建筑物制冷系统人为热排放与气象环境的相互作用

针对建筑物制冷系统人为热排放对城市气候和能源消耗影响越来越大的现状,利用改进后的建筑物能量模式BEM(Building Energy Model)与单层城市冠层模式SLUCM(Single Layer Urban Canopy Model)的耦合,实现对城市建筑物人为热排放的动态模拟;以2014年5月29日为例(北京地区极端高温个例),开展北京地区建筑物制冷系统人为热排放与城市气象环境相互作用的定量分析。WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)/Noah/SLUCM/BEM耦合模式模拟分析表明,模式在不加入人为热时,对夜间的热岛模拟偏弱,且基本无法模拟出白天的热岛效应;加入城市交通人为热排放后,对城市热岛强度和范围的模拟有一定改善;进一步加入建筑人为热排放对气温、热通量、边界层高度等的模拟效果均有不同程度的改进。加入BEM模拟的人为热后(case2),15:00(北京时,下同)主城区地表感热通量增加30~50 W·m~(-2),相应地2 m气温升高0.4~0.8℃,二者对应关系较好。case2中的人为潜热排放导致地表潜热通量增加80~140 W·m~(-2),水汽通量增加0.04~0.09 g·m~(-2)·s-1,中心城区2 m比湿增加0.5~0.9 g·kg~(-1),边界层高度升高100~150 m,且傍晚边界层高度开始下降的时间推迟了约1 h。加入建筑人为热后,气温等气象条件的变化会对建筑物制冷系统能耗及人为热排放产生影响。case2对比case1,建筑物制冷系统能耗增加了1.11%~3.33%,建筑物制冷系统排放的感热通量增大0.67%~1.67%、潜热通量增大0.625%~1.56%(达2.0 W·m~(-2)以上)。研究表明,在中尺度模式中动态模拟建筑物制冷系统的人为热排放,能够改进对近地层气象要素的模拟效果。     

2012年春末昆明大暴雨的中尺度对流系统特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR逐6 h 1°×1°再分析资料、FY 2E红外云图TBB资料、昆明C波段多普勒雷达探测资料,结合中尺度数值模式的模拟结果,分析了2012年5月24日晚昆明大暴雨期间中尺度对流系统演变特征及形成机理。结果表明,此次大暴雨是在高低空系统最佳配置下产生的。降水峰值出现时,低层增暖湿,从地面到500 hPa呈显著的对流性不稳定层结,700～500 hPa垂直风切变达14 m·s-1。纬向结构上,暴雨中心低层东风增强,300 hPa以下纬向风辐合,中心强度为-28×10-5 s-1,150 hPa以下上升气流中心强度为21 m·s-1,近地面水汽通量辐合为-20×10-5 g·hPa-1·s-1·cm-2;经向上,暴雨中心500 hPa以下南风风速辐合,上升气流增强,强度与纬向一致,低层水汽通量辐合中心强度为-30×10-5 g·hPa-1·s-1·cm-2,强于纬向水汽通量辐合。此外大暴雨中地形对南风的强迫也是显著的,抬升速度在0.4~1.0 m·s-1。这次强降水分为初始、加强、回落和衰减四个阶段,昆明近地层浅薄冷空气加强时,引发其东侧对流单体移向昆明,强降水发生;然后南风出现脉动,局地湿层增厚和垂直风切变加大,促使对流单体两度增强并出现降水峰值;第三次峰值则是弱南风脉动及对流单体合并所造成,由于移入的单体较之原地发展的单体弱得多,原地单体作用的降水峰值也明显小于前面两次。对流降水回波属于暖云性质的热带低质心降水回波。     

2013—2016年北京朝阳站PM2.5质量浓度变化特征

利用2013年2月至2016年1月北京朝阳环境气象站PM2.5质量浓度和同步地面风数据,重点分析了PM2.5质量浓度的变化特征及受地面风的影响情况。观测期间测点PM2.5年平均质量浓度为80.6±4.0 μg·m-3,为环境空气质量标准(GB3095—2012)二级年均浓度限值(35 μg·m-3)的约2.3倍,季节变化特征明显,冬季最高（115.1 μg·m-3）、夏季最低（58.5 μg·m-3）。测点主导风向为ENE—E—ESE,风速主要集中在0.2~2.0 m·s-1。当地面风来自ENE—E—ESE方向时PM2.5质量浓度最高（109.1 μg·m-3）,来自WNW—NW—NNW方向时最低（39.5 μg·m-3）。PM2.5质量浓度随风速增大先上升后下降,在0.4 m·s-1时达最高,为139.2 μg·m-3。风速在0.2~2.0 m·s-1时主要受ENE—E—ESE方向影响,而2~6 m·s-1时主要受ESE方向影响较大。通过与其他站点的比较发现,不同站点各方向污染源和地面风的差异导致了PM2.5质量浓度在各方向分布的差异。     

