低温岩体裂隙冻胀力与冻胀扩展试验初探

低温裂隙岩体冻融损伤与断裂破坏一直是寒区岩体工程建设中的关键科学问题。低温下含水裂隙的冻胀扩展演化过程受冻胀力量值的控制,然而裂隙中冻胀力的大小及其演化机制一直存在争议,尚缺乏有效的试验测试方法。通过在类岩石材料中预制不同长度和宽度的宏观裂隙,进行了低温下饱和裂隙的冻胀力测试试验;利用薄膜压力传感器和温度传感器分别对饱和裂隙在低温冻结过程中的冻胀力和冻结温度进行了实时连续的监测,获取了其时空演化曲线。试验结果表明：（1）在冻结过程中,岩体裂隙中冻胀力的萌生是一个突发的过程,其演化过程可分为孕育阶段、爆发阶段、跌落阶段以及平衡阶段;（2）冻结完成后,裂隙冰发生了明显的挤出且裂隙尖端产生了可见的冻胀裂纹;（3）融化过程中,冻胀力跌落较快,但存在滞后现象;（4）对于宽度在2～5 mm范围内的半开口裂隙,从裂隙开口端冻结时,最大冻胀力与裂隙宽度线性正相关;在宽度为5 mm的饱和裂隙中最大冻胀力达到了7.2 MPa。研究成果可为认识裂隙中冻胀力的萌生演化机制以及进行裂隙冻胀扩展计算与分析提供借鉴。     

基于扩展有限元方法的裂隙岩体冻胀力理论与数值研究

为研究寒区裂隙岩体内冻胀力的变化规律, 从单裂隙入手, 基于弹性力学、 水冰相变理论以及质量守恒关系, 建立了考虑未冻水含量及水分迁移的冻胀力求解模型; 利用MATLAB平台编制程序, 采用扩展有限元方法（XFEM）计算得到了裂隙内冻胀力随冻结时间的演化规律。采用有效体积膨胀系数法计算得到的冻胀力数值解与理论模型计算结果以及其他学者的试验结果吻合较好, 并分析了水冰相变下裂隙尖端应力场, 数值计算结果与理论解吻合较好, 验证了数值方法的可靠性; 通过分析影响冻胀力发展的因素, 指出岩石弹性模量和裂隙几何形状是控制裂隙内冻胀力演化的两个重要因素。     

岩石内孔隙/裂隙冻胀力模型及其适用性评价

开展含缺陷空间(孔隙、裂隙)岩体内部冻胀力发生机制及演化规律分析,是岩体冻胀损伤、断裂评价研究的基础。孔隙、裂隙冻胀损伤发生空间尺度存在显著差异,其冻胀损伤机制及冻胀力演化分析也不尽相同,可将孔隙介质冻胀损伤理论归纳为四类：①基于水冰相变体胀的冻胀损伤模型,包括体积膨胀理论、静水压理论等;②基于水热迁移的冻胀损伤理论,包括分凝冰理论、全过程冻胀理论等;③基于孔隙水相变热力学平衡分析的损伤理论,包括毛细管理论、结晶压理论等;④孔隙介质力学理论。裂隙介质冻胀损伤一般认为发生在宏观空间尺度上,着重关注裂隙的冻胀扩展过程。其损伤理论可分为体积膨胀理论（包括水压致裂理论）和分凝冰理论,而裂隙介质冻胀损伤对微观过程（如未冻水迁移、岩/冰界面受力特性等）关注度有待深入。藉此分别讨论上述冻胀损伤理论原理、适用条件及局限性,并对不同缺陷形态（孔隙、裂隙）引起的冻胀力演化机制差异性进行简要分析。     

裂隙冻胀压力及对岩体造成的劣化机制初步研究

岩体在冻融循环下裂隙中会经历冻胀力的萌生、发展与消散,裂隙冻胀扩展和岩体冻胀损伤程度受冻胀力控制,基于热力学、渗流理论、界面力学和弹性理论建立了柱形封闭裂隙中冻胀力演化模型,对考虑水分迁移和不迁移两种情况下的冻胀力量值进行了研究。结果表明:不考虑水分迁移作用下冻胀力随裂隙饱和度g和岩石弹性模量sE增加而迅速增大,当sE10 GPa且g94%时产生的冻胀力超过15 MPa,足以驱动任何岩体冻胀开裂,不同岩石裂隙冻胀开裂存在一个对应的临界饱和度ming;考虑岩石的透水性,渗透率低于5×10~(-14) cm~2的低渗透性岩石中裂隙水冻结会产生较大的冻胀水压力,容易引起裂隙冻胀扩展;而在渗透率大于10~(-12) cm~2的高渗透性岩石中,饱和裂隙水冻结难以形成有害的冻胀水压,裂隙冻胀开裂主要是冻结后期在冰-岩界面间的微观未冻水膜中产生的分离压力引起。     

