高寒矿区软弱基底排土场边坡稳定性数值模拟

为研究青藏高原东北部高寒地区冻融条件下,软弱基底露天煤矿排土场边坡变形破坏模式和边坡极限堆载高度,本文以青海天峻祁连山北缘江仓露天煤矿排土场作为试验区,采用二维有限元法模拟分析了5种不同堆载高度工况下排土场边坡变形破坏模式,基于折减系数法确定排土场边坡安全系数和稳定性评价。分析结果表明:在容许堆载高度范围内,随着排土场边坡堆载高度的增加,排土场边坡位移量表现出显著增长的变化趋势,其水平方向与垂直方向最大位移量分别为1. 631 m和6. 320 m,当超过容许堆载高度范围,排土场边坡位移量发生突变,呈显著性降低的变化趋势,其位移量降低幅度为64. 27%～102. 32%;塑性变形区表现出沿排土场边坡承载基底位置处的草甸型软弱界面,向排土场边坡坡底位置扩展;剪应力在坡底位置处出现应力集中现象,且剪应力集中范围由边坡承载基底向上、向坡体内部扩展且呈连通趋势,其结果形成后缘拉裂、前缘剪切滑移的整体边坡变形破坏模式;排土场边坡安全系数随着堆载高度的增加表现出二次函数降低(R~2=0. 9896)的变化规律,当排土场边坡高度为65 m时,则达到边坡设计容许高度,且其安全系数为1. 25。本次研究所得到的排土场承载由草甸构成的软弱基底在坡底位置处的变形结果,与野外试验区边坡堆载作用下所形成的实际情况基本吻合。研究结果可为高寒矿区排土场边坡变形破坏科学防治,提高边坡稳定性研究,提供理论支撑依据和实际指导意义。     

基于强度参数的内排土场软基底局部换填率估算与应用——以内蒙古白音华一号露天矿为例

为了更加经济有效地提高软基底内排土场边坡稳定性,以白音华一号露天矿为工程背景,通过直剪试验测定了排弃物-弱层接触面和排弃物-砂岩接触面抗剪力学指标,提出了局部换填条件下排弃物与基底接触面的等效抗剪力学参数的确定方法;基于刚体极限平衡理论,计算不同换填率条件下的边坡稳定系数,以安全储备系数为限定条件提出了基于强度参数的内排土场软基底局部换填率估算方法,并采用数值模拟手段进行验证。研究结果表明：确定白音华一号露天矿排弃物-砂岩接触面的黏聚力为25.78 kPa,内摩擦角为17.58°;排弃物-弱层接触面的黏聚力为7.50 kPa,内摩擦角为9.72°;局部换填情况下软基底内排土场边坡稳定性系数与换填率呈正相关一次函数关系;计算求得满足安全储备系数要求的内排土场某阶段基底换填率为20%;局部换填处理后软基底内排土场边坡的滑坡模式仍为以圆弧为侧界面、基底弱层为底界面的组合滑动。     

动应力对粉质土变形、强度的影响

研山铁矿设计采用露天开采,最终最大边坡高达600m。边坡上部为粉土和粉砂、中砂、卵石、粉质粘土,下部为砂质粘性土和砾质粘性土。由于边坡高,受环境动应力影响因素大,因此分析粉土和粉质粘土层在动应力作用下对变形和强度的影响,对边坡稳定分析具有重要意义。     

煤矿排土场边坡变形失稳特征FLAC~(3D)模拟分析

煤矿排土场边坡是一类特殊的人工堆积边坡,它的变形破坏具有自身的特点。由于其堆积材料的特征性,使得煤矸石堆积体及其下部粘土层具有较强的应变软化特征。本文结合四川某煤矿排土场边坡,运用FLAC3D程序对该排土场边坡失稳变形特征进行三维数值模拟分析,分析结果表明:①通过参数软化重现该类边坡失稳变形过程是可行的;②可以通过边坡位移特征寻找其滑面形态和失稳区域;③最大不平衡力是否收敛可以判定边坡的稳定状态。④模拟结果与实际吻合。     

