉、钴、铜、锌和铅在不同深度均有不同程度的淋失;砷、钛、钒、铬、锰等元素不会造成大量的淋失。利用这种差异可以评估重金属元素对环境的潜在影响,为农田生态系统的预警预测提供依据。     

煤矿塌陷区复垦土壤环境质量评价

通过对煤矿塌陷区复垦土壤采样测试,研究土壤中重金属铜、锌、镉、汞、砷、铅、铬的含量对土壤环境的影响。研究结果表明:按单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,结合国家土壤环境质量标准对复垦土壤的质量进行评价:研究区内土壤环境质量良好,基本上可以达到国家土壤环境质量二级标准,安全清洁级别;参照《无公害食品蔬菜产地环境条件标准》、《绿色食品产地环境质量标准》和《有机农业生产基地环境质量标准》,对复垦土壤的农用环境进行评价:研究区内土壤全部达到绿色食品产地环境质量标准,如果选择合理的修复方法,对部分有轻微污染的土壤进行,则可以达到有机农业生产基地环境质量标准;以潜在生态危害指数RI分析,复垦区内土壤重金属潜在生态危害指数相对较低,复垦区农业生产具有良好的发展前景。     

宝山区粮田土壤中铜,锌,铅,镉,铬,汞含量的初步研究

本文研究了宝山区粮田土壤六种重金属铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、汞的含量及范围,土壤中重金属含量与污染源及土壤类型存在一定的关系。本区土壤中的六种重金属元素含量都在正常值范围之内。总体而言,我区粮田土壤没有受到污染,但个别地区的淞南、吴淞、葑塘等乡则受到了一定程度的污染。     

上海崇明岛表层土壤重金属元素分布特征与环境地球化学基线值研究

对上海崇明岛地区表层土壤中重金属元素的分布特征进行了研究,结果表明崇明岛表层土壤未受人为污染。运用标准化方法计算了崇明岛地区表层土壤中重金属元素镉、铬、铜、铅、锌、砷的环境地球化学基线值,建立了元素镉、铬、铜、铅、锌、砷的环境地球化学基线模型,确定其环境地球化学基线值分别为0.19、71.97、31.32、24.79、86.43、8.34μg/g。与上海市土壤背景值进行了对比检验,结果显示,标准化方法能有效计算土壤中元素的环境地球化学基线,获得的基线符合其定义和实际意义,为区域经济发展规划和环境评价提供了实用的基础地球化学信息。     

基于Meta分析的矿区周边土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

本文基于2002—2022年期间,知网、万方、Web of Science数据库收录的矿区周边土壤重金属文献数据,采用Meta分析方法,探讨我国不同地区和矿种类别的矿山开采对土壤重金属分布特征的影响。同时,结合地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估矿区周边土壤重金属生态风险。Meta分析结果显示,我国矿区周边土壤中镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pd)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、镍(Ni)和铬(Cr)的浓度相较于土壤背景值,分别增加了820.7%、309.6%、158.6%、158.6%、146.0%、103.4%、24.6%和15%,其中,Cd和Hg增加量较多。从地区来看,中南和西南地区的矿区周边土壤重金属的效应值较大,其重金属浓度增加量分别为285.7%和180.1%,其中西南、中南和华东地区矿山周边土壤中Cd、Hg、Zn、Pb和Cu的含量增加较为显著,华北和东北地区的Cd和As、西北地区的Cd和Hg增加较为显著。从矿种类型看,铅锌矿、多金属矿、铜矿、金矿、汞矿、钼矿、锰矿、锡矿和包含石墨矿等其他矿种的周边土壤重金属浓度增加量为166.4%～617.1%,其中铅锌矿开采会使得C...     

重金属污染元素在天津土壤剖面中的纵向分布特征

文章阐述了天津市不同地貌单元8个土壤剖面中重金属污染的纵向分布特征,并对土壤中重金属污染的形成原因进行了分析.结果表明,重金属元素随土壤质地不同而有所不同.镉、汞、铜、铅、锌等在城市附近污染比较重,污染主要集中在0～50 cm土层内.污水灌溉、污泥施用和城市降尘是造成土壤多种重金属元素污染的主要原因.     

