北京市不同土地利用类型的土壤镉含量特征

通过对北京市菜地、稻田、果园、绿化地、麦地以及自然土壤6种土地利用类型共595个土壤样品的调查分析,探讨了不同土地利用方式对土壤镉含量的影响。结果表明,绿化地、麦地以及自然土壤与背景值没有显著差别;菜地、稻田、果园的镉含量显著高于背景值。6种土地利用类型中,菜地土壤的镉含量最高,其次为稻田和果园,绿化地以及麦地土壤镉的含量最低。与土壤基线值相比,果园样品有9.5%的样品超出,绿化地与菜地分别有7.7%和4.6%超出。在全部土壤样品中,共有19个样品超标,超标率为3.2%。石景山、门头沟、丰台、海淀等地区的样品超标较多,应该合理规划这些地区的农业土地利用。     

北京市不同土地利用方式下土壤铅的积累

通过对北京市菜地、稻田、果园、绿化地、麦地以及自然土壤等土地利用类型600个土壤的监测分析,探讨了不同土地利用方式对土壤铅积累的影响。研究结果表明,全部土壤样品中铅浓度的几何平均值为26.6 mg/kg,显著高于北京市土壤背景值 (24.6 mg/kg),呈现出明显的积累趋势。不同土地利用方式对土壤铅积累有明显影响,其中绿化地土壤的平均铅浓度最高,依次为果园、菜地、稻田、自然土壤,麦地平均铅浓度最低,绿化地土壤的铅浓度要显著高于除果园外的其他土地利用类型。果园土壤的铅浓度同样与其他大多数土地利用类型的土壤有较显著的差别。以基线值为标准,除自然土壤外,其他5种土地利用类型下均有不同程度的样品超标：果园超标率最高 (21.4%),其他分别为绿化地18.2%,菜地11.1%,稻田8.3%,麦地5.2%;样品总体的超标率为7.2%。从行政区域来看,城区土壤的铅浓度高于近郊区,近郊区要明显高于远郊区土壤,超标样点主要分布在昌平、朝阳、大兴、丰台、海淀、石景山区等城区或近郊区,因而土壤铅浓度有从城市中心区向外逐渐降低的趋势。在本研究中,大气沉降、垃圾填埋以及农药施用等人类活动可能是影响不同土地利用类型下土壤铅积累浓度的重要原因。     

城乡交错带土地利用变化对土壤养分的影响--以北京市大兴区为例

以北京市大兴区为城乡交错带的分析样区,对1982年、2000年土地利用方式变化和两期不同土地利用方式的土壤养分变化情况进行分析。结果表明:与1982年相比,2000年土壤有机质含量在不同土地利用方式下增加的顺序为:果园>水浇地>稻田>菜地>林地>旱地; 土壤全氮含量增加的顺序为:稻田>菜地>水浇地>果园>旱地>林地;土壤碱解效氮含量增加的顺序为稻田>水浇地>菜地>果园>旱地>林地;土壤速效磷含量增加的顺序为果园>水浇地>稻田>旱地>菜地>林地;土壤速效钾含量在不同土地利用方式下变化规律为, 在果园和稻田中略有增加,在其他利用方式中有不同程度降低。水稻田转变为水浇地、菜地、果园后,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量增加幅度顺序为旱地>果园>水浇地>菜地;速效磷含量增加的顺序为果园>水浇地>菜地>旱地。旱地转变为果园、水浇地后,除速效钾含量降低外,其他养分含量都有不同程度的提高。沙荒地转变为旱地、水浇地、菜地、果园、林地后,除速效钾含量降低外,其他养分含量都有不同程度的增加。     

上海市崇明岛农田土壤重金属的环境质量评价

通过对上海市崇明岛28个菜地土壤表层样品、65个稻田土壤表层样品及9个西瓜地土壤表层样品的分析测试,利用国家、行业和地方的相关标准评价了农田土壤重金属(Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg)的环境质量状况.研究发现:崇明岛农田土壤重金属的总体含量为Pb21.597 mg·kg-1、Cd 0.176 mg-kg-1、Cr 69.395 mg·kg-1、As 9.209 mg·kg-1、Hg O.128 mg·kg-1.与上海市土壤背景值相比,除Pb、Cr外,其余重金属平均含量均高于其背景值,Cd、As和Hg分别高出背景值33.O%、1.2%和26.3%.在GIS软件支持下,通过空间插值分析了研究区农田土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征,结果发现,农田土壤质量整体尚好,土壤生态率为1.26%,优良率为97.14%,合格率为1.47%,不合格率为0.12%.以背景值为标准,崇明岛农田土壤Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的超标率分别为10.1%、85.7%、27.0%、55.4%、55.2%;3种土地利用类型中,菜地受重金属污染最为严重,这主要与菜地施用更多农药有关.崇明岛重金属的年沉降通量分别为Pb 7735.470 ug·m-2.a-1、Cd 208.432ug.m-2·a-1、As 2237.738 ug·m-2·a-1、Hg 52.783 ug·m-2·a-1,农作物秸秆焚烧处理是崇明岛大气重金属沉降的重要来源,大气沉降对崇明岛农田土壤重金属有较大的影响.     

