胜利油田火山岩类、盆地演化及其CO2-Au成藏成矿效应

将胜利油田盆地内火山岩类分为石英拉斑玄武岩、橄榄拉斑玄武岩和碱性橄榄玄武岩3类。其中,碱性橄榄玄武岩多分布于盆地边部、出现较晚并受深断裂控制,其成分中明显更富碱、富轻稀土、富大离子亲石元素而贫铬、镍等相容元素和挥发分,深度大而熔融程度不高,应源于富集地幔。二氧化碳气藏与碱性橄榄玄武岩有空间、时间和成因上的关系;二氧化碳气藏区的火山岩中含有高含量的金。二氧化碳和金是盆地和火山岩类演化一定阶段的产物,源于富集地幔的岩浆去气是其形成的主要机制。     

中国东部地幔中岩浆与岩浆相互作用

近年来,研究认为在地幔深度发生的岩浆与岩浆之间的相互作用过程能够作为解释板内玄武岩组成不均一性的机制之一(Herzberg,2011)。然而,迄今为止并没有十分有力的地球化学证据支持这一模式。本次研究选择中国东南部福建龙海地区的小规模溢流玄武岩作为研究对象,通过元素和同位素地球化学研究,解释了在地幔深度碱性玄武质岩浆和拉斑质岩浆之间的相互作用过程。龙海玄武岩主要由拉斑玄武岩组成,含少量碱性玄武岩,w(Si O2)变化相对较小(49.0%~52.8%),但全碱质量分数显著变化(w(K2O+Na2O)=2.3%~6.4%)。依据玄武岩的演化程度,我们将其划分为低钛(演化程度低,Ti O2/Mg O0.25,为拉斑玄武岩)和高钛(演化程度高,Ti O2/Mg O0.25,主要为碱性玄武岩,含少量拉斑玄武岩)两类玄武岩。对低钛玄武岩的原始岩浆计算发现,其具有低的Ca O含量和高的Fe O/Mn O比值,并且相图上落在了4 GPa下与斜方辉石、单斜辉石和石榴子石相平衡的区域,暗示其源区主要岩性为辉石岩。但是,这些玄武岩的Sm/Yb比与Ti/Gd、Zr/Hf比之间呈现很好的线性关系,暗示低钛玄武岩源区经历了两端元混合过程。另一端元具有低的Ti/Gd比和高的Zr/Hf比,表明其源区另一种岩性为碳酸盐化的橄榄岩。高钛玄武岩具有与低钛玄武岩几乎一致的Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素组成,暗示它们具有相似的成因。但是,随着高钛玄武岩Sm/Yb比值的增加,其表现出显著的石榴子石效应。这一组成特征,以及其稀土元素的交叉配分特征,可以用单斜辉石和石榴子石的分离结晶来解释。而高钛玄武岩在相图上同样落在了石榴子石-辉石区域,也支持其曾经与石榴子石和单斜辉石相平衡。由于石榴子石的分离结晶通常深度大于70 km,要大于研究区的岩石圈厚度,因此该分离结晶过程应该发生在软流圈。而硅饱和的拉斑质岩浆(起源自辉石岩)与硅不饱和的碱性岩浆(起源自碳酸盐化的橄榄岩)在地幔深部相遇,就能够诱发该分离结晶作用:富硅拉斑质岩浆+贫硅碱性岩浆→富硅碱性岩浆+石榴子石+单斜辉石。基于上述观察,我们提出高钛玄武岩形成于拉斑质岩浆与碱性岩浆之间的相互作用及其伴随的深部岩浆演化过程。     

内蒙古阿巴嘎旗地区新生代玄武岩基本特征及成因

内蒙古阿巴嘎旗及其以北地区新生代玄武岩是更新世中心式火山活动产生的大陆溢流玄武岩,该区玄武岩以高碱、富钛、贫铝为特征,属于钠质碱性玄武岩系列.源区是软流圈上地幔,玄武岩是部分熔融和分离结晶两种作用的结果.地幔橄榄岩部分熔融产生玄武质岩浆,部分原始地幔岩浆未经变异沿构造通道直接喷出地表形成碧玄岩、碱性橄榄玄武岩;部分原始地幔岩浆在上升过程中因停顿,原始地幔岩浆发生橄榄石分离结晶作用,部分橄榄石从岩浆中析出,最终岩浆喷出地表形成橄榄拉斑玄武岩.研究该区新生代玄武岩基本特征,探讨岩浆起源和岩石产生的构造环境对认识该区岩石圈地幔和软流圈性质具有重要意义.     

