AREM模式两种初值扰动方案的集合降水预报试验及检验

基于我国科学家自主开发的AREM区域中尺度模式,考虑模式初值的不确定性,初步建立起11个成员37 km分辨率覆盖全国大部地区的短期集合预报系统。采用两套初值扰动试验方案(降尺度方案和BGM方案)分别进行了批量试验,试验结果表明:(1)通过对集合预报离散度和概率预报的检验,表明采用区域模式自身孵化循环产生的初始扰动明显优于直接使用全球集合预报提供的初始扰动。(2)无论采用哪种初值扰动方案,基于集合预报方法的集合平均预报、概率预报等均优于单一的确定性预报和业务预报。(3)离散度与集合平均预报误差的面平均有较好的对应关系;离散度与预报误差的空间相关系数平均为40%～45%。(4)目前集合预报系统离散度与预报误差相比偏小,其部分原因在于没有考虑模式物理过程的不确定性,这将在下一步的工作中逐步改进。     

多种扰动组合的热带气旋路径集合预报技术研究

基于GRAPES-TCM开展多种扰动组合的热带气旋路径集合预报技术研究,将LAF和BGM方法结合起来构建集合初始小扰动,即采用LAF引入最初的小扰动,并考虑不同物理过程的组合,同时利用BGM法分别对热带气旋涡旋场和环境场进行扰动,构造集合成员,对热带气旋进行72 h预报。对2008年西北太平洋16个热带气旋进行预报试验,结果表明,24,48和72 h的集合平均预报误差分别为231.48,386.40和632.03 km。随着预报时效的延长,预报误差和集合离散度均有所增加,散点分布也随之扩展,离散度与平均误差的比值1的样本所占比例由24 h的53.8%逐渐下降至72 h的41.8%。多数样本的预报误差与离散度之间存在较好的相关关系,但也有少量样本出现小预报误差大离散度或大预报误差小离散度的情况。此外,针对不同的热带气旋或热带气旋不同的预报时段,集合预报和确定性预报各有优劣。整体来看,集合预报的预报性能相当于或优于确定性预报的比率约为66.2%。集合预报的样本数在预报中后期较确定性预报明显增多,反映出随着积分时间的延长,集合预报的适用性和优势性得到显现。集合预报中出现的小概率事件不容忽视,应当意识到这种预报的不确定性和小概率事件出现的可能性及相应的结果。     

多种扰动组合的热带气旋路径集合预报技术研究北大核心CSCD

基于GRAPES-TCM开展多种扰动组合的热带气旋路径集合预报技术研究,将LAF和BGM方法结合起来构建集合初始小扰动,即采用LAF引入最初的小扰动,并考虑不同物理过程的组合,同时利用BGM法分别对热带气旋涡旋场和环境场进行扰动,构造集合成员,对热带气旋进行72 h预报。对2008年西北太平洋16个热带气旋进行预报试验,结果表明,24,48和72 h的集合平均预报误差分别为231.48,386.40和632.03 km。随着预报时效的延长,预报误差和集合离散度均有所增加,散点分布也随之扩展,离散度与平均误差的比值>1的样本所占比例由24 h的53.8%逐渐下降至72 h的41.8%。多数样本的预报误差与离散度之间存在较好的相关关系,但也有少量样本出现小预报误差大离散度或大预报误差小离散度的情况。此外,针对不同的热带气旋或热带气旋不同的预报时段,集合预报和确定性预报各有优劣。整体来看,集合预报的预报性能相当于或优于确定性预报的比率约为66.2%。集合预报的样本数在预报中后期较确定性预报明显增多,反映出随着积分时间的延长,集合预报的适用性和优势性得到显现。集合预报中出现的小概率事件不容忽视,应当意识到这种预报的不确定性和小概率事件出现的可能性及相应的结果。     