南京一次持续性浓雾天气过程的边界层特征及水汽来源分析

本文选取2006年12月24—27日（平流辐射雾）南京大雾的外场观测资料及NCEP的2.5°×2.5° NC再分析资料和GDAS全球1°×1°气象资料,结合天气形势、气象要素、物理量场,并利用轨迹分析方法,对这次浓雾的边界层特征及水汽输送进行分析,探讨这次浓雾形成和持续的主要边界层物理和天气学成因。分析表明：（1）这次浓雾过程期间始终存在深厚的逆温层结,甚至出现多层逆温。浓雾过程中,在中上空不同逆温层顶温度比地面温度高出2~5℃。逆温层厚多在200 m以上,26日08时逆温层厚达500 m。逆温层的存在,使大气层结更加稳定,在雾形成前期利于低层水汽聚集,雾形成后又抑制水汽的扩散,利于雾体的发展和维持,是这次浓雾能持续约64 h,强浓雾时段（能见度＜50 m）持续约37 h的重要因素。（2）这次平流雾过程低层水汽通量散度呈负值,上空持续出现水汽辐合,最强水汽辐合出现在25日02时左右,为-30×10-7 g·s-1·cm-2·hPa-1。低层辐合利于水汽的聚集,雾得以形成和发展,而雾过程后期水汽辐散则加快雾的消亡。贯穿整个雾过程的水汽辐合是这次平流辐射雾长时间维持的重要条件。（3）这次平流辐射雾过程中水汽输送路径是自中国东部沿海抵达南京;雾期间,水汽又来自海上源源不断的输送,最大时南京上空水汽通量达到2 g·s-1·hPa-1·cm-1。水汽的供应和后期补充量,决定了浓雾的持续时间。     

唐古拉地区高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量特征研究

采用涡动相关法对青藏高原唐古拉地区高寒草甸生态系统在2007年CO2通量及活动层水热动态进行了连续观测。结果表明, 各月CO2通量日变化均呈单峰型, 日通量峰值一般出现在中午, 最大排放峰值出现在5月, 为0.29 g·m-2·h-1; 最大吸收峰值出现在8月, 为-0.25 g·m-2·h-1, 除7月和8月CO2通量日变化表现出吸收特征外, 其余各月均表现为排放特征。与青藏高原连续多年冻土周边地区相比, 唐古拉地区CO2通量日变化峰值明显偏小。CO2通量季节变化呈双峰型, 表现为春\, 秋季强排放、 夏季弱吸收和冬季弱排放。5月为CO2通量全年最大排放月, 排放量为132.4 g·m-2; 8月为CO2通量全年最大吸收月, 吸收量为-37.7 g·m-2。春\, 秋季, CO2通量与5 cm土壤温度和未冻水含量变化呈显著的正相关关系, 而夏季与5 cm土壤温度变化呈显著的负相关关系, CO2通量对光合有效辐射变化基本没有响应。     

城市化及人为热对西安市气象要素影响差异敏感性分析

利用西安市工业和生活能源消耗量、汽车保有量、主干道车流量等数据,对工业、交通和生活3种人为热排放量进行综合估算,利用耦合到WRF模式中的单层城市冠层模式(WRF/UCM),采用修订的西安人为热日逐时变化参数,对城市化及人为热的影响进行敏感性分析。结果表明:(1)采取修订后的人为热源参数,耦合城市冠层的模式系统更能详细刻画出降水分布的局地性差异,人为热源对城市温度分布及强度的模拟效果有一定的改进作用,对城市地面流场、降水分布及强度有一定的影响,模拟结果更接近实况;(2)城市冠层对长波辐射有一定的截获作用,在增加人为热源的影响下,城市地表吸收的长波辐射增多更为明显,加强了地表对边界层大气向上的感热输送;(3)人为热源对增加边界层高度的作用较为明显,平均在50~100 m;耦合城市冠层和人为热源后,在城市下风方向,垂直速度增大,局地垂直环流逐渐加强,对流系统水平尺度更小;在城市下垫面和人为热源共同影响下,大气的垂直结构发生了变化,从而造成城区不同部位降水强度的差异。     