冲绳海槽中部和南部玄武岩的区域性差异及其成因研究

本文从岩石学和岩石化学角度出发 ,对冲绳海槽中部和南部玄武岩样品进行了对比研究。结果表明中部和南部玄武岩均系亚碱性玄武岩 ,其中前者兼具钙碱性系列和拉斑玄武岩系列两种性质 ,后者则主要属拉斑玄武岩系列。根据岩石化学特征命名 ,中部样品主体为石英拉斑玄武岩 ,南部样品则为橄榄拉斑玄武岩。两区海槽玄武岩岩浆均由下伏地幔岩部分熔融而成 ,但源区地幔性质不均一 ,岩浆演化程度各异。中部样品源区地幔性质为过渡型 ,结晶分异程度较高 ;南部样品源于近亏损或富集型的地幔 ,结晶分异程度较弱 ;另外两区玄武岩样品均受到了不同程度的陆壳物质混染。中、南部海槽玄武岩在岩石学、岩石化学方面的差异与源区地幔性质不均一和岩浆演化程度各异有直接关系。海槽玄武岩构造环境属于过渡洋中脊玄武岩 (张性 )与岛弧玄武岩 (压性 )之间 ,代表的仍是海槽早期的岩浆活动。     

东天山自然铜矿成矿地质特征与成矿潜力分析

东天山自然铜主要赋存于上石炭统土古土布拉克组溢流相玄武岩及凝灰岩夹层中。岩石地球化学表明:该区岩石分为钙碱性系列和拉斑玄武岩两个系列,稀土总量较高,属轻稀土富集型,无Eu异常。REE分布模式具典型拉斑玄武岩稀土元素分布特征,微量元素暗示玄武岩岩浆物质来源具多样性。源区判别图解显示,东天山玄武岩属大陆板内玄武岩或陆拉张带玄武岩,形成于后碰撞拉伸作用下,为岩石圈地幔部分熔融与壳源物质发生同化混染的产物。东天山自然铜形成于贫硫、弱氧化环境,与美国基维诺和峨眉山地区的自然铜为不同成因类型。玄武岩型自然铜在东天山具很好找矿前景。     

大别造山带前陆阳新盆地古近纪玄武岩地球化学特征与成因研究

大别造山带前陆阳新盆地古近纪玄武岩的成分从石英拉斑玄武质到橄榄拉斑玄武质,以相对较高的大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、K、Th、U等)丰度和弱到中等亏损高场强元素(Nb和Ta)为特征,岩石地球化学的总体特征类似于初始裂谷的拉斑玄武岩,而与大陆拉斑玄武岩所表现出的强烈亏损高场强元素Nb和Ta的地球化学特征明显不同。该拉斑玄武质岩浆喷发前曾经历过较小程度(约4．5％)的以橄榄石为主的矿物分离结晶,玄武岩的母岩浆则是源区物质经过约15％的部分熔融形成的,源区物质可能包含了来自下地幔的FOZO和富集型大陆岩石圈地幔两种组分。大别造山带内及前、后陆地区古近纪拉斑玄武岩的地球化学特征具有可比性,意味着随着大别造山带山根的拆沉,来自下地幔的FOZO岩浆(可能以地幔柱的形式)上涌,对大陆岩石圈的地幔部分发生了大规模的改造,使得原性质明显不同的两大岩石圈地幔在会聚带附近其地球化学分区性变得模糊。所形成的玄武岩总体具有较多的FOZO特征,但(除造山带内部)也不同程度地保留有岩石圈地幔的性质。     