岩溶铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染特征

以DX、DW铅锌矿区土壤为研究对象,利用原子吸收光谱法（AA800）、原子荧光光谱法（AF-640）测定土壤中铅、铬、镉、铜、锌、镍、汞和砷等重金属的含量,利用单因子污染指数法、N.L.Nemerow综合污染指数法对比分析土壤中重金属的污染特征,采用PCC统计学方法分析矿区土壤中重金属之间的相关性。结果表明:两矿区土壤中除Cu、Cr外,其余重金属均已对土壤造成单一或复合污染,其中Cd污染最为严重,对综合污染贡献最大。DX、DW矿区土壤重金属的Nemerow指数分别为27.61、63.54,均达到极强污染水平,且DW矿区污染较为严重。DX矿区,除Ni外,Pb、Cr等7种重金属元素之间存相关性;DW矿区,除Cr外,Pb、Ni等7种重金属元素之间存相关性,这可能与二矿区均属多金属伴生、共生矿床有关;土壤中各重金属总含量与pH值没有显著的相关性。研究结果将为合理制定矿区土壤污染的修复和治理措施提供依据。      

潮白河流域土壤重金属生态风险评价方法研究

为了研究潮白河流域某段土壤重金属环境质量现状及潜在生态风险评价,系统采集了42件土壤样品,对其7种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd和As)进行了测试分析,利用《土壤环境质量标准》评价土壤重金属污染现状,并参考北京市土壤重金属背景值,采用环境质量指数与环境潜在生态危害指数、内梅罗综合指数法相结合的方法,探讨土壤中7种重金属的累积污染现状及潜在生态风险。研究表明,土壤样品中Cu、Zn、Cr含量超标分别为97.62%、100%、100%;Cu、Zn、Cr含量重度污染等级以上的分别占2.38%、2.38%、4.76%;潜在生态危害指数法评价表明,Cu、Zn、Cr含量处于轻微生态危害等级分别占97.62%、100%、100%,Cu含量2.38%处于强生态危害等级。内梅罗综合指数法评判表明,所有样点均已污染,其中达到轻度污染、中度污染、重度污染的样点分别占28.57%、42.86%、28.57%;而潜在生态危害指数法评价显示土壤样品点中97.62%处于轻微生态风险等级,根据悲观原则可以判断该段流域重金属污染均处于轻度污染以上。     

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the urban stream sediments and its tributaries

Globally, aquatic ecosystems are highly polluted with heavy metals arising from anthropogenic and terrigenous sources. The objective of this study was to investigate the pollution of stream sediments and possible sources of pollutants in Nakivubo Channel Kampala, Uganda. Stream sediments were collected and analysed for heavy metal concentration using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The degree of pollution in Nakivubo channelized stream sediments for lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese and iron was assessed using enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index and pollution load index. The results indicated that (1) the sediments have been polluted with lead, cadmium and zinc and have high anthropogenic influences; (2) the calculation of geo-accumulation index suggest that Nakivubo stream sediments have background concentration for copper, manganese and Fe (I _geo ≤ 0); (3) factor analysis results reveal three sources of pollutants as explained by three factors (75.0 %); (i) mixed origin or retention phenomena of industrial and vehicular emissions; (ii) terrigenous and (iii) dual origin of zinc (vehicular and industrial). In conclusion, the co-precipitation (inclusion, occlusion and adsorption) of lead, cadmium and zinc with manganese and iron hydroxides, scavenging ability of other metals, very low dissolved oxygen and slightly acidic to slightly alkaline pH in stream water could account for the active accumulation of heavy metals in Nakivubo stream sediments. These phenomena may pose a risk of secondary water pollution under sediment disturbance and/or changes in the geo-chemistry of sediments.     

