2005年10月8日巴基斯坦发生7.8级地震

据中国台网测定,2005年10月8日11时50分36.0秒(当地时间10月8日上午8时50分),在巴基斯坦(34.4°N,73.6°E)发生7.8级地震。巴基斯坦首都伊斯兰堡有明显震感。震中位于巴控克什米尔地区,并波及邻近印度控制的克什米尔地区和阿富汗。震中距巴基斯坦首都伊斯兰堡95 km,距印控克什米尔地区首府斯利那加125 km,震源位于地下10 km处。除了印控克什米尔地区以外,印度旁遮普邦、喜马偕尔邦、哈里亚纳邦、中央邦、古吉拉特邦、首都新德里等地区均有不同程度的震感。地震发生后,巴基斯坦总统穆沙拉夫说,这场强烈地震是对巴基斯坦全体人民的考验。巴基…     

2015年4月25日尼泊尔MW7.9地震的震源机制

<正>据中国地震台网测定,北京时间2015年4月25日14时11分尼泊尔发生MW7.9(MS8.1)强烈地震,震中位置为(28.2°N、84.7°E),震源深度为20km.这次地震位于尼泊尔首都西北部,距加德满都大约80km.截至2015年5月13日,该地震已造成8 219人死亡,17 866人受伤,尼泊尔、印度、孟加拉、不丹和我国西藏等地均有人员伤亡.为增进对尼泊尔MW7.9发震机制的认识,并对震害评估、震后趋势判定     

巴基斯坦地震死伤近2000人

1991年2月1日,在巴基斯坦北部与阿富汗交界处的奇特拉尔地区发生强烈地震,造成了生命和财产的重大损失。据报道,这是近十几年来巴基斯坦遭到的最严重的一次震害。1.震源参数(1)发震时间 1991年1月31日 GMT23时03分;当地时间1991年2月1日4时03分;北京时间2月1日7时03分。(2)震中位置巴基斯坦地球物理中心测定在巴基斯坦的白沙瓦市东北200公里处的兴都库什山脉;美国地质调查局测定为     

2012年4月11日苏门答腊北部附近海域发生8.6级地震

中国地震台网中心和美国地质调查局(USGS)公布的该地震的参数如下:1中国地震台网中心发震时间:北京时间2012年4月11日16时38分;震中位置:苏门答腊北部附近海域(2.3°N,93.1°E);     

2011年11月8日东海海域发生7.0级地震

中国地震台网中心和美国地质调查局(USGS)公布的该地震的参数如下:1中国地震台网中心发震时间:北京时间2011年11月8日10时59分;震中位置:东海海域(27.2°N,125.9°E);震源深度:220km;     

1303年山西赵城8级地震及其有关参数的研究

1303年9月17日在欧亚板块内部的中国山西省发生了一次毁灭性地震。它是地震界迄今所公认的8级大震中年代最早的,也是15世纪以前世界上死亡人数最多、记载较完整的一次特大地震。该震使山西省大部分地区遭到了严重破坏,陕西、河南、河北等省的一些州、县遭到了不同程度的破坏。共死亡27万至47万人,伤者数十万众。经考查,发震时间在1303年9月17日地方时间晚8时左右(即元朝大德七年八月初六日戌时),震中位置在北纬36°18.5′,东经111°46.5′(即今洪洞县和霍县之间,元朝时为赵城县境);震中烈度为11度,震级8.1级,震源深度29公里,发震断层的走向为 N13°E 倾向 S77°E。     

涿鹿地震前区域形变特征

正2014年9月6日,河北省张家口市涿鹿县(40.3°N,115.4°E)发生MS4.3地震,震源深度10 km,发震构造位于延庆—矾山盆地北缘断裂。涿鹿地区位于首都圈西北部的延怀盆地。在研究区域内有北北东向唐山—磁县地震构造带和北西向张家口—渤海隐伏构造带。历史上曾发生过三河—平谷MS8地震(1679年9月2日)和唐山MS7.8地震(1976年7月28日),因此,本区是     

公元849年内蒙古包头地震补充研究

公元849年10月20日(唐宣宗大中三年十月辛巳),在内蒙古包头附近发生了一次大地震，造成城堡、军营和民房破坏等严重震害和数千人死亡。目前对本次地震的震中位置、烈度和震级等基本参数认识尚存疑。通过对相关史料的系统梳理，重点对位置存疑的云伽关或云伽镇等进行进一步分析论证，重新核定了主要破坏地点及其地震烈度，修绘了地震等震线图，校核了地震震级、震中位置等基本参数。结果表明，公元849年地震等震线呈不对称的纺锤形，长轴方向为近东西向，短轴呈近南北向，极震区烈度可达X～X⁺度，震中位置大约在今内蒙古包头市附近，即40.6°N、110.3°E,震级达(7.8±0.3)级或7级。其中，等震线南侧地震影响范围大(包括河套盆地及其以南较大区域)、震害重、烈度衰减慢，而北侧几乎无震害记载，地震烈度衰减快，影响范围小。本次地震烈度等震线属于典型的正断层地震类型，其发震构造为大青山山前断裂中西段。文章依据历史地震史料校核结果与前人基于活动断裂研究结果所确定的震中位置和震级大致相当。综合研究认为鄂尔多斯北缘发生的公元849年地震震级约为7级，该区未来地震震级上限及其大震风险值得继续深入研...     