西藏纳木错西岸蛇绿岩的地球化学特征及其形成环境

西藏纳木错西岸蛇绿岩主要由变质橄榄岩、辉长辉绿岩及玄武岩等组成。变质橄榄岩以富Mg、贫Ti、贫REE元素为特征。辉绿岩和玄武岩的主量元素、微量元素特征显示其含有洋脊拉斑玄武岩和岛弧拉斑玄武岩的双重成分,其中高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等亏损．大离子亲石元素Rb、Sr、Ba等相对富集,具岛弧玄武岩的特点;在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式图上为LREE亏损的平坦型,无负Eu异常,与洋中脊玄武岩的特征类似。通过与典型地区作对比并应用构造环境判别图解,推测该区蛇绿岩形成于弧后盆地的构造环境。     

浙江嵊县—新昌新生代玄武岩及包体的研究

浙江新生代玄武岩主要岩石类型为橄榄拉斑玄武岩.矿物组合、岩石化学和REE特征表明为碱性玄武岩系列,是非原生岩浆的结晶产物(M=36-60,SI=15-37)。K-Ar同位素年龄4—10Ma.碱性橄榄玄武岩内赋存幔源包体和高压巨晶,其中尖晶石二辉橄榄岩包体熔融程度8％,形成温度975℃,压力15.7×10~8Pa。     

吉林抚松新屯子地区新生代玄武岩地球化学特征及构造背景分析

新屯子地区新生代玄武岩是中新世裂隙式火山活动产生的大陆溢流玄武岩,属于拉斑玄武岩系列,源区是软流圈上地幔。玄武岩是部分熔融和分离结晶过程联合作用的结果先由地幔橄榄岩部分熔融产生玄武质岩浆。但岩浆在上升到大陆地壳内一定深度的岩浆房时,发生部分橄榄石的分离结晶,作用在部分熔融作用之后发生橄榄石分离结晶作用,可能是大陆溢流玄武岩的一种普遍现象。     

南海玳瑁海山玄武质火山角砾岩的地球化学特征及其意义

海山火山碎屑岩是水下爆发性火山作用的产物,研究发现,玳瑁海山火山角砾岩是南海发现的具有过渡性质的拉斑玄武岩,呈现相对较高的K2O+Na2O含量(3.10%~4.98%),富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,具有位于E-MORB与OIB之间的稀土元素配分模式,∑REE为80~148×10-6,(La/Yb)N比值为2.6~6.7.它们与南海分布更广的碱性玄武岩具有相似的构造环境,为南海扩张后的板内成因.南海中中新世以来的海山主要出现拉斑玄武岩,而晚中新世以后则主要为碱性、强碱性玄武岩,研究认为岩石圈"顶盖效应"起到一定影响,岩石圈厚度随着时间变化而增厚制约着岩浆源区熔体的演化.南海陆缘存在古老的交代岩石圈地幔,在海盆扩张前后发生的拆沉及热化学减薄,使得软流圈中加入了富集不相容元素组分,可能是玳瑁海山玄武岩富集组分的来源.     

Phenocryst-bulk rock composition relations of abyssal tholeiites and their petrogenetic significance

In order to infer equilibrium phase relations of abyssal tholeiites, olivine, plagioclase, augite, and pigeonite tholeiites from the ocean floor are plotted in terms of the CIPW norm proportions in the tetrahedron olivine-plagioclase-diopside-quartz. The phase relations of abyssal tholeiites have a general similarity in form to those of the experimentally studied relevant systems. Experimental studies on natural basalts allow the pressure of crystallization for abyssal tholeiitic magmas to be evaluated approximately. It appears that the pressure at which the phenocryst-stage crystallization of abyssal tholeiites takes place is as high as 2 or 3 kbar, provided that abyssal tholeiitic magmas are ‘dry’.Abyssal tholeiites could be derived from liquids that are in equilibrium with Ca-poor pyroxene in the pressure range of about 5–8 kbar. Major element chemistry of abyssal tholeiites is incompatible with the view that these tholeiitic basalts are derived from picritic magma by olivine fractionation.     

Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Three Series of Cenozoic Basalts from Southeastern China

Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in southeastern China was related to the lithospheric extension and asthenospheric upwelling at the eastern Eurasian continental margin. The cenozoic basaltic rocks from this region can be grouped into three different series: tholeiitic basalts, alkali basalts, and picritic-nephelinitic basalts. Each basalt series has distinctive geochemical features and is not derived from a common source rock by different degrees of partial melting or from a common parental magma by fractional crystallization. The mineralogy, petrography, and major and trace-element geochemistry of the tholeiites are similar to oceanic island basalts, implying that the mantle source for these Chinese continental tholeiites was similar to that of the oceanic island basalts—an asthenospheric mantle. The alkali basalts and picritic-nephelinitic basalts are enriched in incompatible trace elements, and their geochemical features can be interpreted as a result of partial melting of an enriched lithospheric mantle, or the mixing products of an asthenospheric magma with a component derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle through thermal erosion at the base of the lithosphere. But the lack of a transitional rock type and continuous variational trends among these basalts suggests that the mixing between asthenospheric magmas and lithospheric magmas probably was not significant in the petrogenesis of the basalts from SE China. Low-degree partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle alone can account for the observed geochemical data from these basalts.     

The petrology and geochemistry of the Azores Islands

Forty lavas from the Azores Islands have been analyzed for ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, major elements, first transition series metals, and LIL elements. The samples belong to the alkali basalt magma series but range from transitional hy-normative basalts from Terceira to basanitoids from Santa Maria. Differentiated lavas include both typical trachytes and comenditic trachytes and comendites. Major and trace element concentrations define smooth trends on variation diagrams, and these trends can be related to phases crystallizing in the rocks. Systematic interisland differences are also apparent in these variation diagrams. LIL element concentrations in island basalts are roughly twice as high as those in tholeiites from the adjacent Mid-Atlantic Ridge which transects the Azores Plateau. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios in lavas from 6 of the 9 islands range from 0.70332 to 0.70354, a range similar to that found in tholeiites from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge transect of the Azores Plateau. This suggests that lavas from these islands and this portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge may be derived from a similar source. However, lavas from the islands of Faial and Pico have ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios up to 0.70394 and ratios in Sao Miguel lavas range up to 0.70525, suggesting basalts from these islands are derived from a chemically distinct source. Differences in the average LIL element concentrations of the least fractionated ridge tholeiites from the Azores Plateau and alkali basalts from the islands result from differences in extent of partial melting and residual mineralogy. The alkali basalts are derived by roughly half as much melting as are the tholeiites. Trace element concentrations in Azores peralkaline lavas preclude their derivation by partial melting of peridotitic mantle or basaltic crust; rather the data suggest they are produced by fractional crystallization of a basaltic parent.     

Fluorine in basalts from Iceland

The fluorine content of Icelandic tholeiitic and alkaline basalts matches values found in similar rocks from other areas. Covariation between fluorine and incompatible minor elements such as potassium or phosphorus is found in evolved tholeiites and alkali basalts. Lack of such covariation in primitive olivine tholeiites indicates that fluorine and other incompatible minor and trace elements are not controlled by minerals such as amphibole, mica or apatite in the mantle residue, and that the covariation between these elements in the evolved basalts cannot be inherited from the mantle. Model calculations on rocks from the Langjökull area show that olivine tholeiite suites are, if derived by simple fractional crystallization, enriched in incompatible elements much in excess of the increase due to crystal removal. These observations are taken to indicate that the well documented covariation between fluorine and other incompatible elements is not established until evolution of the basaltic magma has started in crustal holding chambers. The constancy of element ratios and enrichment in excess of what can be accounted for by crystal fractionation or incremental addition of new batches of primitive magmas does indicate (1) mineral control involving amphibole, mica or apatite and (2) addition of fluorine, potassium and phosphorous from an external source. It is argued that this source is the crustal envelope of the holding chamber.     