不同耕作类型下土壤-农作物系统中汞、砷含量与生态健康风险评价

针对废弃矿山遗留生态环境问题,选择贵州丹寨废弃金汞矿为研究区,基于野外系统样品采集,通过原子荧光法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析了区内土壤和农作物中的汞(Hg)、砷(As)浓度,采用单指标污染标准指数法、单因子污染指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和目标危险系数法评价了区内Hg、As污染程度及生态健康风险。结果显示:旱地土壤Hg、As平均浓度均超农用地土壤重金属风险筛选值,超标率分别为75.47%和67.92%;土壤Hg污染严重,总体呈极重污染级别,土壤As则以中—极重污染级别为主;玉米地上部分(以下简称玉米)Hg、As超标率分别为36.36%和4.55%,玉米Hg处于轻污染水平,玉米As总体未受污染。相比于旱地-玉米系统,水田土壤Hg的超标率和污染程度均更高,超标率高达89.19%,呈极重污染级别,而水田土壤As超标率仅为22.22%,As污染水平低于旱地土壤;水稻地上部分(以下简称水稻)Hg、As平均浓度均略超食品安全标准,超标率分别为54.55%和18.18%,水稻Hg、As污染均高于玉米,污染等级处于轻-中污染水平。生态健康风险评价表明,土壤Hg以极强生态风险为主、As以轻微生态风险为主;虽然土壤富集Hg,但其向农作物籽实的迁移量小,因此食用玉米和大米对人体健康尚不构成Hg非致癌风险。然而,水稻As富集导致食用大米对人群产生明显的As非致癌和致癌健康风险。该研究对保障矿区居民生活健康具有重要意义,研究结果可为矿区生态环境影响评估及生态恢复提供科学依据。     

不同方法评价喀斯特煤矿区农田土壤重金属生态风险比较

采用TCLP法、内梅罗综合污染指数、嵌入Igeo综合污染指数法等方法对贵州织金县某煤矿区周边农田土壤重金属进行评价。土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Hg和Zn的含量范围分别为0.79～2.08 mg·kg-1、144.20～464.40 mg·kg-1、91.63～187.50 mg·kg-1、48.13～104.47 mg·kg-1、0.14～2.33 mg·kg-1、144.35～265.89 mg·kg-1,所有土壤样点的Cd、Cr、Cu和Ni含量均已超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准,部分土壤样点的Hg和Zn含量超过二级标准。TCLP法评价结果所有土壤样点均未受到重金属污染;内梅罗综合污染指数法评价结果为农田土壤重金属生态风险处于安全水平;嵌入Igeo综合污染指数法评价结果表明,90%的土壤达到中度污染以上,其中65%的土壤处于中度污染,25%的土壤受到中度至重度污染;潜在生态危害指数法评价表明,所有土壤样点重金属均处于轻微生态风险水平。针对不同评价方法得出的结果存在差异的情况,在评价土壤重金属污染状况时,应根据评价目标的差异选择合适的评价方法。      

内蒙古自治区包头市土壤地球化学特征与环境评价

[摘 要] 包头市是内蒙古自治区境内最大的工业城市,随着工业生产的迅速发展,生态环境问题 日益突出,本文利用近年来在本区开展的多目标区域生态地球化学调查成果,依托多目标生态地球化学 调查提供的土壤元素指标的含量值、背景值及区域空间分布图等丰富的地球化学资料,重点对包头市生 态环境进行调查,对包头市土壤元素地球化学特征进行统计分析研究,通过研究土壤中镉、汞等重金属 元素的空间分布特征、物质来源, 运用内梅罗指数法对包头市土壤环境质量及环境污染状况进行了评 价。结果表明,除以冶炼为主的局部地段受到明显的人为污染外,其余地区环境质量总体良好。评价结 果对包头市今后的环境规划和环境治理提供了科学依据。     

Investigation of potential accumulation and spatial distribution of heavy metals in topsoil surrounding the cement plant of Meftah (southeastern Algiers region,Algeria)

Cement’s dust particles contamination on soil has received a good amount of attention due to toxicity persistence in the environment. It must be noted that cement dust falls are enriched in toxic heavy metals, which can spread throughout a large area by wind and rain then accumulate on plants, animals, and soils, thus ultimately affecting human health. For this purpose, a study was achieved to evaluate the potential accumulation and spatial distribution of heavy metals in topsoils surrounding the Meftah cement factory, situated at the southeastern of Algiers region. Sixty six soil samples were collected following six directions (east, northeast, north, northwest, west, and southwest) from cement factory on a radius of 3.5 km approximately. The physicochemical parameters, such as the pH, the conductivity, and the organic matter of these samples were determined. The concentration of the Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn elements, in soil samples, were determined with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) method and the data generated were analyzed statistically. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to the dataset in order to calculate and estimate the enrichment of metal concentrations in soils. Moreover, mapping of the spatial distribution of heavy metals was carried out using geographic information system (GIS), to determine more polluted areas and accomplish the objectives of the study. The results of our analysis indicate that soils were polluted most significantly by metals such as lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium. It is thus important to keep systematic and continuous monitoring of the bag filter to reduce the cement dust emission. As possible, remediation activities be carried out on the soil of heavy metals and their derivatives to manage and suppress such pollution.     

