平坝县干旱灾害评估和预评估研究

根据平坝县1979—2008年30 a的月平均降水量和月平均蒸发量资料,建立降水量—蒸发量距平法的评估模型,进而采用此模型对2009-07—2010-03干旱进行评估并和历史对比,改进的降水量距平方法考虑了蒸发量的影响,因此比单一的降水量距平发更接近实际情况。并对干旱预评估进行了检验。     

丹江口水库流域1998年9～10月异常干旱的成因

使用丹江口水库流域1970～1998年9～10月降水量、气温及环流特征资料,对该流域1998年9—10月异常干旱与历年同期干旱进行了对比分析。分析结果表明：亚洲地区（45～65°N60～150°E）盛行纬向环流,冷空气势力偏北,西太平洋副热带高压偏强,是导致当年9～10月丹江口水库流域异常干旱的主要原因。     

昌吉州干旱气候的分析

通过各地年降水量与年蒸发量的比值、干燥指数的计算，进一步说明干旱是昌吉州气候的基本属性；通过气象水旱年与水文丰枯年的对照，说明降水是表征气候干旱的主要气象要素；以降水为定标要素，划定60年代以来所出现的干旱年；对历次出现的季节干旱，据其气温变化特征，进一步分析出各季干旱的若干类型和所属年份。     

人影工作在洛阳气象事业发展中的推动作用

洛阳市地处豫西山区，属温带半干旱大陆性季风气候区，年平均降水量696．9mm，年平均蒸发量为933mm。干旱、季节性干旱年年发生。近30年的气象数据表明，洛阳夏季经常发生局部强对流天气，平均每两年就会出现一次较大的冰雹灾害。干旱、冰雹等气象灾害严重影响着洛阳市经济特别是农村经济的发展。     

阿巴嘎旗近30a春夏季干旱及影响因子分析

通过对阿巴嘎旗地区1981—2010年春季降水量、汛期降水量、≥35℃高温日数、夏季气温、春季大风和扬沙日数的资料进行分析,发现干旱不仅影响牧草生长、畜牧业产品发展,而且加剧草场退化和沙漠化。近30a来,春季风大,夏季气温高,年蒸发量与年降水量比率偏大,土壤水分严重亏缺,是造成干旱的主要原因。为了加强灾害防御、更好地趋利避害,应做好防灾减灾气象服务,及时开展人工增雨作业,采取有效的公共防御对策。     

气象干旱不等同于干旱

<正>干旱的分类有很强的学科性质,根据不同学科对干旱的理解,干旱可分为四类:气象干旱、农业干旱、水文干旱和社会经济干旱。气象干旱指某时段由于蒸发量和降水量的收支不平衡,水分支出大于水分收入而造成的     

2011-2012年冬春季白城干旱环流成因分析

1引言2011年12月至2012年2月,白城地区降水量持续偏少,出现了多年不遇的罕见干旱,干旱对农业生产造成一定影响。干旱过程常常是某种状态的异常环流型持续发展和长期维持的结果。因此,有必要对影响干旱灾害的大气环流成因进行分析,为以后做好为农服务以及短期气候预测提供可靠依据。     

蒸发量季节变化特点与干旱发生关系的初步分析

通过对广西灵山县1997～2007年E601蒸发器逐句蒸发量及同期的旬降雨量、气温、日照时数、相对湿度、风速等资料的分析,结果表明:蒸发量大小与气温、日照时数关系密切,而且蒸发量的季节变化与气温、日照时数等季节变化同步.在此基础上,分析了降水量与蒸发量差值的大小与农业干旱发生关系,应用水量亏欠量比现行的干旱指标更能真实反映当地农业干旱发生的实际情况,对开展气象专项服务有积极的参考意义.     