山东夏季两次切变线暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规观测资料、卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对2012年7月30日和2013年7月9日山东出现的两次区域性暴雨进行了对比分析,结果表明：两次850 hPa切变线造成的暴雨,线状MCS(Mesoscale Convective System)组织化程度高,地面辐合线触发了暴雨的发生。不同的是:①“7〖DK〗·30”暴雨500 hPa影响系统为阶梯槽,副高位于朝鲜半岛以东;“7〖DK〗·9”暴雨为典型的东高西低形势,副高控制华东沿海;②“7〖DK〗·30”暴雨受一股较强的东南气流作用,将东海及西太平洋水汽输送到暴雨区,925 hPa水汽通量散度和最强上升速度较“7〖DK〗·9”暴雨分别大-10 g〖DK〗·hPa-1〖DK〗·cm-2〖DK〗·s-1和-0.2 Pa〖DK〗·s-1,“7〖DK〗·9”暴雨由低空西南急流将南海的水汽输送到暴雨区,925 hPa水汽通量和比湿较“7〖DK〗·30”暴雨分别大2~4 g〖DK〗·cm-1〖DK〗·hPa-1〖DK〗·s-1和2 g〖DK〗·kg-1;③两次暴雨过程MCS发生发展过程、形成方式和成熟期组织结构存在显著差异,“7〖DK〗·30”暴雨是对流单体独立发展逐渐合并成β中尺度,最终形成α中尺度对流系统,“7〖DK〗·9”暴雨为多个对流单体合并为β中尺度系统。通过分析得出,切变线暴雨触发机制应着眼于地面辐合线的形成和加强以及冷空气侵入引起的锋生。     

北京郊区夏季PM2.5和黑碳气溶胶的观测资料分析

城市近郊常受到城区污染物扩散和输送的影响,2010年7月21日至8月6日利用β射线颗粒物连续监测仪和黑碳仪对北京西北郊区PM25和黑碳气溶胶（BC）进行了连续观测。结果表明,北京西北郊区夏季PM25和BC的质量浓度分别是(13316±8164)、(289±162) μg/m3。受明显的山谷风的影响,来自观测点东南方的城区的气流使PM25和BC浓度升高,来自观测点西北方向的风则使PM25和BC浓度降低。受局地排放、区域输送和气象条件的共同影响,郊区的PM25和BC浓度表现出明显日变化特征,二者浓度在上午、傍晚和夜间显著上升。     

大别山区茶叶气候生产潜力评估

基于大别山区35个气象观测站1971—2020年逐日气象资料、DEM数据，采用气候统计分析、逐步订正法和趋势面插值等方法，对茶叶光合生产潜力（YQ）、光温生产潜力（YT）和气候生产潜力（YW）时空变化特征、气候资源贡献率及其对气候变化的响应进行了分析。结果表明：大别山区茶叶YQ和YW呈下降趋势，降幅分别为0.58和0.05 t〖DK〗·hm-2〖DK〗·(10a)-1，YT呈增加趋势，增幅为0.36 t〖DK〗·hm-2〖DK〗·(10a)-1；空间分布上，YQ随纬度的增加而增加，YT随纬度和海拔的增加而减少，YW随纬度的增加而减少、随海拔的增加而增加；太阳辐射、温度和降水对YW的贡献率分别为26%、48%、26%，温度的促进作用与太阳辐射和降水的抑制作用相互抵消，致使YW总体呈动态平衡趋势；气候变化背景下，大别山区北部地区较南部地区YQ下降趋势更加明显，南部地区较北部地区YT增加趋势更加明显，YW在低海拔地区呈增加趋势而在高海拔地区呈下降趋势。研究结果可为大别山区茶叶产业充分利用气候资源、高效趋利避害、合理优化产业布局提供科学依据。     

棉田土壤热通量的计算

本文在两年棉花田间试验观测的基础上,利用土壤中热传导方程模拟5cm层土壤温度的时间变化,进而推算出其它层次的土壤温度,与实测值相比,模拟均方误最大为0．14,最大温度绝对误差为0．7℃．通过对温度方程求深度上的偏导数获得土壤热通量的计算公式,计算值与实测值比较,均方误最大为0．006,效果较好。本文还通过2cm层土壤热通量与棉花冠层净辐射之间的关系,结果表明土壤热通量与冠层净辐射有着很好的相关性。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on