近40年菲律宾M_S≥7级地震时空结构及未来趋势再判断

整理了近40年菲律宾MS≥7级地震公开的灾害数据,采用可公度计算、蝴蝶结构图、可公度结构系等方法分析判断未来地震的时间;利用相邻地震震源经、纬度差变化分析震中的空间迁移;并利用震中经向、纬向迁移进行佐证,实现对其时空结构的未来趋势判断。通过判断发现菲律宾MS≥7级地震在2014年、2015年发生的信号较强;未来地震震中可能会在2013年10月15日菲律宾地震震中的东北方向,空间位置大致在9.8°N以北,126.704°E以东。菲律宾MS≥7级地震与地球自转速度变化有一定的关系,减速期发生地震的可能性更大,且速率转换的时间越长越易发生地震;同时发现太阳活动处于活跃强烈期内时,太阳黑子峰值、次峰值前后发生地震的概率很大。目前地球自转正处于减速期、太阳活动处于太阳黑子第24周期极大年附近,所以2014—2015年菲律宾发生MS≥7级地震的可能性很大。     

内蒙古阿拉善左旗M_S5.8地震静态库仑应力变化分析

<正>2015年4月15日15时39分28.6秒(北京时间),内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟阿拉善左旗发生MS5.8地震,中国地震台网给出该地震的震中位置为39.8°N,106.3°E,震源深度为10 km。此次主震后,发生多次余震,根据中国地震台网记录,于当日15时44分33秒在内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟阿拉善左旗发生M4.0地震(39.8°N,106.3°E)、当日18时49分58秒在内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟阿拉善左旗发生M3.1地震(39.8°N,106.4°E),两次     

Low CodaQcin the Epicentral Region of the 2001 Bhuj Earthquake ofMw7.7

On 26 January, 2001 (03:46:55,UT) a devastating intraplate earthquake of M_w 7.7 occurred in a region about 5 km NW of Bhachau, Gujarat (23.42°N, 70.23°E). The epicentral distribution of aftershocks defines a marked concentration along an E-W trending and southerly dipping (45°) zone covering an area of (60 × 40) km². The presence of high seismicity including two earthquakes of magnitudes exceeding 7.7 in the 200 years is presumed to have caused a higher level of shallow crustal heterogeneity in the Kutch area; a site lying in the seismic zone V (zone of the highest seismicity for potentially M8 earthquakes) on the seismic zoning map of India. Attenuation property of the medium around the epicentral area of the Bhuj earthquake covering a circular area of 61,500 km² with a radius of 140 km is studied by estimating the coda-Q_c from 200 local earthquakes of magnitudes varying from 3.0–4.6. The estimated Q₀ values at locations in the aftershock zone (high seismicity) are found to be low in comparison to areas at a distance from it. This can be attributed to the fact that seismic waves are highly scattered for paths through the seismically active and fractured zone but they are well behaved outside the aftershock zone. Distribution of Q₀ values suggests that the local variation in Q₀ values is probably controlled by local geology. The estimated Q₀ values at different stations suggest a low value of Q=(102 ± 0.80)^*f^{(0.98 ± 0.02)} indicating an attenuative crust beneath the entire region. The frequency-dependent relation indicates a relatively low Q_c at lower frequencies (1–3 Hz) that can be attributed to the loss of energy due to scattering attenuation associated with heterogeneities and/or intrinsic attenuation due to fluid movement in the fault zone and fluid-filled cracks. The large Q_c at higher frequencies may be related to the propagation of backscattered body waves through deeper parts of the lithosphere where less heterogeneity is expected. Based on the attenuation curve estimated for Q₀=102, the ground acceleration at 240 km distance is 13% of 1 g i.e., 0.13 g agreeing well with the ground acceleration recorded by an accelerograph at Ahmedabad (0.11 g). Hence, it is inferred that the Q₀ value obtained from this study seems to be apt for prediction of ground motion for the region.     

