珠穆朗玛峰北坡高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量日变化与月变化特征

采用涡度相关法,对珠穆朗玛峰北坡高寒草甸生长季与非生长季(2005年5～7月、10月、11月及2006年2月、3月)的CO2通量进行了观测.分析结果表明,在生长季,CO2通量存在明显的日变化,08:00～19:00(北京时,下同)为CO2净吸收,20:00～09:00为C02净排放.6月,CO2通量峰值出现在11:00左右为-0.61g·m-2·h-1;而7月,CO2通量峰值出现在14:00,达到-0.86g·m-2·h-1.从月变化来看,5月为CO2净排放,月总量为89g·CO2·m-2,6月和7月均为CO2净吸收阶段,月吸收总量分别为70g·CO2·m-2和104g·CO2·m-2;而10月,植物枯黄,生态系统转为碳排放,月排放量约为50g·CO2·m-2,与次年3月份月总量(52g·Co2·m-2)接近,而11月份与次年2月份的月排放量接近(分别是23g·CO2·m-2,25g·CO2·m-2).非生长季(2月)CO2通量日变化振幅很小,除14:00～19:00少量的CO2净排放外(0.14g·m-2·h-1左右),其余时间CO2接近零.     

城市近地层湍流通量及CO2通量变化特征

利用北京325m气象塔47m高度上2006年全年连续观测获得的湍流资料,分析了北京城市近地层动量通量、感热通量、潜热通量和CO2通量的典型日变化、月平均日变化和季节变化特征。分析结果显示:动量通量具有明显的单波峰日变化特征,在15时(北京时间)左右达到最大,季节变化中春季最大,冬季次之,夏、秋季最小;感热通量和潜热通量全年变化范围分别为-92～389W.m-2和-75～376W.m-2,其日变化也表现为单波峰特征。感热通量的日变化受城市下垫面和人为热源影响,入夜后虽然降为负值,但只略小于0。阴雨天感热通量和潜热通量均很小,降雨前后有明显区别。感热和潜热最大值分别在春季3月和夏季6月,最小值都在冬季1月;城市下垫面CO2通量总表现为正值,即净排放,最大值为3.88mg.m-2.s-1,不稳定情况下最小值小于-2mg.m-2.s-1。受到人类活动的影响,CO2通量的日变化特征在工作日与周末有明显区别;由于冬季采暖,CO2通量明显大于夏季;在夜间,CO2通量受进城车辆的影响也出现高值。     

华北平原冬麦田土壤CH4的吸收特征研究

利用静态箱/气相色谱(GC)法,对华北平原冬小麦拔节—成熟期间麦田土壤CH4气体通量进行了测定,得出华北平原典型冬麦田土壤是大气CH4的弱吸收汇。试验期间土壤CH4通量存在明显的季节变化和日变化,麦田拔节—成熟期间土壤CH4通量日平均值为-18.3μg.m-2.h-1,波动范围为-4.3~-24.4μg.m-2.h-1;在土壤CH4通量的日变化中,观测到麦田土壤在午间和夜间都有一个吸收峰,峰值出现的时间因生育期不同而有所不同。试验期间CH4通量日平均值与土壤温度关系不明显,而与土壤水分呈负相关(α=0.01);日变化中土壤CH4通量与地表温度的相关性较差,而与5 cm地温相关密切。麦田拔节—成熟期间土壤CH4通量日平均值随NH4 -N施用量的增加呈递减规律,农田秸秆还田后不利于土壤对CH4的吸收。     

内蒙古地区典型草原下垫面CO_2通量变化特征及影响因素

基于内蒙古典型草原腹地锡林浩特国家气候观象台2007—2016年CO_2通量逐30 min观测数据及同时段气温、降水等资料,利用WPL方法对CO_2通量资料进行修正的基础上,对典型草原牧草不同时期CO_2通量的变化特征及影响因素进行统计分析。结果表明:(1)内蒙古典型草原CO_2通量存在明显的年际、季节和日变化特征,且表现为碳汇特征,尤以牧草生长季最为明显;CO_2通量呈夜间弱排放、白天强吸收的"U"型日变化,其中09:00—10:00最大;全年及生长季CO_2通量以吸收为主,夏季吸收最大,春季和秋季次之,冬季最小,甚至表现为弱排放。(2)牧草不同生长期气候要素对CO_2通量影响不同,其中返青期热量因子与CO_2通量呈负相关,水分因子为正贡献;开花期和枯黄期正相反,热量因子对CO_2通量为正贡献,水分因子为负贡献,且开花期热量与水分因子对CO_2通量贡献最显著。(3)生长季牧草NDVI与CO_2通量表现为负相关,且7、8月二者的相关性极高。     

秋季珠峰复杂地形下地表能量通量卫星遥感研究

依据目前较为成熟的地表能量通量遥感参数化方案,利用2006年9～10月珠峰地区秋季近地面大气梯度实测资料,结合中分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS卫星资料,遥感估算了包括珠峰地区在内的青藏高原南部地区地表能量通量的空间分布情况.结果表明:地表净辐射峰值约为420.0 W·m-2,介于200.0～620.0 W·m-2之间;地热通量峰值约为110.0 W·m-2,介于50.0～180.0 W·m-2之间;感热通量峰值约为270.0 W·m-2,介于120.0～280.0 W·m-2之间;潜热通量峰值约为90.0 W·m-2,介于0.0～250.0 W·m-2之间.由此可见,在高原季风期后的秋季,该地区白天地面加热场主要通过感热传输加热大气,地气之间水汽传输耗热是地表净辐射平衡中的小量.     