裂隙岩体冻融损伤关键问题及研究状况

工程岩体冻融损伤问题是寒区常见的工程难题,其主要诱因是岩体中水分的冻胀融缩作用。目前国内外学者关于冻岩问题的主要研究内容可大体归纳为冻岩物理力学性质、相变过程、低温多场(THM)耦合、冻融损伤模型及数值分析等4个大方面。几十年来,国内外学者通过理论分析、数值模拟、现场及室内试验等多种途径对冻岩问题展开研究,取得了丰硕的成果,但目前对冻岩问题的研究远未成熟,很多研究尚停留在试验探索阶段。要真正意义上揭示冻岩损伤机制,应以水冰相变为切入点,立足细观尺度,充分考虑冻胀融缩作用与裂隙扩展的相互影响,进而拓展至冻融作用对岩体裂隙网络发展的影响。     

土在冻结及融化过程中的热力学研究现状与展望

冻胀融沉给工程建设及运营带来了极大的危害,是科研人员及工程建设者迫切需要解决的重大问题. 土在冻结及融化过程中会产生水分迁移、冰水共存、固结和冻结缘等现象,这些现象的产生涉及到冻结及融化过程中冰水相变、冰分凝和水分迁移等关键机制的研究. 目前,冰水相变、冰分凝和水分迁移等机制的研究已成为解决冻胀融沉问题的重点及难点. 冻融过程是建立在热力学基础上关于水分场、应力场及温度场的三场耦合过程,其数值模拟正处于由水-热耦合到水-热-力耦合的演化阶段. 而冻结缘参数的测试和确定是理论探索和数值模拟的关键. 近几十年来,随着实验技术的发展,各种先进的探头及仪器设备被开发应用于冻结及融化过程的室内或者场地试验研究,以期揭示其内部的微结构特征及其热力学机理. 因此,系统地总结和分析土在冻结及融化过程中的现象、机理、试验条件以及数值模拟等工作,将对土冻结及融化过程的认识及研究有着至关重要的作用.     

冻融作用下裂隙类砂岩断裂特征与强度损失研究

寒区裂隙岩体中经常发生水冰相变产生冻胀力,冻胀力的反复作用会驱动岩体裂隙扩展、贯通甚至断裂破坏。通过在类砂岩试样中预制不同倾角的单开口裂隙,分别进行预冷和不预冷饱水裂隙冻融循环试验及冻融后的单轴压缩试验,探究冻结方式和裂隙倾角对裂隙冻胀扩展过程、断裂破坏特征及单轴强度的影响机制。试验结果表明,裂隙冻胀力是驱使裂隙冻融扩展的主要动力且与裂隙水的冻结方式密切相关,采用预冷方式冻结会引起绝大部分裂隙水挤出而难以形成冻胀裂纹;在非预冷冻结方式下冻胀裂纹一般先沿着预制裂隙共面方向扩展,但由于边界效应而逐渐转向短边,共面扩展长度与裂隙倾角呈正相关;当预制裂隙倾角在60°～90°时,岩体容易沿着冻胀裂纹方向发生压缩破坏,从而引起岩体单轴抗压强度降低。研究结果可为揭示裂隙岩体冻融损伤机制及开展寒区岩体工程建设提供借鉴。     

低温裂隙岩体水-热耦合模型研究及数值分析

裂隙渗流会引起裂隙周围岩体中的温度场变化,在低温岩体中其影响更为明显;此外,裂隙水与周围低温岩石介质发生热交换会引起裂隙中的水冰相变过程发生,而裂隙水冻结将阻碍裂隙渗流,引起裂隙渗流场的变化。因此,低温下的裂隙岩体水-热相互作用是一个强耦合过程。考虑裂隙中的水冰相变过程和渗流作用,建立了低温冻结条件下裂隙岩体水-热耦合模型;以冻结法施工为例,考察了低温冻结过程中裂隙水渗流对裂隙冻结交圈的影响。研究结果表明：由于裂隙渗流的存在,距裂隙较远处岩石先冻结,裂隙冻结所需时间远大于周围岩石;裂隙宽度和裂隙水压力差都会影响冻结交圈时间,裂隙越宽、水压力差越大,裂隙冻结需要时间越长;随着冻结时间的推进,裂隙水渗流速度逐渐降低,当裂隙冻结后裂隙渗流停止。最后通过构建随机裂隙网络模型,利用所建立的水-热耦合模型考察了裂隙网络渗流对冻结交圈的影响,说明了在冻结法施工中考虑裂隙的重要性。     