非均质成层边坡极限承载力上限分析

极限承载力一直是采矿、岩土等领域关注的难点和热点问题,严重影响着边坡与邻坡建（构）筑物的安全稳定性。基于极限分析上限定理,考虑边坡滑动溢出位置不确定性影响,建立3种模式的非均质成层边坡刚性多滑块破坏机制,推导出边坡极限承载力上限解,并采用序列二次规划算法（SQP）求其最优值。以三岔露天矿北帮为工程背景,通过与数值计算结果对比分析,验证本文方法的有效性,进而开展不同坡角和排土场距坡肩距离影响分析。结果表明：（1）本文方法计算结果与数值计算结果吻合度较好,表明本文方法边坡极限承载力上限解合理有效;（2）边坡极限承载力与坡角大小呈线性负相关,与排土场距坡肩距离呈线性正相关,相比于排土场距坡肩距离而言,坡角对边坡承载力影响更为敏感;（3）坡角变化对边坡失稳模式影响较大,而排土场距坡肩距离的变化对边坡失稳模式影响不明显;（4）坡角和排土场距坡肩距离均对滑裂面起始位置和溢出位置有影响,滑裂面起始位置受排土场距坡肩距离影响较大而受坡角影响较小,滑裂面溢出位置受坡角影响较大而受排土场距坡肩距离影响较小。相关研究成果有望为边坡及邻坡基础设计提供理论支持。     

开挖条件下含陡倾结构面顺层岩质边坡破坏模式与稳定性预测

顺层岩质边坡易发生失稳破坏,当边坡中发育有顺坡向陡倾结构面时,更不利于边坡稳定。以贵州某水电站大坝左岸含陡倾结构面顺层边坡为例,在综合分析地质条件及开挖扰动的基础上,结合离散元软件UDEC,分析了边坡的变形破坏模式和稳定性。研究结果表明,边坡可能发生的变形破坏模式主要有滑移、拉裂—滑移两种;自然状况下及开挖后,边坡都有沿断层f_9、卸荷裂隙L_1及岩层面发生滑移的趋势,且工程开挖导致边坡沿该结构面发生内部滑动;对边坡采用预应力锚索加固后,变形得到有效控制,位移数值计算值与实际监测值基本吻合。     

露井联采下边坡稳定性的相似模拟研究

露井联采模式下露井边界参数的合理选取,是决定露天边坡稳定的关键因素.通过相似模拟试验对安太堡露天矿南帮4#煤和9#煤露井联合开采下露天边坡的破坏过程进行了研究,分析了边坡破坏模式以及边坡的沉降变形规律.结果表明,露井联采下安太堡南帮边坡存在3种破坏模式:1435～1450平台的沉降破坏、1390～1435平台的沉降和滑移复合破坏,并最终转为滑移破坏、1280～1390平台的滑移破坏. 并指出在4#和9#煤复合开采产生的地表沉降中9#煤占总沉降量的60%以上.通过模拟得出,安太堡南帮实际边坡位置应整体后移20m,使井工开采工作面开切眼的位置由原1390台阶下移到1405台阶下,保证其开切眼所在位置至露天边坡台阶的垂直安全高度应在131m以上,该结论有效地解决了多年来困扰安太堡南帮露井联采边坡稳定性问题.     

软基底高排土场的基底承载力分析

基底承载力不足是导致软基底高排土场整体失稳的内在因素.根据地基极限承载力理论,提出了以基底承载力评价软基底高排土场稳定性的新方法.结合工程实践,对平朔安太堡露天煤矿南排土场滑坡特征进行了分析,通过对基底承载力的验算,表明那次滑坡是因为基底土层承载力不足而造成的.     

抚顺西露天矿南帮边坡破坏机理及内排压脚措施

为了研究抚顺西露天矿南帮边坡的破坏机理,抑制边坡的滑移变形,应用微震监测技术和卫星监测技术,研究了南帮边坡的滑移破坏轮廓,基于RFPA（rock failure process analysis）强度折减法原理,研究了开采到最终境界时的边坡破坏机理,提出了两阶段内排压脚的防治措施,并分析了内排压脚对滑坡变形的抑制效果。研究结果表明：1）边坡破坏机理为,破坏最先发生在边坡上部,在边坡中部沿着弱层和破碎带运动,到边坡下部不整合面处受到抑制,最后在边坡底部沿中间弱层切出坑底,形成滑坡轮廓;2）两阶段内排压脚方案能明显抑制弱层的错动,当内排到-262 m水平时,可部分抑制底部弱层处滑移,底鼓现象消失;当内排到-212 m水平时,可完全抑制住底部弱层的滑动,此时边坡安全系数为1.324,满足安全要求。     

超高排土场的粒径分级及其边坡稳定性分析研究

明显的粒径分级是超高排土场区别于土质边坡的最重要特征。针对西源岭413台阶排土场,结合开发的HHC-CA模型和现场散体粒径分布情况的调查,建立了考虑超高排土场粒径分级特征的边坡模型。在此模型的基础上,借助FLAC3D软件分析了现状边坡和各种堆排模式下的边坡稳定性。结果表明:西源岭413台阶排土场现状边坡上部位移矢量表现为下沉,其下沉方向与坡面保持同向,中部位移矢量表现为剪切,下部位移矢量略有反抬升的趋势。其边坡破坏模式为顶部平台拉裂,中部以圆弧形剪出;此排土场的现状边坡处于暂时性稳定阶段。而采用全覆盖式多台阶排土的边坡上部位移矢量表现为下沉,在排土场底部过渡到水平方向;破坏模式为顶部平台拉裂,下部以圆弧形剪出。仅考虑堆积散体的材料强度对排土场稳定性影响时,超高排土场的粒径分级有利于排土场边坡的稳定。     