汶川地震前后波速比变化特征的再研究

收集整理了四川省地震台网1990—2012年产出的地震直达波震相数据, 利用单台多震和达法对2008年汶川M_S8.0地震前后四川地区的波速比变化特征进行了分析研究(共筛选出13个数据量较为丰富、 连续性较好的台站). 结果显示: 其中位于龙门山断裂中北段西侧的4个台站, 震前出现长达7年左右的中长期波速比低值异常; 其它9个台站的波速比震前变化基本稳定. 震前波速比出现异常的4个台站的分布与汶川M_S8.0地震孕震区范围大体一致, 从而为研究汶川M_S8.0地震前是否存在地壳介质特性的时间变化过程, 提供了有力的判定依据.      

Vp and Vp/Vs structures in the crust and upper mantle of the Taiwan region, China

A tomographic study of the V _p and V _p/V _s structures in the crust and upper mantle beneath the Taiwan region of China is conducted by simultaneous inversion of P and S arrival times. Compared with the previous tomographic results, the spherical finite difference technique is suitable for the strong heterogeneous velocity structure, and may improve the accuracy in the travel time and three-dimensional ray tracing calculations. The V _p and V _p/V _s structures derived from joint inversion and the relocated earthquakes can provide better constraints for analyzing the lateral heterogeneity and deep tectonic characters in the crust and upper mantle. Our tomographic results reveal significant relations between the seismic wavespeed structure and the tectonic characters. In the shallow depth, sedimentary basins and orogen show distinct wavespeed anomalies, with low V _p, high V _p/V _s in basins and high V _p, low V _p/V _s in orogen. As the suture zone of Eurasian Plate and Philippine Sea Plate, Longitudinal Valley is characterized by a significant high V _p/V _s anomaly extending to the middle-lower crust and upper mantle, which reflects the impact of rock cracking, partial melting, and the presence of fluids. In the northeast Taiwan, the V _p, V _p/V _s anomalies and relocated earthquakes depict the subducting Philippine Sea Plate under the Eurasian Plate. The high V _p of oceanic plate and the low V _p, high V _p/V _s atop the subducted oceanic plate extend to 80 km depth. Along the east-west profiles, the thickness of crust reaches 60 km at the east of Central Range with eastward dipping trend, which reveals the eastward subduction of the thickened and deformed crust of the Eurasian continental plate. Supported by Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-234-2), National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB411701), National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006AA09A101-0201) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40804016, 40704013)     

Vp/Vs ratios in the Yellowstone National Park region, Wyoming

In this paper we study the variation of V_p/V_s and Poisson's ratio (δ) in the Yellowstone National Park region, using earthquakes which were well recorded by a local seismic network. We find that the average V_p/V_s value within the geothermally active Yellowstone caldera is about 7% lower than in the area outside the caldera. Within the caldera itself there may be a further 2–7% reduction of V_p/V_s in the hydrothermally active Norris Geyser Basin, the Upper and Lower Geyser Basins, and the Yellowstone Lake and Mud Volcano regions. After considering various possible causes for V_p/V_s changes, such as geologic and structural differences, thermal effects, partial melting, and hydrothermal activity, we conclude that the most plausible explanation for the observed V_p/V_s reduction is the presence of hot-water at temperatures and pore-pressures near the water steam transition in the caldera geothermal reservoirs.     

Earthquake prediction on the basis of Vp/Vs variations — a case history

On November 7, 1976, an earthquake of the strike-slip fault type, and of magnitude 6.7, occurred at two mountainous localities, Yanyuan and Ninglang, in the border region of the Szechuan and Yunnan Provinces, China. One year before the earthquake, a prediction was made as to the magnitude and location of the impending earthquake by the present authors, on the basis of the results of a general survey of an area of about 20,000 km² for V_p/V_s ratio variations. The prediction of time of occurrence was made afterwards by the combined analysis of results of observations of some other precursory phenomena. The actual occurrence of the event was generally considered as being in agreement with the prediction.The present study may be taken as a new example for the detection of V_p/V_s ratio variations prior to an earthquake of the strike-slip fault type. By considering the difference between the shear rupture and stick-slip motion and the anisotropy induced by dilatancy, a preliminary discussion is made concerning the related results.     

兴蒙造山带诺敏河火山群地壳厚度与波速比研究

利用布设于兴蒙造山带诺敏河火山群地区的宽频带流动地震台站资料,基于接收函数方法,获取了该地区的地壳厚度与波速比值.研究结果显示,该地区的地壳厚度介于32~38 km,莫霍面深度在空间上分布特征与五大连池为中心的火山带分布具有较好的一致性：沿着火山带延展方向地壳较薄.该地区的波速比介于1.74~1.84,波速比在空间上与地壳厚度变化具有一致性：高波速比主要集中于靠近五大连池火山带地区,向诺敏河火山和小古里河火山延展.研究认为：诺敏河火山与五大连池火山带可能具有相同的岩浆来源,可能与富钾岩石圈地幔拆沉作用造成的地幔热物质上涌有关.研究区地壳厚度与波速比呈现负相关关系,暗示该地区可能发生过岩浆底侵作用.     