冻融风化边坡岩体破坏机理研究

高寒山区岩质边坡冻融风化破坏严重影响公路建设及其运行安全。为了揭示岩体在冻融条件下的破坏机理,本文通过对高寒山区岩质边坡现场调查、编录,结合室内试验及数值模拟等,从不同尺度下综合分析岩体的冻融破坏机理。室内试验显示岩块受冻融后存在强度弱化现象,其受控于岩块的结构构造、胶结程度及初始损伤裂隙发育情况;冻融试验揭示岩体裂隙发育特征对冻胀变形性质起决定作用,裂隙的冻融破坏速率远大于岩块,密闭条件下,裂隙水冻结成冰过程中形成冰劈效应,冻胀力可达33MPa以上;数值分析揭示了边坡温度场受低温、大温差影响最为明显,裂隙带受冻融影响严重,其为边坡冻融风化的通道,裂隙水冻胀形成冰劈是边坡冻融风化破坏的主要模式。     

冻融循环作用下岩石含冰裂隙冻胀力演化试验研究

为探讨寒区裂隙岩体含冰裂隙在冻融循环作用下的冻胀力演化规律,进而揭示疲劳冻融对岩体结构劣化的影响机制,采用自行设计的8通道冻胀力实时监测系统开展了不同岩性、不同裂隙几何形态下的冻胀力测试试验,获取了多次冻融循环中冻胀力演化曲线,并分析了岩性和裂隙几何形态对冻胀力演化规律的影响。研究表明:(1)冻融循环造成岩体结构劣化是冻胀力引起岩体疲劳损伤的过程,每个冻融循环的冻胀力演化过程都经过孕育阶段、暴发阶段、跌落回稳阶段、回升阶段和消散阶段,并且发现了冻胀力回升这一现象;初始冻胀力峰值可作为裂隙岩体抗冻融损伤指标;(2)在多次冻融循环作用下岩体裂隙冻胀力不断暴发、积聚和释放,期间产生的裂隙累积损伤驱动着裂隙持续扩展,引起岩体进一步的疲劳劣化;疲劳冻融作用下,初始冻胀力峰值与二次冻胀力峰值变化趋势可作为裂隙岩体受冻融影响损伤劣化程度的判断依据;(3)岩体结构特性影响冻胀力演化规律,岩体基质的微细观结构影响冻结过程中水分迁移;宏观预置裂隙几何形态影响冻胀力演化规律,扩展程度越大的裂隙积聚出的冻胀力越大。疲劳冻融下冻胀力演化规律的研究可为寒区岩体工程长期冻融稳定性预测及工程建设提供理论依据。     

冻融循环条件下岩石弹性模量变化规律研究

岩体冻融损伤机制为温度降低使岩体中的水发生相变、体积膨胀、产生冻胀力的作用,岩体中的微裂隙在冻胀力的作用下扩展延伸,温度升高时,融化的水进入新的裂隙,冻结成冰再次产生冻胀作用,反复循环使裂隙网络扩展,最终造成岩体的损伤。基于此,从弹塑性力学、断裂力学的角度出发,研究了在冻胀力的作用下单裂隙扩展特性,推导了冻胀力与裂纹扩展长度之间的关系,利用Mori-Tanaka方法建立了岩体宏观损伤量与冻胀力及冻融次数之间的关系式,讨论了岩体弹性模量与冻融次数、冻胀应力以及渗透系数的变化规律,并与试验结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,岩体在冻融循环条件下的弹性模量随冻融次数的增加呈非线性减小;冻胀应力越大,岩体弹性模量衰减越快;岩体的渗透系数越大,弹性模量衰减越慢。     

