基于模糊评价的福建沿海水质卫星遥感监测模型

卫星遥感技术对于开展连续、实时、大尺度的海洋水质状况监测具有明显优势。该文充分利用卫星遥感的标准算法模型和半分析算法模型分别反演得到叶绿素a、颗粒状有机碳、黄色物质和透明度等海洋生态参数,并选取与福建沿海海水受污染程度密切相关的溶解氧、化学耗氧量、无机氮和活性磷酸盐作为海洋水质的评价因子,通过建立海洋生态参数与海洋水质评价因子两者之间的统计关系模型,在海洋水质综合评价中引入模糊综合评价法,最终建立一套基于卫星遥感和模糊评价的海洋水质监测模型,并利用2009—2013年福建沿海同步获取的海洋水质现场实测数据对模型的反演精度进行验证。结果表明:使用该监测模型开展对福建沿海海洋水质卫星遥感监测是可行的,监测准确率为81%,具有较好的业务化应用前景,由于模型对于Ⅳ类海洋水质监测的准确率明显高于Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类海洋水质,因此,比较适合于福建近岸海域的海洋水质监测。     

基于非均匀水体对比度传输方程的海水透明度计算试验

针对均匀水体假设的海水透明度经验计算公式不具有普适性的缺点,将海水在垂直方向上分为若干光学性质相近的均匀层,推导出非均匀水体中目标对比度传输方程,在此基础上,建立了海水透明度的计算模型。利用BROKE_WEST_ACS实测的海水固有光学性质数据和透明度盘观测数据,对计算模型进行了数值试验和效果分析。结果表明:模型计算值与透明度盘实测值平均相对误差为9.1%;该模型既克服了透明度盘测量易受天气状况和人眼差异影响较大的缺点,又突破了均匀水体透明度计算方法的局限性。     

基于MODIS数据的台湾海峡SST区域遥感监测模型研究

采用SeaDAS模型开展基于MODIS数据的台湾海峡海洋表面温度SST遥感监测时,发现SeaDAS模型在台湾海峡中部SST的监测精度能够满足要求,但在台湾海峡近岸SST的监测误差明显偏大。为此根据2003—2006年台湾海峡近岸观测站点和台湾海峡中部浮标的实测SST数据,采用线性多通道算法建立台湾海峡SST区域遥感监测统计模型,并选择2007年30个SST数据样本对区域统计模型的监测效果进行验证分析。结果表明：在台湾海峡海域采用SeaDAS模型监测SST绝对误差的平均值是1.2 ℃,标准差是0.69 ℃,而采用区域统计模型监测SST绝对误差的平均值下降到0.89 ℃,标准差下降到0.52 ℃,区域统计模型优于SeaDAS模型。     

利用MODIS资料反演北京及其周边地区气溶胶光学厚度的方法研究

基于 6S辐射传输模式 ,文中同时采用暗像元法和结构函数法建立了利用EOS Terra/MODIS 0 .6 6和 0 .4 7μm通道数据反演陆地气溶胶光学厚度的遥感模型 ,用于获取北京及其周边地区的气溶胶光学厚度。同时 ,利用与卫星观测同步的地基太阳光度计观测资料估计的气溶胶光学厚度数据验证卫星资料反演结果。研究结果给出了如何选择算法、卫星通道数据和气溶胶模型的最佳组合获取理想气溶胶光学厚度的方法。采用 4种气溶胶模型供反演计算选择。在研究中发现 ,暗像元法不适用于城市地区气溶胶光学厚度反演 ,这不仅与亮地表条件的限制有关 ,而且具有强吸收特性的城市气溶胶也是重要影响因素。两种算法由相同气溶胶模型假定误差造成的气溶胶光学厚度反演误差方向 (增加或减小 )相反。反演试验获取的气溶胶光学厚度分布指出 ,石家庄—北京—天津一线易出现气溶胶光学厚度高值带。     

基于水面实测光谱的太湖蓝藻卫星遥感研究

水体叶绿素a含量和蓝藻密度是评价水质污染的主要参数,对监测水体蓝藻水华有重要意义。该文利用2008年11月10日和11日太湖水面实测光谱及FY-3A/MERSI,AQUA/MODIS卫星的波段响应函数,计算了卫星波段的水体表面等效反射率。水体实测光谱显示蓝藻污染提高了近红外波段的遥感反射率,在蓝光波段和绿光波段有明显的吸收谷和反射峰。根据这一原理,该文建立了近红外和红光波段的比值指数RI模型,成功反演了太湖水体叶绿素a含量(均方根误差分别为0.0174 mg·L~(-1)和0.0188 mg·L~(-1))和蓝藻密度(均方根误差分别为247.21×10~6L~(-1)和275.64×10~6L~(-1))。这一结果为分析太湖水面光学特性、水质污染状况提供了重要依据。     