Petrogenetic grid for ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in the model system CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2-H2O

Abstract Petrogenetic grids for ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism were calculated at different X_co2 conditions in the model system CaO-MgO-SiO₂-CO₂-H₂O involving coesite (Co), diopside (Di), dolomite (Do), enstatite (En), forsterite (Fo), magnesite (Ms), quartz (Qz), talc (Tc), tremolite (Tr) using a published internally consistent thermodynamic data set. Two P-T grids at X_co2= 0.01 and 0.5 are described. In the calculated P-T grid at X_co2= 0.01, four out of 10 stable invariant points, Co-En-Ms-Tc, Co-Di-En-Tc-Tr, Co-Di-Ms-Tc-Tr and Di-En-Ms-Tc-Tr lie within the stability field of coesite. If the fluid phase has X_co2= 0.5, no invariant point is stable under UHP conditions. Some magnesite-bearing assemblages are stabilized by the following three reactions: Di + Ms = Do + Fo + CO₂, Ms + Tr = Do + Fo + CO₂+ H₂O and Ms + Tc = Fo+ CO₂+ H₂O at X_co2= 0.01 and by reaction Ms + Tc = Fo + CO₂+ H₂O together with these three at X_co2= 0.5. Ten possible UHP assemblages for mafic and ultramafic compositions at very low X_co2 conditions include the following: Co-Do-Ms, Co-Di-Ms, Co-Di-Tc, Di-Ms-Tc, Di-En-Tc-, Di-En-Ms, Co-Di-En, Di-En-Fo, Di-Fo-Ms, Di-Do-Fo. Among them, talc-bearing assemblages are restricted to X_co2 < 0.02 and their high-P limit is 31.7 kb (749°C) at X_co2= 0.01. Dolomite-magnesite-silica assemblages have large P-T stability fields even if X_co2 is as low as 0.1, and could occur in cold subduction zones with very low geothermal gradients. Reported UHP coesite-dolomite assemblage is restricted only to a calc-silicate rock interlayered with marble where X_co2 is relatively higher; no such assemblage appears for mafic and ultramafic rocks with low X_co2 evidenced by the occurrence of diopside (or omphacite) at the expense of dolomite + coesite. The effect of X_co2 on the stability of coesite-dolomite-magnesite, diopside-enstatite-magnesite, diopside-talc assemblages is examined and the occurrence of coesite-dolomite, magnesite-bearing and talc-bearing assemblages in the Dabie UHP rocks are interpreted by employing the calculated P-T grids.     

Tectonothermal evolution of the Lesser Himalaya, Nepal: Constraints from 40Ar/39Ar ages from the Kathmandu Nappe

Abstract The Himalaya is a fold-and-thrust wedge formed along the northern margin of the Indian continent, and consists of three thrust-bounded lithotectonic units; the Sub-Himalaya, the Lesser Himalaya, and the Higher Himalaya with the overlying Tethys Himalaya from south to north, respectively. The orogen-scale, intracrustal thrusts which bound the above lithotectonic units are splays off an underlying subhorizontal dkcollement, and show a southward propagating piggy-back sequence with an out-of-sequence thrust. Among these thrusts, the Main Central Thrust zone (MCT zone) has played a major role in Himalayan tectonics. The MCT zone represents a shear zone which has accommodated southward thrusting of the Higher Himalayan crystalline thrust sheet over the Lesser Himalayan sequence for ～140 km. The Kathmandu Nappe in central Nepal has been transported over the Lesser Himalayan metasediments along the MCT zone, and is locally separated from the Higher Himalayan thrust sheet in the north by an out-of-sequence thrust. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages have been determined for one whole-rock phyllite and six muscovite concentrates from metasedimenta-ry rocks and variably deformed granites in the Kathmandu Nappe. These ages range from 44 Ma to 14 Ma, and suggest a record of both Eo-Himalayan (Eocene) and Neo-Himalayan (Miocene) tectonothermal events in the Tertiary Himalayan orogeny. The Miocene event was associated with translation along the MCT zone. No tectonothermal event of the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene ages have been reported near the MCT zone in southern Lesser Himalayan crystalline nappe or klippe, although such events have been documented within and around the MCT zone in the northern root zone of the Higher Himalaya. This suggests that out-of-sequence thrusting may have occurred between 14 Ma and 5 Ma, probably during the period 10-7.5 Ma. Since then the frontal MCT zone below the Kathmandu Nappe has been inactive, but the MCT zone in the northern root zone has remained active. The rapid increase in denudation rates of the Higher Himalaya since the Late Miocene may have been caused by ramping along the out-of-sequence thrust at depth.