成都平原稻田甲烷排放的实验研究

根据1996～1999年四个稻季的观测资料,分析了成都平原单季稻甲烷排放的季节变化和年际变化特征.结果表明:在水稻生长季节甲烷排放通量变化很大,在分蘖期和成熟期一般会出现峰值.年际间的通量变化也很大,其年均排放通量的变化范围在2.35～33.95mg m-2 h-1之间.4年的平均排放通量为12 mg m-2 h-1,与四川乐山的7年平均值30mg m-2 h-1相比,存在着明显的地区差异.同时分析讨论了温度、施肥、水稻品种、土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)以及稻田水位等诸多因素对稻田甲烷排放的影响.结果表明:在成都平原水稻生长季节的平均气温对CH4的平均排放通量影响不大;而气温对CH4排放的日变化有相对重要的影响,但气温对甲烷排放日变化的影响与水稻植物体的生长阶段有关;发现了水稻植物体(根、茎、叶)重量对CH4排放的重要作用.讨论了合理使用肥料和施肥量,控制水位和Eh值对稻田CH4的减排作用,提出优化组合诸影响因子,以充分发挥其减排潜力.     

种植不同作物对农田N2O和CH4排放的影响及其驱动因子

以种植玉米(Zea mays)、大豆(Glycine max)和水稻(Oryza sativa)的农田生态系统为研究对象,于2003年6~10月系统观测了N2O和CH4的排放、土壤温度和湿度以及相关的生物学因子。玉米和水稻分别施化肥氮300 kg.hm-2,大豆未施氮肥。研究结果表明,作物类型对农田N2O和CH4排放具有显著的影响。土壤-玉米系统、土壤-大豆系统和土壤-水稻系统的N2O季节性平均排放通量分别为620.5±57.6、338.0±7.5和238.8±13.6μg.m-2.h-1(N2O)。种植作物促进了农田生态系统的N2O排放,玉米地土壤和裸地土壤的N2O平均排放通量分别为364.2±11.7和163.7±10.5μg.m-2.h-1(N2O)。土壤-玉米系统、土壤-水稻系统、玉米地土壤和裸地土壤N2O排放受土壤温度的影响,与土壤湿度无显著统计相关,但受土壤温度和水分的综合影响。土壤-大豆系统N2O排放随作物绿叶干重的增加而指数增加,与土壤温度和水分条件无统计相关,由大豆作物自身氮代谢所产生的N2O-N季节总量约为6.2 kg.hm-2(N)。土壤-水稻系统CH4平均排放通量为1.7±0.1 mg.m-2.h-1(CH4),烤田抑制了稻田CH4的排放。烤田前影响稻田CH4排放的主要因素是水稻生物量,烤田后的浅水灌溉及湿润灌溉阶段的CH4排放与土壤温度和水稻生物量无关。本研究未观测到旱作农田有吸收CH4的现象。     

科尔沁沙地自然恢复沙质草地生态系统碳通量特征

以科尔沁沙地围封后自然恢复的沙质草地生态系统为研究对象,基于全年运行的涡动相关系统,观测分析了2017年该生态系统净CO2通量(NEE)在不同时间尺度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)日尺度上,NEE呈“单峰型”,其中生长季(5-9月)出现明显的吸收峰,而非生长季(10月至次年4月)出现明显的排放峰;季节尺度上,NEE表现为吸收峰值和释放峰值交替出现,生长季为碳汇(净吸收202.11 g·m^-2),非生长季为碳源(净释放298.13 g·m^-2);全年尺度上,NEE表现为碳源(净释放96.02 g·m^-2·a^-1)。(2)NEE在生长季与温度(空气温度和土壤温度)呈显著(P<0.01)线性负相关关系,而在非生长季反之;NEE与土壤含水量在生长季和非生长季均呈显著(P<0.01)线性正相关关系;温度和土壤含水量的协同作用对NEE亦有重要影响。     

青海高原夏季降水异常及其水汽输送特征分析

通过对青海高原夏季降水异常及其水汽输送特征的分析表明:(1)青海高原夏季降水的年代际变化总体呈先增后减的抛物线型变化,80年代中期以前没有明显的变化周期,80年代末以后存在较稳定的3年周期,目前正处于一相对多雨时期。(2)青海高原夏季整层水汽通量在50~150kg·m-1·s-1之间,自西界向东界增加,近43年空中水汽收支整体上呈增加趋势。(3)旱年青海高原空中水汽偏少10~40kg·m-1·s-1,水汽通量散度场除北部呈辐合加强外,其余地区均为水汽通量辐散加强区。涝年青海高原水汽输送偏强10~20kg·m-1·s-1,水汽通量散度场表现为整个区域的辐合加强。(4)旱年青海高原空中水汽收支呈“盈余”状态,但比平均状况少2923·3kg·s-1,减幅为21·88%;涝年空中净水汽通量也呈“盈余”状态,但比平均状况多7253·6kg·s-1,增幅达53·99%。     

长春周围地区稻田甲烷排放研究

通过对长春及其周围地区稻田上空甲烷浓度和稻田甲烷排放量持续2年的监测研究发现，在水稻生长季内，该区稻田甲烷排放量的变化曲线里单峰型，排放高峰出现在7月上、中旬至8月上旬的水稻孕穗期，且在此期间，稻田上空甲烷浓度和稻田甲烷排放量关系密切。采用持续淹水方式的C稻田的甲烷平均排放通量为7．65mg·m-2·h－1；采用间歇灌水方式的A、B稻田分别为0．Z7和0．72mg·m-2·h-1。人为的水管理方式和施肥对该区稻田甲烷排放具有重要影响。采用间歇灌水的水管理方式可大幅度降低稻田甲烷的排放量。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...