青藏高原北侧地区干湿年夏季垂直环流差异的对比分析及青藏高原的热力影响

为了分析西北干旱的形成原因，本文首先利用高原北侧地区５站历年夏季的降水量资料等，制定了该区的干湿标准，划分了历年夏季的干湿等级。接着又利用ＥＣＭＷＦ的格点资料等对比分析了该区干湿年夏季间垂直环流的差异，也探讨了青藏高原地面热状况与高原北侧干湿状况的联系。其主要结论是：１）文中制定的以降水标准差为判据的干湿标准适合西北干旱区；２）高原北侧干湿年夏季间在高原北侧和高原上的垂直环流存在明显差异；３）青藏高原地面热状况与上列差异有关，也即青藏高原的热力作用是西北干旱的重要成因之一。     

气候变化对青海东部农业区干旱的影响

利用青海东部12个测站的1961—2017年的资料序列,分析了气温、降水、蒸发、标准化降水指数(SPI)的变化趋势,及气候变化对干旱气象指数(SPI)的影响。结果表明:青海东部区域平均气温呈非连续性明显升高趋势,线性倾向值为向值为0.396℃/10a,年降水量、年蒸发量及干旱气象指数(SPI)总体呈增加趋势。说明气候变化呈暖湿方向发展,青海东部干旱指数(SPI)与年平均气温、蒸发量与呈反相关,而与降水量呈正相关。     

松嫩平原西部局地暴雨天气成因分析

利用常规气象观测、卫星、雷达和NCEP1°×1°再分析等资料,分析2013年6月27~28日齐齐哈尔市稳定性中雨和龙江县对流性暴雨天气成因,结果表明：龙江短时强降雨出现在850hPa切变线同500hPa槽线或850hPa干线位置近于重合时,层结不稳定,上升运动强;齐齐哈尔降雨发生在低层切变线附近,层结趋于稳定,上升运动弱。地形迎风坡作用有利于龙江降雨强于齐齐哈尔。 单站风、相对湿度和垂直速度时空变化差异以及对流有效位能、大气可降水量和SI指数等物理量可以反映两地上升运动、水汽、层结不稳定条件差异。较好的水汽和大气层结不稳定条件只是对流性短时强降水的必要条件。中尺度对流云团和小尺度对流云回波产生龙江短时强降雨,齐齐哈尔稳定性较大降雨由层状云产生。     

齐齐哈尔6月19日暴雨成因分析

利用常规观测资料、黑龙江省地面加密雨量点资料、国家气象卫星中心FY-2C卫星TBB资料、NCEP再分析资料和齐齐哈尔雷达回波资料对2009年6月19日齐齐哈尔地区暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:高低空急流相耦合不断给暴雨区高层输送冷干空气和低层输送暖湿空气,大气中不稳定能量增加聚集,在能量锋和气旋辐合上升运动触发条件下,中尺度对流云系不断发展,暴雨区云顶TBB在-55℃以下,与高能量区对应;大暴雨区云顶TBB在-60℃以下,与高能量中心相对应;大暴雨区雷达回波反射率因子有明显的弱回波区,径向速度图上有γ中尺度气旋式辐合区和"逆风区"。     

2001年5月云南罕见强降水天气过程的成因

导致2001年5月云南5次强降水和5月降水特多的原因，主要是由于500hPa青藏高原东南侧多次生成的切变与副高外围西南暖湿气流和地面弱冷空气影响所致。伊朗高压快速东移上青藏高原，促使500hPa和700hPa高压环流长时间盘锯在青藏高原上，冷空气和高原横切变不断影响云南，是云南雨季特早和强降水形成的主要原因。     

Indian summer monsoon rainfall predictability and variability associated with Northwest Pacific circulation in a suit of coupled model hindcasts

The Northwest Pacific (NWP) circulation (subtropical high) is an important component of the East Asian summer monsoon system. During summer (June–August), anomalous lower tropospheric anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation appears over NWP in some years, which is an indicative of stronger (weaker) than normal subtropical high. The anomalous NWP cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation years are associated with negative (positive) precipitation anomalies over most of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) region. This indicates concurrent relationship between NWP circulation and convection over the ISMR region. Dry wind advection from subtropical land regions and moisture divergence over the southern peninsular India during the NWP cyclonic circulation years are mainly responsible for the negative rainfall anomalies over the ISMR region. In contrast, during anticyclonic years, warm north Indian Ocean and moisture divergence over the head Bay of Bengal-Gangetic Plain region support moisture instability and convergence in the southern flank of ridge region, which favors positive rainfall over most of the ISMR region. The interaction between NWP circulation (anticyclonic or cyclonic) and ISMR and their predictability during these anomalous years are examined in the present study. Seven coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models from the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Climate Center and their multimodel ensemble mean skills in predicting the seasonal rainfall and circulation anomalies over the ISMR region and NWP for the period 1982–2004 are assessed. Analysis reveals that three (two) out of seven models are unable to predict negative (positive) precipitation anomalies over the Indian subcontinent during the NWP cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation years at 1-month lead (model is initialized on 1 May). The limited westward extension of the NWP circulation and misrepresentation of SST anomalies over the north Indian Ocean are found to be the main reasons for the poor skill (of some models) in rainfall prediction over the Indian subcontinent. This study demonstrates the importance of the NWP circulation variability in predicting summer monsoon precipitation over South Asia. Considering the predictability of the NWP circulation, the current study provides an insight into the predictability of ISMR. Long lead prediction of the ISMR associated with anomalous NWP circulation is also discussed.     