宽级配废石的高排土场稳定性研究

宽级配废石的一坡到底的高台阶排土场具有明显的粒径分级特征,传统稳定性分析方法将其简化为多层各向同性的均质土体,却实质性忽略了排土场粗粒土各粒组分布的不均匀性和随机性,导致难以获得其边坡稳定性的合理结论。依托江西某铜矿高台阶排土场,借助自编元胞自动机程序EPOHHM,采用5组窄级配粗粒土表征了高台阶排土场的粒径分级现象,模拟了各粒组散体分布的不均匀性和随机性,分析了不同工况下排土场的位移场及塑性状态,系统地探讨了不同堆排模式下排土场边坡的安全稳定性,提出了一种宽级配废石的高台阶排土场稳定性的精细化分析方法。研究结果表明,排土场发生“拉-剪”破坏;土体中上部有圆弧形滑坡趋势,下部变形表现为沉降,顶部平台产生拉剪裂缝。仅考虑散体力学强度时,底部粗颗粒（ 100 mm）含量的增加对排土场起显著的稳固作用,“单台阶全段高”的堆排模式比“全覆盖式多台阶”更有利于宽级配废石的高排土场安全稳定。研究成果将为保证明显粒径分级的排土场的长期安全稳定提供指导,也为今后分析此类工程问题提供借鉴。     

某边坡变形破坏机理的数值分析

某花岗岩矿岩土体主要有填土、粉质粘土、淤泥及淤泥质土、含泥中粗砂、粘土、残积砂质粘土,其下为花岗岩基岩。边坡最大高度75m,其中残积土层以上的土质边坡高度约50m。本文运用有限元强度折减法对该边坡的稳定性进行了研究,得出了潜在的破坏模式及各个滑动部分的安全系数。分析结果表明,本边坡存在3个潜在滑动面,其中两个为浅层滑动面,另一个为深层滑动面。两个浅层滑动面的稳定系数在1.13～1.17,处于临界状态。深层滑动面稳定性系数在1.29,目前尚处在相对稳定状态。根据分析结果,提出了如下加固措施:（1）对滑坡体进行削坡处理;（2）在其滑动面下方设置抗滑台阶;（3）采用预应力锚索框架梁结合肋柱进行加固处理。     

Application of geogrids in waste dump stability: a numerical modeling approach

Geosynthetic is widely used to reinforce the weak rock mass, mine waste dump, soil slopes road cut slopes, etc. The present paper discusses the effect of geogrids on the stability of mine waste dump. The stability of mine waste dump has been done by Fast Langrage Analysis of Continua (FLAC) slope software, which is based on finite difference method. Reinforcement by geogrids mainly depends on the tensile strength, aperture size of geogrids, and particle size distribution of dump rock mass. Different permutations and combinations of spacing between two geogrid sheets have been taken into consideration to study the stability of mine waste dump. The factor of safety is calculated to quantify the effect of geogrids on waste dump slope. It has been observed from numerical modeling that the maximum slope angle is 45° at a height of 10 m. The scope of increasing slope angle from 45 to 60° is evaluated using geogrids. It has been found from the study that the factor of safety increases as the spacing between geogrids decreases. Maximum strain is also plotted of each case to identify the slip circle. The positions of geogrids modify the probable slip circle or failure plane of mine waste dump. Using ten geogrids at a spacing of 1 m, the slope angle can be increased up to 60° with factor of safety of 1.4.     

The 2015 Shenzhen catastrophic landslide in a construction waste dump: analyses of undrained strength and slope stability

The 2015 catastrophic landslide in a 110-m-high waste dump in Shenzhen is recognized as one of the largest landfill failure worldwide. An earlier comprehensive field investigation revealed that the dominant component of the fill was completely decomposed granite (CDG), and the dumping operation was accompanied by a rise of the groundwater level. In this paper, the complex stress paths for the initially unsaturated fill materials being subjected to both rapid filling and wetting were investigated. A simplified method was proposed for estimating the gain of undrained shear strength under the complex stress paths. Soil samples were taken from the site to a laboratory to measure the undrained shear strength and validate the estimation method. Total stress-based stability analyses were carried out to calculate the factor of safety of the dump at failure. The triggering mechanism of the landslide is clarified as follows: The gain of shear strength with the surcharge loading for the wet layer in the lower part of the waste dump was limited by a build-up of excess pore-water pressure. The gain of shear strength for the relatively dry fill material was attenuated with the rise of groundwater level. When the shear strength was not enough to resist the increasing slip force with the surcharge loading, a deep-seated translational failure took place in the lower wet layer of the waste dump. The proposed method for analyses of undrained strength and slope stability are proven to be applicable to the waste-dumping operation with rapid filling and rising groundwater level.