Tholeiitic and alkali basalts from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 43 ° N

Tholeiitic basalts dredged from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) axis at 43 ° N are enriched in incompatible trace elements compared to the ‘ normal’ incompatible element depleted tholeiites found from 49 ° N to 59 ° N and south of 33 ° N on the MAR. The most primitive 43 ° N glasses have MgO/FeO*= 1.2 and coexist with olivine (Fo_90–91) and chrome-rich spinel. The tholeiitic basalts from the MAR 43 ° N are distinct from the strongly incompatible trace element depleted tholeiities found elsewhere in the Atlantic, and have trace element features typical of island tholeiities and MAR axis tholeiites from 45 ° N. Petrographic, major, and compatible trace element trends of the axial valley tholeiites at 43 ° N are consistent with shallow-level fractionation; in particular, evolution from primitive liquids with forsteritic olivine plus chrome spinel as liquidus phases to fractionated liquids with plagioclase plus clinopyroxene as major crystallizing phases. However, each dredge haul has distinctive incompatible trace element abundances. These trace element characteristics require a hetrogeneous mantle or complex processes such as open system fractional crystallization and magma mixing. Alkali basalts (～5% normative nepheline) were dredged from a prominent fracture zone at 43 ° N. Typical of alkali basalts they are strongly enriched (compared to tholeiites) in incompatible elements. Their highly fractionated rare-earth element (REE) abundances require residual garnet during partial melting. The 43 ° N tholeiites and alkali basalts could be derived from a garnet peridotite source with REE contents equal to 2 × chondrites by ～5% and 1% melting, respectively. Alternatively, they could be derived from a moderately light REE enriched source by ～25% and 9.5% melting, respectively.     

雷琼地区晚新生代玄武岩地球化学：EM2成分来源及大陆岩石圈地幔的贡献

对雷琼地区21个晚新生代玄武岩样品的主量、微量元素和Sr、Nd、Pb同位素分别用湿化学法、ICP-MS和MC-ICPMS进行了测定.这些玄武岩主要为石英拉斑玄武岩,其次为橄榄拉斑玄武岩和碱性玄武岩.大多数样品的微量元素和同位素成分与洋岛玄武岩(OIBs)相似,而且随着SiO_2不饱和度增加,不相容元素含量也增加.除R4-1可能受到地壳混染外,其他样品相对均一的Nd同位素(ε_(Nd)=2.5-6.0)以及变化明显但范围有限的Sr同位素(0.703106～0.704481),可能继承了地幔源区的特征.~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr与~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb的正相关和~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd与~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb的负相关特征暗示DM(软流圈地幔)与EM2(岩石圈地幔)的混合.地幔捕虏体的同位素特征暗示EM2成分不可能存在于尖晶石橄榄岩地幔,而La/Yb和Sm/Yb系统表明岩浆由石榴石橄榄岩部分熔融产生,这意味着EM2成分可能存在于石榴石橄榄岩地幔.雷琼地区玄武岩的地球化学变化可以用软流圈地幔为主的熔体加入不同比例石榴石橄榄岩地幔不同程度熔融产生的熔体来解释:碱性玄武岩和橄榄拉斑玄武岩是软流圈熔体与石榴石橄榄岩地幔较低程度(7%～9%)熔融体混合,而石英拉斑玄武岩是软流圈熔体与石榴石橄榄岩地幔较高程度(10%～20%)熔融体的混合.     

Rare earth contribution to the origin of Hawaiian lavas

Rare earth abundances were determined by neutron activation in twenty Hawaiian lavas and one diabase of known chemical and mineralogical compositions. These results demonstrate a systematic relationship between the absolute or relative rare earth abundances and the petrochemistry of these rocks. Three distinct lava groups are recognized. These correspond to: (1) tholeiites, (2) alkali series, (3) nepheline-melilite basalts.Based on rare earths: a) The hawaiites and mugearite of the alkali series represent residual melts derived from alkali olivine basalts, most likely by fractional crystallization; the trachyte, however, seems to have a more complicated history. b) Fractional crystallization models linking nephelinites or alkali olivine basalts to tholeiites are possible. However, production of these three lava groups, independently, by various degrees of partial melting of the mantle is equally likely and cannot be distinguished from these fractional crystallization models. c) Daly limestone syntexis hypothesis to produce the nephelinites is unlikely.     