2012年汛期内蒙古大范围降水偏多成因分析

利用内蒙古113测站1961—2012年6—8月降水资料、1961—2012年NCEP/NCAP再分析资料数据集、国家气候中心太平洋海温资料,采用统计诊断、相关分析等方法,对2012年汛期(6—8月)内蒙古降水特点及影响因子进行分析,探讨2012年汛期(6—8月)内蒙古大范围降水偏多的可能影响因素。通过对近50a汛期降水年际变化特征及海温、印度夏季风活动、中纬度阻塞高压的影响进行分析,结果表明:2012年汛期(6—8月)内蒙古大范围降水偏多,主要表现为降水过程频繁、覆盖范围广、强降水过程多,多站突破历史纪录;主要原因为内蒙古汛期降水在减少的年代际背景下,年际变化规律明显,2012年汛期出现多雨的概率较大;2012年汛期北半球500hPa高度场主要特征相似内蒙古典型多雨年的环流形势;La Nina事件在2012年3—5月结束,有利于汛期降水偏多;印度夏季风异常偏强、乌拉尔山高脊和鄂霍次克海高压偏强、贝加尔湖地区受低槽控制均是影响2012年内蒙古汛期大范围降水偏多的重要因素。     

Implications of climate change due to the enhanced greenhouse effect on floods and droughts in Australia

Potential impacts of climate change on heavy rainfall events and flooding in the Australian region are explored using the results of a general circulation model (GCM) run in an equilibrium enhanced greenhouse experiment. In the doubled CO₂ simulation, the model simulates an increase in the frequency of high-rainfall events and a decrease in the frequency of low-rainfall events. This result applies over most of Australia, is statistically more significant than simulated changes in total rainfall, and is supported by theoretical considerations. We show that this result implies decreased return periods for heavy rainfall events. The further implication is that flooding could increase, although we discuss here the many difficulties associated with assessing in quantitative terms the significance of the modelling results for the real world.The second part of the paper assesses the implications of climate change for drought occurrence in Australia. This is undertaken using an off-line soil water balance model driven by observed time series of rainfall and potential evaporation to determine the sensitivity of the soil water regime to changes in rainfall and temperature, and hence potential evaporation. Potential impacts are assessed at nine sites, representing a range of climate regimes and possible climate futures, by linking this sensitivity analysis with scenarios of regional climate change, derived from analysis of enhanced greenhouse experiment results from five GCMs. Results indicate that significant drying may be limited to the south of Australia. However, because the direction of change in terms of the soil water regime is uncertain at all sites and for all seasons, there is no basis for statements about how drought potential may change.     

Consistent responses of East Asian summer mean rainfall to global warming in CMIP5 simulations

East Asia summer rainfall is of great social–economic importance. Based on observations, reanalysis and simulations of 16 Coupled Models Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models, the responses of East Asia summer precipitation, as well as some relevant features, to global warming are investigated. The CMIP5 historical simulation reasonably reproduces the climatology of summer rainfall, the associated circulation, the moisture and its transportation, and the mid-troposphere horizontal advection of temperature as well. Under global warming, the rainfall enhancement is robustly projected in the state-of-the-art models over North China, Northeast China, northern coast of Japan and the Kuroshio. As well, the total summer rainfall over East Asia is consistently increased in the models. For the consistent responses, the moisture budget analysis based on the simulations shows that two factors are responsible: one is increased moisture. As East Asia is a climatological ascent region in northern summer, increased moisture induced by global warming leads to more moisture transported upward and thus the rainfall rise. The other is enhanced evaporation, which may be caused by surface warming and provides more precipitable water to the atmosphere column. Furthermore, the results may provide some implications to the long-term variability of East Asia summer rainfall over the last several decades.     