北京地面O3的集合预报试验

基于蒙特卡罗集合预报方法建立了一个北京地面臭氧的集合预报系统,该系统对包括排放源、气象场在内的154个模式输入和参数进行了扰动,共包含了50个集合成员。利用该集合预报系统模拟了北京奥运会期间一次臭氧过程(2008年8月11日～8月13日),分析了集合预报系统在概率预报,最优集合子集预报以及表征预报可靠性方面的特点。结果表明:与原确定性预报相比,集合预报能为用户提供更加丰富的预报信息,通过概率预报可以提供不同事件发生的概率,对臭氧事件的预报准确率更高。采用最优集合子集预报方式时的臭氧预报均方根误差比原确定性预报低了10%以上。     

热带气旋奇异向量在GRAPES全球集合预报中的初步应用

基于副热带奇异向量的初值扰动方法已应用于GRAPES （Global and Regional Assimilation PrEdiction System）全球集合预报系统,但存在热带气旋预报路径离散度不足的问题。通过分析发现,热带气旋附近区域初值扰动结构不合理导致预报集合不能较好地估计热带气旋预报的不确定性,是路径集合离散度不足的可能原因之一。通过建立热带气旋奇异向量求解方案,将热带气旋奇异向量和副热带奇异向量共同线性组合生成初值扰动,以弥补热带气旋区域初值扰动结构不合理这一缺陷,进而改进热带气旋集合预报效果。利用GRAPES全球奇异向量计算方案,以台风中心10个经纬度区域为目标区构建热带气旋奇异向量求解方案,针对台风“榕树”个例进行集合预报试验,并开展批量试验,利用中国中央气象台最优台风路径和中国国家气象信息中心的降水观测资料进行检验,对比分析热带气旋奇异向量结构特征和初值扰动特征,评估热带气旋奇异向量对热带气旋路径集合预报和中国区域24 h累计降水概率预报技巧的影响。结果表明,热带气旋奇异向量具有局地化特征,使用热带气旋奇异向量之后,热带气旋路径离散度增加,路径集合平均预报误差和离散度的关系得到改善,路径集合平均预报误差有所减小,集合成员更好地描述了热带气旋路径的预报不确定性;中国台风降水的小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨各量级24 h累计降水概率预报技巧均有一定提高。总之,当在初值扰动的生成中考虑热带气旋奇异向量后,可改进热带气旋初值扰动结果,并有助于改善热带气旋路径集合预报效果。      

基于动力降尺度的区域集合预报初值扰动构建方法研究

利用全球集合预报系统资料(Global Ensemble Forecast System,GEFS),基于WRF中尺度模式构建了区域集合预报系统,区域集合初值的构建采用两种方案,一种是GEFS全球集合预报初值场直接动力降尺度(称为DOWN集合),另一种是提取GEFS全球集合降尺度后的扰动场,并叠加到区域数值预报系统(北京快速更新循环数值预报系统:Beijing Rapid Update Cycle System,BJ-RUC)分析场上构建集合初值场(称为D-RUC集合)。进行了批量试验,通过对比发现D-RUC集合的中小尺度扰动增长优于DOWN集合,而大尺度扰动分量的增长两者相当,说明与高分辨率分析场叠加可以促进动力降尺度扰动的中小尺度扰动分量的增长。集合预报扰动准确性检验结果显示,短预报时效内DOWN集合扰动明显低估了预报误差,在预报误差较大的位置扰动较小,而D-RUC集合能够更好地识别预报场中哪些位置预报误差较大,而哪些位置预报误差较小。集合预报检验结果表明,D-RUC方法能显著改善短时效预报效果,集合离散度有所增加、均方根误差有所减少,概率预报评分显示D-RUC集合比DOWN集合在短预报时效占优。降水个例分析结果表明D-RUC方法能显著改善短时效内的降水概率预报效果。     

一个集合海浪预报系统及其初步试验

使用集合天气预报系统的多个成员的风场预报来驱动海浪模式WAVEWATCH Ⅲ, 计算出含多个成员的海浪预报场,并相应开发出各海浪要素的集合预报产品,如集合平均、离散度、集合概率等,建立了一个集合海浪数值预报系统。使用该系统进行了2007年9—10月为期两个月的预报试验,利用太平洋和大西洋海域范围的浮标观测资料对系统的预报水平的初步检验分析显示,该集合海浪预报方法能够有效地将传统的确定性预报扩展到概率预报领域,且集合平均的预报水平要优于单一的确定性预报,采用集合预报方法可以提供单纯确定性预报所不能够提供的额外信息,具有较好的应用潜力。     