Petrological and trace element geochemical features of the Okete Volcanics,western North Island,New Zealand

The Okete Volcanics form small volume monogenetic volcanoes situated around the flanks of larger tholeiitic cones of the Plio-Pleistocene Alexandra Volcanics, in the back-arc tectonic environment of western North Island, New Zealand. The lavas and tuffs of the Okete Volcanics have compositions which include basanites, alkali olivine basalts, olivine tholeiites, and hawaiites. Most rocks have Mg numbers >66, >250 p.p.m. Ni, >500 p.p.m. Cr, and often contain ultramafic xenoliths, which indicate that they are very close to being primary magmas. The Okete Volcanics show geochemical trends, from basanite to hawaiite, of progressive depletion of both compatible and incompatible trace elements, progressive increase in Al₂O₃, and heavy REE and Y enrichment with crossingover REE patterns in the hawaiites. These geochemical trends can be accounted for by varying degrees of partial melting of a light REE enriched garnet peridotite with subsequent modification of the melts near source or during ascent by fractional crystallization of olivine and minor clinopyroxene. Mass balance calculations cannot quantitatively constrain the degree of partial melting or fractional crystallization, but nevertheless indicate that the Okete alkali olivine basalts, olivine tholeiites, and hawaiites have been derived by successively larger degrees of partial melting relative to basanites, and have also been progressively more modified by fractional crystallization than have the basanites. Sources of the alkalic melts lay at depths corresponding to >20 kb, and most of the ultramafic xenoliths, apart from some which may be cognate cumulates, are unrelated to the magmas that brought them to the surface. Magmas have changed in composition with time from older smaller-volume volcanoes of basanite or alkali olivine basalt compositions, to younger and more voluminous volcanoes which contain hawaiites. The geochemical trends shown by the Okete Volcanics and their spatial association with voluminous tholeiitic volcanism, are features which are different from those observed elsewhere in the Pliocene to Recent basaltic fields of northern North Island, and may be related to their unique tectonic setting, situated in a distinct structural domain.     

云南保山卧牛寺组玄武岩成因：地幔柱活动的产物？

保山卧牛寺组玄武岩为低钛拉斑玄武岩，具有大陆板内玄武岩的特征，总体与蛾眉山玄武岩中的低钛玄武岩相似。其分异程度较高，富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素，有明显的Nb、Ta负异常，Zr和Hf正异常，Eu无异常或弱负异常。该玄武岩由3个大喷发旋回形成3个岩石单元，其中下部早期第1单元由致密块状玄武岩、斜斑玄武岩、杏仁玄武岩和凝灰岩组成，第2和第3单元中见少量橄榄玄武岩和粒玄岩以及辉绿岩脉。有较高的^86Sr／^87Sr值(0．705966—0．706657)、较低的^143Nd／^144Nd值(0．512212—0．512283)，εNd(t)多为负值，源区为介于EMI和EMⅡ端员之间的富集岩石圈地幔。上述地球化学和同位素特征均可与蛾眉山玄武岩下部低钛拉斑玄武岩对比，表明该期岩浆作用可能同为地幔柱活动的产物，并暗示蛾眉山大火成岩省向西有很大的延伸。     

The composition and formation of Miocene tholeiites in the Central European Cenozoic plume volcanism (CECV)

Tholeiites accompanying a majority of alkali basalts are restricted to the highly productive central part of the CECV plume activity in Vogelsberg and Hessian Depression. They mainly occur as quartz tholeiites which according to experiments of partial melting and material balances are products of olivine tholeiitic primary melts. The differentiation from olivine to quartz tholeiitic melts took place in lower crustal magma chambers where olivine tholeiitic melt intruded due to a density comparable with that of the country rocks. The fractionation due to separation of olivine and some clinopyroxene caused contamination of tholeiite magmas by tonalitic partial melts from the wall rocks of the magma chambers. The latter process is indicated by relatively high Rb, K and Pb and low Nb concentrations and by Nd, Sr and Pb isotopes. Contaminating crustal melts, which roughly attained a proportion of 10%, contained very low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios from a Nd/Sm fractionation as old as 2.6 Ga. This is the first evidence from mafic rocks of this high age in the lower crust beneath Central Europe. Modelling with incompatible elements allows to recognize olivine tholeiites as products of about 1% partial melting of plume rocks consisting of 35% primitive and 65% depleted mantle materials. The production of tholeiites other than alkali basalts is restricted to the highest plume activity and the largest fraction of MORB type source rocks. Received: 10 December 1999 / Accepted: 23 June 2000