Comprehensive analysis of heavy metals in soils from Baoshan District, Shanghai: a heavily industrialized area in China

The potential for soil heavy metal contamination in high risk areas is a crucial issue that will impact the environment. Soil samples were collected in 2003 and 2007 to investigate heavy metal contamination characteristics and pollution changes in the industrialized district of Baoshan (Shanghai, China). Both multi-statistic and geostatistic approaches were used and proved to be useful in the interpretation of the analytical results. The potential for soil contamination in the high risk areas presents a crucial issue that will impact the environment. The results indicate that soil in the Baoshan District is alkaline. Additionally, the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil increased between 2003 and 2007. The study results indicated that the concentration of the metals lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium(Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in the soil has great discrepancy, especially of Pb and Cr. The concentrations of Pb and Cr in the soil show significant difference between two observed years (p?<?0.05). The concentration of most of these metals was higher in 2007 than 2003. Only the concentrations of Cd and As were not higher in 2007. Traffic and industrial contaminants were the likely source of Pb and As; Hg largely came from agricultural contamination, household garbage and industrial contamination; Cd, Cr, Zn and Cu mainly originated from industrial activities. Multivariate statistical analyses showed that human activities mainly contributed to heavy metal contamination. Spatial distribution confirmed this by showing that areas with the highest metal concentrations occurred where there were high levels of industrial activity and traffic. Potential ecological risk assessment results showed that high risk zones were highly correlated with spatial analysis. The study estimated that in 2007, 85.2?% of the district could be categorized as high risk, which is 77.4 times more than that in 2003.     

Use of Siam weed biomarker in assessing heavy metal contaminations in traffic and solid waste polluted areas

The ability of Chromolaena odorata to accumulate and serve as biomarker to lead and cadmium metals pollution load had been revealed by this study. Samples of soils and Siam weed were collected to assess impacts of solid waste disposal and traffic density on the environment. Composite sample were collected from a solid waste dumpsite, three traffic polluted areas with varying traffic density and a background site distant from traffic. Concentration of eight elements: cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, lead and zinc were determined in soil and plant samples and correlated together. Accumulative factors like pollution load index, transfer factor, contamination factor, enrichment factor were calculated for the metals in both plants and soils and used as basis for interpreting the state of the environment and ability of C. odorata to accumulate metals. The accumulative factors of plants were generally greater than that of soil samples indicating increased accumulative capacity of the plant. The accumulations of lead and cadmium in C. odorata were remarkable with contamination factor 10.51 and 23.50, respectively and mean enrichment factors 3.52 and 6.93, respectively. Other metals had lower accumulative factors. The distribution of metals and calculated factors placed solid waste disposal site as the most polluted site while the trend observed in areas with traffic pollution depicts the ability of C. odorata to clean up metal pollution by accumulating them. It can therefore be suggested that solid waste disposal negatively affects the environment more than traffic pollution subject to the volume of traffic.     

基于支持向量机的喀斯特山区土壤环境质量评价——以贵州北部一茶叶园区为例

以贵州北部一茶叶园区80个表层土壤样品为研究对象,对其Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu含量进行测定,在MATLAB中应用支持向量机构建土壤环境质量评价模型,并与模糊综合评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数法的评价结果对比分析,探究支持向量机模型在喀斯特山区土壤环境质量评价中的适用性,其结果表明:研究区土壤质量Ⅰ类与Ⅱ类样品比例为33∶7,土壤环境质量大多数为I类;支持向量机方法的评价结果与模糊综合评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数法结果的相同率分别达到82.5%和80.0%,并分析结果有差异的样品,发现支持向量机评价结果更符合实际情况,这说明该模型适用于土壤环境质量的评价。