竖向直排冻结条件水平冻胀力试验研究

竖向直排冻结方式常用于软弱地层中斜井掘进和深基坑止水帷幕的冻结法施工中,目前国内外对该冻结方式下水平冻胀力的分布研究鲜见报导。以某斜井冻结工程为背景,推导出温度场、应力场和水分场等相似模拟准则,设计了竖向直排冻结模型试验并细化具体试验方案,利用大型三维模拟冻结试验系统,对竖向直排冻结条件下不同深度土体的水平冻胀力分布特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,竖向直排冻结过程中埋深对水平冻胀力的影响明显,在其他条件相近的情况下同一水平面中水平冻胀力的大小与温度密切相关;冻胀力的变化率主要受冻结锋面位置的影响,距离冻结锋面较近时冻胀力的变化率逐步达到峰值;已冻土体的冻胀力随冻结锋面向外发展而趋于平稳。     

Experimental study on three-point bending of granite after cryogenic freeze-thaw cycles at -160 ℃北大核心CSCD

In order to study the effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the type I fracture toughness of granite under ultra-low temperature conditions,semi-circular bending（SCB）specimens were used in this study,and different freeze-thaw times（1,2 and 3 times）were selected. The granite in the natural state was treated with -160 ℃ ultra-low temperature freeze-thaw cycles,and the three-point bending test was carried out on the granite after the freeze-thaw cycle. and microstructure effects. The results show that with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles,the localized damage of I-type crack tip of granite is intensified,the fracture toughness is decreased,the number of microcracks and pores in the rock is increased,the length of cracks is increased,and the pore size is increased. Finally,the changes of rock frost heaving force and fracture toughness under low temperature and ultra-low temperature conditions are compared and analyzed. Compared with low temperature conditions,the frost heaving force produced by ultra-low temperature freezing and thawing is larger. When fracture toughness decreases by approximately the same amplitude,rocks need more cycles of freezing and thawing at low temperature. The research results can provide theoretical reference for underground storage of liquefied natural gas（LNG）in ultra-low temperature environment. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

Study on frost heaving characteristics of sandstone under different freezing conditions北大核心CSCD

At present,artificial freezing method has become one of the effective methods for coal mine shaft to pass through water-rich soft rock strata,which can stop the movement of groundwater and limit the deformation of surrounding rock. In order to study the frost heaving characteristics of sandstone under different freezing conditions,frost heaving tests of saturated and dry Cretaceous red sandstone samples under different freezing rates （10 ℃·h-1,5 ℃·h-1,2 ℃·h-1,1 ℃·h-1）and different confining pressures（5 MPa,10 MPa,15 MPa,20 MPa,25 MPa）were carried out by using GCTS（Geotechnical Consulting & Testing Systems）servo-controlled low temperature and high pressure triaxial rock testing system. In this paper,based on the existing theory of physical and mechanical properties of frozen soil,we studied the frost heaving law of sandstone under different freezing conditions and explored the frost heaving mechanism. The result shows that in the process of cooling,the dry rock sample always produce cold shrinkage deformation,while the saturated rock sample first produce cold shrinkage deformation,then produce frost deformation,and finally the deformation tends to be stable. The deformation of saturated rock samples is much larger than that of dry rock samples. The larger the stress level of rock samples at the same temperature is,the smaller the frost deformation is,which shows a linear negative correlation,mainly because the high confining pressure limits the volume expansion of the water phase in the pore inside the rock samples when it becomes ice. The frost deformation of rock samples is mainly affected by confining pressure and water content,while the frost heaving rate is mainly affected by cooling rate. Under this test condition,the higher the cooling rate of sandstone is,the higher the frost heaving rate is,and the relationship between them is approximately linear. For saturated rock samples,the confining pressure reduces the rock frost heaving by limiting the expansion during the phase transformation of ice water,and the temperature affects the rock frost heaving by affecting the freezing rate of pore water and the thermal expansion and cold contraction of rock skeleton. For dry rock samples,the deformation is mainly due to the volume contraction of rock mineral particles caused by thermal expansion and cold contraction effect,and the greater the temperature change,the greater the deformation. Based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis method,a calculation formula of rock frost heaving considering the influence of confining pressure was established. By calculating the frost heave of sandstone samples under different confining pressures,it is found that the calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental results. Moreover,according to the calculation formula of frost heaving,the influence factors of rock frost heaving during freezing can be divided into two categories：internal cause and external cause. The internal cause includes porosity,saturation,volume modulus of ice and rock skeleton,and the external cause includes temperature and confining pressure. For saturated rock,the frost heaving is mainly affected by factors such as confining pressure,temperature and porosity. When the saturation,porosity and freezing rate are low,the rock may only produce shrinkage deformation,because these indicators determine whether the rock produces frost heave or freeze shrinkage. The mechanism of rock frost heaving is very complicated due to the interaction and restriction between the internal and external factors and the dynamic changes of rock micro-structure and mechanical properties during the process of frost heaving. The research results can provide theoretical reference for freezing construction scheme design of deep coal seam mine construction,and also provide a theoretical basis for the study of physical and mechanical properties and engineering application of soft rock in frozen soil area. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