利用MODIS多通道数据反演近海海表温度

以EOS卫星的中分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS遥感资料为数据源,以福建近岸海域为示范区,利用多通道数据算法模型进行近海海表温度卫星遥感反演试验,并根据2003-2004年福建近岸海域10个观测站点的实测海洋表面温度对反演结果进行精度检验与分析.遥感反演的海洋表面温度与现场观测的海洋表面温度绝对误差的平均值为0.75℃,标准差为0.52℃,绝对误差在1.0℃以内的样本占总样本的68%.结果表明利用MODIS多通道数据算法模型遥感反演近海海表温度能够满足海洋应用的精度要求.     

华南地区GPS—TEC监测产品分析与设计

利用广州GPS综合应用接收网观测数据,探讨华南地区区域级TEC监测产品的研制方法与结果。观测样本分析显示,广州GPS综合应用网单站在24h内瞬时捕获卫星数基本上稳定在10颗,反演获得的TEC样本在电离层薄层模型下经过投影基本上覆盖华南地区以及中国南海北部海域和台湾海峡,可以比较好地反映华南地区和中国南海海域TEC数值分布状况。基于广州GPS综合应用接收网观测数据,可以得到一个表征区域强度的平均TEC实时监测产品和一个表征区域子午线分布特性的纬向TEC实时监测产品。     

MODIS遥感数据在我国台湾海峡海雾监测中的应用

海雾是一种常见的灾害性天气现象。以我国台湾海峡为示范研究区, 利用新一代卫星传感器MODIS的可见光和红外探测通道数据, 在分析海洋、中高云、低云和海雾等不同下垫面的MODIS光谱辐射特征基础上, 选择对海雾具有敏感反应的探测通道, 通过综合判识建立台湾海峡海雾遥感监测模型。利用该模型对2004-2007年我国台湾海峡海雾事件进行监测, 并用福建沿海5个地面气象观测站的能见度数据对监测结果进行验证分析。结果表明:基于MODIS数据的海雾遥感监测模型能够较准确地对台湾海峡海雾分布和发展过程进行监测, 从地面观测数据与卫星监测结果对比验证来看, 海雾监测的准确率可达80 %以上, 具有较高的业务化应用前景。     

太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度的分布及其在大气校正中的应用

采用太湖地区水面光谱数据以及MODIS遥感影像数据,利用辐射传输模式6S,选择自定义气溶胶类型,反演得到太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度(aerosol optical depth,AOD)分布,将其与太阳光度计CE318实测气溶胶光学厚度分别应用于太湖区域的大气校正中,得到不同的水面反射率,并参考实测水面反射率进行对比分析。结果表明:反演的太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度分布较为合理,造成此分布的原因可能是太湖北岸工业较发达,污染较严重。太湖颗粒物的吸收特性和卫星接收到的表观反射率导致反演数据的差异,是反演气溶胶光学厚度分布不均匀的主要原因。使用MODIS数据反演得到的太湖地区AOD进行大气校正,更加精确。该研究方法和结果可为气溶胶光学厚度反演、精确卫星数据大气校正提供参考。     

MODIS遥感中国近海气溶胶光学厚度的检验分析

基于中分辨率成像光谱仪(TERRA/MODIS)的一级数据和相应的辅助数据,利用MODIS/ARIS预处理软件包(IMAPP)中的气溶胶软件反演得到中国近海气溶胶的光学厚度,与AERONET太阳光度计的反演结果作对比分析,验证了此反演方法的可行性.研究了2002年10-11月中国近海气溶胶光学厚度和Angstrom指数(表征粒子谱宽度)的变化特征,进一步结合气块后向轨迹分析和地理环境背景场信息讨论了卫星反演气溶胶光学参量的适用范围和误差来源,结果表明:IMAPP反演得到的气溶胶光学厚度,在东海和日本以南等广阔海域与气溶胶地基观测网(AERONET)的观测结果基本一致;在渤海和黄海近海岸一带反演值偏高,其主要原因是该海域存在二类水体的影响.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on