     

Effects of monsoonal rainfall on waste dump stability and respective geo-environmental issues: a case study

The stability of mine waste dumps is of critical importance and an issue, the mining industry of Goa, India is continually facing. The State of Goa receives high rainfall of around 3,000 mm annually. This heavy monsoonal rainfall is often believed to be the cause of dump slope instability. In light of several dump collapses encountered in the State and their damaging effects on both mine operations and local geo-environmental conditions, this paper examines their stability considering various geotechnical factors and the downstream environmental effects of a slope failure. The mechanical properties of dump waste material are reported at different compaction levels. The effect of these properties and changes in pore-water pressure are specifically examined using limit equilibrium analysis. An empirical formula is developed relating dump height, material mechanical parameters and pore-water pressure to the factor of safety of the slope. It was found that the level of compaction experienced by the material had a significant effect on the factor of safety.     

Large scale failure of the external waste dump at the “South Field” lignite mine, Northern Greece

This paper presents the failure process of the external waste dump of the South Field Mine, the major open pit mine in Greece. The waste materials of the mine were deposited in three phases, forming an average inclination slope 10% and a total height of 110 m from the ground surface. The failure occurred when the third phase of the deposit was initiated. The high moisture content of the waste materials and their deposition over a spring, choking its flow, had as a result the development of high pore water pressure in clayey and marly materials in the base of the deposit. As a consequence, a large scale slope failure incident occurred. The landslide involved the mobilization of waste material in the order of 40 Mm³, while the material that moved outside the boundaries of the waste dump was in the order of 2.5 Mm³. The stability of the waste dump was investigated using the limit equilibrium analysis and different types of models.Limit equilibrium analyses were performed using different methods and considering the clay layer of small shear resistance that exists in the base of the deposit. They do not indicate activation of failure mechanism, only that there is a combination of high pore water pressure that developed in the deposit because the covering of the spring with the clayey materials of the dump.     

Stability assessment of Jinlong village landslide,Sichuan

The Jinlong village landslide is located in Zitong County, Sichuan and approximately 150 km east of Wenchuan. The landslide has exhibited creep deformation for nearly 30 years. Field investigations indicated that the slope deformation was caused by the combined effects of unfavorable topographic and geological conditions and earthquakes. The sliding surface is along a contact between silty clay and mudstone. The Wenchuan earthquake accelerated the creep, causing bulging of the ground surface. Shear test results of the silty clay near the sliding surface indicated that the residual strength is consistent with the stability state of the landslide. The factors of safety were calculated using the limit equilibrium method (LEM) and the method of fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in two dimensions. The results using the LEM indicate that the stability is clearly affected by seismic shaking, and when the peak ground acceleration is 0.08g, the slope reaches the limit state. The shear failure surface given by numerical simulation develops on the contact between the clay and silty mudstone, which confirmed the assumed sliding surfaces’ location using the LEM.     

Mechanical characteristics of dip basement effects on dump stability in the Shengli open pit mine in Inner Mongolia,China

For waste dump slopes that form basements, landslides can be prevented by determining a stability evolving law of dynamic development. Keeping this issue in mind, the relationship between the mechanical structure and stability of waste dumps with basements is studied. Three key factors that influence waste dump stability are presented, and judgment criteria for self-locking and unlocking states of dump basements are provided. From the friction coefficient of waste dump basement stability analyses of the Shengli open pit mine, the results indicate that waste dump basements on the right side of fault F8 and on the left side of fault F61 are subjected to self-locking. However, between faults F61 and F8, the basement is subjected to unlocking. Regarding the residual thrusting of unlocking areas, structure and stability optimization schemes for waste dumps in the Shengli open pit mine are provided through a mechanics analysis. Reducing the slopes and basement angles of waste dumps can enhance their stability by increasing basement roughness levels.     

四川梓潼金龙村边坡地震稳定性分析

金龙村边坡位于四川省梓潼县境内,汶川县东,距离汶川地震中心约150 km。通过现场调查,分析了地形、地貌条件和地震等因素对该边坡稳定性的影响。发现滑动面位于土层与基岩的接触面,采用极限平衡法和数值分析法对边坡的稳定性进行了计算,2种计算得到的稳定性结果较为接近。采用动力时程分析法计算得到了边坡位移与加速度变化的关系。