Deterioration Characteristics of Pre-flawed Granites Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Compression

In order to reveal the evolution characteristics of the frost heaving pressure caused by the water–ice phase transition and volume expansion of the fractured rock mass subjected to the periodic freeze-thaw cycles, and the degradation effect of the freeze-thaw cycle on the mechanical properties of the fractured rocks, the long-term frost heaving pressure monitoring and uniaxial compression test were carried out on saturated fractured granite with different crack size. The results show that the evolution curve of frost heaving pressure can be divided into five stages. With the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, the peak frost heaving pressure decreases exponentially. The peak frost heaving pressure increases linearly with the increase of crack length. The influence of size effect on frost heaving pressure decreases with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles. As the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, the rate of P-wave velocity decreases gradually. The peak stress loss rate of rock with different crack length increases in the form of power function with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles. The peak strain changes in the form of quadratic polynomial function with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles. The research results can provide reference for theoretical calculation and numerical analysis of frost heaving pressure of fractured rock mass in cold regions.

     

负温对基坑悬臂桩水平冻胀力影响的模拟研究

寒冷地区基坑悬臂桩支护工程,在桩后土体水平冻胀力作用下,易出现桩体倾斜、水平裂缝、剪断等问题.负温是水平冻胀力产生的关键因素,采用数值模拟方法,分别模拟粉质黏土、黏土在一定的负温变化下,桩体水平冻胀力的大小和分布模式,结果表明：负温越低,土体冻结速率越大,水平冻胀力越大;桩身范围内,水平冻胀力大致呈上下小、中间大的抛物线型分布,最大值出现在基坑的中下部,为开挖深度的0.5～0.8倍,力值约为冻胀前土压力的2～15倍,同时拟合出最大水平冻胀力与温度、桩顶位移之间的关系公式;此外,桩体水平位移随负温增加而增加,桩顶位置处,冻胀引起的水平位移为开挖引起位移量的0.88～11.38倍.     

再论冻胀量与冻胀力之关系

讨论了新出版的《水工建筑物抗冰冻设计规范》（DL／T5082－1998）（98版）中的地表冻胀量对法向冻胀力影响的问题，认为地表冻胀量是冻胀率沿整个冻深的叠加，法向冻胀力则是在冻结锋面上冻胀应力沿基础影响范围之内的积分，法向冻胀力与地表冻胀量没有直接联系。     

深部膨胀性黏土层冻结温度场的分布与冻胀力形成规律

防止冻结管断裂是深部膨胀性黏土层在冻结壁形成过程中的一项亟待解决的课题。针对淮南矿区某矿副井深部膨胀性黏土层, 通过热力耦合计算分析, 研究了其冻结温度场分布与冻胀力形成规律。结果表明： 冻结152天、 236天时, 黏土层冻结壁平均温度分别为-14.42 ℃、 -16.58 ℃, 细砂层冻结壁平均温度分别为-15.86 ℃、 -17.32 ℃, 黏土层冻结壁平均温度比同时期细砂层高1.44 ℃、 0.74 ℃。黏土层冻结壁平均厚度分别为8.92 m、 10.25 m, 细砂层冻结壁平均厚度分别为9.54 m、 10.77 m, 黏土层冻结壁平均厚度比同时期细砂层小0.62 m、 0.56 m。细砂较膨胀性黏土易于冻结。冻结90天时, 黏土层外、 中、 内圈三圈冻结管平均冻胀力约为同时期细砂层的1.1倍。冻结151天时, 黏土层三圈冻结管围成的冻结壁内平均冻胀力均达到初始地应力的81.1%, 是同时期细砂层的1.16倍。冻结236天时, 细砂层内圈管的冻胀力为3.91 MPa, 比中圈管3.72 MPa大了5.11%, 而黏土层内圈管的冻胀力为4.81 MPa, 比中圈管4.74 MPa大了1.48%。黏土层三圈冻结管围成的冻结壁内平均冻胀力均达到初始地应力的88.6%, 是同时期细砂层的1.28倍。深部膨胀性黏土层及与细砂层界面处冻胀力均存在显著的不均匀性, 最大冻胀力的主要位置与实际工程中掘进时的断管处基本对应, 不均匀冻胀力是造成冻结管断裂的重要原因。