ECMWF降水相态预报产品(PTYPE)应用和检验

运用我国2016—2018年三个冬半年(10月至次年3月)地面2515个站的天气现象观测资料,对ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)的降水相态预报产品(PTYPE)(分为雨、雨夹雪、雪和冻雨四类)进行了系统性的检验评估,包括细网格确定性模式预报产品和集合预报系统概率预报产品。结果显示,ECMWF的确定性预报产品对四类降水相态的正确率普遍达到90%以上,对降雨和降雪的TS评分也较高,冻雨次之,雨夹雪的TS评分较低,预报能力有限。确定性模式对我国雨雪分界线的预报,普遍存在短期位置略偏南、中期随时效延长越来越偏北的误差特点,且对雨夹雪的预报范围明显偏小,对冻雨的预报范围明显偏大。集合预报系统从概率的角度一定程度上弥补了确定性模式的上述误差。对概率预报的检验结果显示,集合预报系统降雨概率普遍偏低,降雪概率短期偏高、中期偏低,而雨夹雪和冻雨概率普遍偏低,但是都有一定的预报技巧。集合预报系统相对于确定性模式的优势,降雨体现在较小花费损失比事件的预报上,降雪体现在较大花费损失比事件的预报上。对雨夹雪和冻雨,相对于确定性模式,集合预报系统体现出了显著的优势,尤其是冻雨,集合预报系统的优势更加明显。     

GRAPES区域集合预报两种侧边界扰动方法对比试验

中国气象局数值预报中心自2014年建立了区域集合预报业务系统,其使用的侧边界扰动由全球集合预报系统动力降尺度得到。为深入了解侧边界扰动对区域集合预报的影响,基于15 km水平分辨率的区域集合预报模式,使用动力降尺度方法和尺度化滞后平均法(scaled lagged average forecasting,SLAF)设计构造了两种侧边界扰动方案,并开展了2015年7月共6天的集合预报试验,利用集合均方根误差、集合离散度、连续分级概率评分、离群值、Brier Score及相对作用特征曲线面积等概率预报检验方法进行了多方面检验,分析了两种侧边界扰动方案对区域集合预报质量的影响。结果表明:动力降尺度侧边界扰动方案(DOWN)的扰动总能量在各垂直层次均大于SLAF方案,使得边界上前者的离散度大于后者,集合扰动增长更为合理;对于等压面要素和地面要素,DOWN方案的离散度、Outlier、CRPS等评分优于SLAF方案,反映了DOWN方案构造的侧边界扰动更加合理;在降水概率预报技巧方面,SLAF方案在评分上具有一定优势,但评分的提高没有通过显著性水平检验,因此认为两种方案对降水预报的改进基本相当。     

国家级区域集合预报系统研发和性能检验

该文简要介绍了中国气象局国家气象中心研发的区域中尺度集合预报系统主要技术特点:在初值扰动技术方面,通过研究中国地区中尺度模式预报误差快速增长特点、中国地形地貌特征与观测资料的分布情况,研发适合于中尺度模式的增长模繁殖法扰动技术构造初值场;分析数值模式物理过程参数化方案内在的不确定性以及对强对流天气和近地面要素预报的差异,确定多物理过程扰动技术方案。解决全球集合预报扰动信息向中尺度集合预报输入的关键技术,实现中尺度区域集合预报系统与全球中期集合预报系统的嵌套。在模式后处理方面,解决中尺度集合预报结果的偏差订正技术;开发满足多种需求的多要素、多层次概率预报产品和概率预报检验产品。在世界天气研究计划"2008年北京奥运会中尺度集合预报研究开发项目"3年实时预报试验比较评价中,中国气象局国家气象中心区域中尺度集合预报系统总体预报能力与国外同类系统相当。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on