华北地区水文循环特征

本文利用陆-气系统水量平衡原理，将气候自然变化与人类活动影响二者结合起来研究了近40年来华北地区丰、枯水期间的水文循环特征。计算结果表明，在五十年代丰水期降雨量大于蒸发量，降水、蒸发、径流三者之间基本上平衡。六十年代以后，降雨量小于蒸发量，且随着降雨量减少和地表水、地下水开采量的增加，P—E的负值不断增加。同时，在枯水期，华北上空水汽流出量大于流入量，大气中所亏损的水汽由地下水埋深下降引起的陆面过量蒸发补偿。     

Relationship between Indian and East Asian Summer Rainfall Variations

The Indian and East Asian summer monsoons are two components of the whole Asian summer monsoon system.Previous studies have indicated in-phase and out-of-phase variations between Indian and East Asian summer rainfall.The present study reviews the current understanding of the connection between Indian and East Asian summer rainfall.The review covers the relationship of northern China,southern Japan,and South Korean summer rainfall with Indian summer rainfall;the atmospheric circulation anomalies connecting Indian and East Asian summer rainfall variations; the long-term change in the connection between Indian and northern China rainfall and the plausible reasons for the change; and the influence of ENSO on the relationship between Indian and East Asian summer rainfall and its change.While much progress has been made about the relationship between Indian and East Asian summer rainfall variations,there are several remaining issues that need investigation.These include the processes involved in the connection between Indian and East Asian summer rainfall,the non-stationarity of the connection and the plausible reasons,the influences of ENSO on the relationship,the performance of climate models in simulating the relationship between Indian and East Asian summer rainfall,and the relationship between Indian and East Asian rainfall intraseasonal fluctuations.     

Factors responsible for the increasing trend of mei-yu season rainfall during 1979–2020 over the western and eastern mei-yu domain

The mei-yu season (June–July) rainfall over the mei-yu monitoring domain (MMD) in the Yangtze–Huaihe Basin has shown an increasing trend in recent decades. This study examines the dominant factors responsible for this increasing trend for the period 1979–2020 based on station-observed rainfall and ERA5 reanalysis datasets from the perspective of changes in atmospheric circulation. Although significantly increasing trends exist in the mei-yu season rainfall over the entire MMD, the magnitude of the trends is slightly larger over the eastern MMD (EMMD) than over the western MMD (WMMD). Quantitative diagnoses demonstrate that the relative contributions of anomalous evaporation and moisture advection to the increasing rainfall trend are different between the EMMD and WMMD. The increasing rainfall trend over the WMMD (EMMD) is attributable to increased evaporation (enhanced vertical moisture advection), which is dependent on an anomalous cyclonic circulation in the middle-lower troposphere over the MMD. Such an anomalous cyclone on the northwestern side of the climatological western North Pacific subtropical high facilitates an increase in moisture divergence above 600 hPa over the EMMD, leading to enhanced vertical moisture advection in conjunction with strengthened moisture convergence at 850 hPa. By contrast, the anomalous cyclone favors increasing local evaporation over the WMMD.摘要近几十年来, 江淮流域梅雨监测区 (MMD) 的梅雨期 (6–7月) 降水呈增加趋势. 本文基于1979–2020年台站观测降水资料和ERA5再分析数据, 从大气环流变异的角度揭示了这种长期增加趋势的主要影响因素. 发现在MMD范围内, 梅雨期降水趋势的增幅东部大于西部. 水汽收支定量诊断表明, 异常的蒸发和水汽平流对MMD西部和东部降水增加趋势的相对贡献是不同的. MMD西部 (东部) 的降水趋势主要归咎于增强的局地蒸发 (增强的垂直水汽平流) , 后者又取决于MMD对流层中, 低层的异常气旋环流. 这种位于气候平均的西太平洋副热带高压西北侧的异常气旋有助于MMD东部600 hPa以上的水汽辐散增加, 伴随加强的850 hPa水汽辐合, 从而导致垂直水汽平流的增强. 相反, 该异常气旋则有利于增强MMD西部的局地蒸发.