粤北岩溶区不同土地利用方式对土壤钙离子的影响

在广东省英德市九龙镇峰林平原选择峰林坡麓灌丛、积水洼地、砂糖橘林、竹林、菜地、稻田6种不同土地利用类型,采集不同土地利用方式下不同深度的土壤,利用原子吸收分光光度计测定了土壤全钙、交换态钙和水溶性钙质量分数,结果表明：1）菜地、稻田、砂糖橘林和竹林土壤厚度显著大于自然坡麓和积水洼地;2）岩溶积水环境中（积水洼地和稻田）土壤全钙质量分数平均超过59 g/kg;其次为坡麓土壤,平均为20.83 g/kg;人工耕作的砂糖橘林和菜地土壤全钙质量分数分别降低至3.51和2.76 g/kg,而相邻的非岩溶区土壤的全钙质量分数仅为1.43 g/kg;3）耕地施肥会增加土壤的交换态钙和水溶性钙质量分数,菜地和砂糖橘林土壤交换态钙离子、水溶性钙占全钙的比例分别为38.04%、23.08%和1.41%、0.88%,而积水洼地和坡麓灌丛只有7.86%、6.87%和0.25%、0.46%。由于菜地和砂糖橘林的全钙质量分数降低,而交换态钙和水溶性钙质量分数增加会进一步加剧钙元素流失;4）不同土地利用类型土壤全钙、交换态钙和水溶性钙质量分数随深度变化呈波状下降趋势,积水洼地与稻田钙随深度的变化远比菜地、砂糖橘林和竹林剧烈;5）土壤厚度、岩石裸露率、坡度相互呈显著负相关,土壤全钙、交换态钙、水溶性钙之间均呈显著正相关,岩石裸露率与交换态钙呈显著负相关,水、土壤厚度、岩石裸露率与坡度共同决定了土壤钙的分布和迁移。     

集约化农区土地利用变化对土壤养分的影响——以河北省曲周县为例

以河北省曲周县为集约化农区的分析样区,通过对1980年、1999年土地利用类型变化和2期不同用地类型的土壤养分变化进行分析。结果表明：曲周县1980~1999年之间的土地利用类型以水浇地、旱地、菜地、园地、林地等农业用地类型为主,1980年农业用地类型占土地总面积的77.47%,1999年的农业利用类型占土地总面积的77.43%;但是土地利用类型也存在着转化,转化的顺序为荒草地向旱地、水浇地、菜地方向转化,旱地向水浇地、菜地方向转化;1980年土壤养分含量在不同用地类型间的变化顺序为水浇地>旱地>荒草地,差异幅度在2%～18%之间,1999年土壤养分含量在不同用地类型间的变化顺序为菜地>水浇地>旱地,差异幅度在18%～690%之间;2期对比分析表明,土壤养分含量除速效钾外不仅在相同用地类型之间增加幅度大,而且在转化后地用地类型之间也存在明显差异;土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷含量在不同土地利用类型中的变化顺序为菜地>水浇地>旱地>荒草地,速效钾含量变化的顺序为旱地>荒草地>菜地>水浇地。     

北京市蔬菜和菜地土壤砷含量及其健康风险分析

通过对北京市蔬菜和菜地土壤砷含量状况进行大规模调查,研究了蔬菜和土壤砷含量及其健康风险,并筛选出抗砷污染能力强的蔬菜品种。根据蔬菜的消费量并兼顾品种多样性的原则,在北京市规模化蔬菜栽培基地 (采集蔬菜及土壤样品) 和蔬菜批发市场 (蔬菜样品) 共采集93种蔬菜400多份蔬菜样品和39个土壤样品系统地分析其砷含量。研究发现：北京市菜地土壤砷含量范围和平均含量分别为4.44~25.3和9.40 mg/kg,明显超过北京市土壤砷背景值;北京市蔬菜砷含量最高达0.479 mg/kg,平均含量为0.028 mg/kg,均未超过《食品中砷限量卫生标准》(GB4810-94) 的限量值,但其中有2个蔬菜样品 (萝卜和大蒜) 砷含量超过WHO/FAO制订的限量标准。北京市蔬菜砷含量在东偏北方向 (偏转11^o-30^o) 存在明显的"U"型趋势分布。裸露地蔬菜砷含量显著高于设施蔬菜。油菜、萝卜、小白菜、大葱、芥菜、黄瓜、大白菜和甘蓝抗砷污染能力较弱,而辣椒、云架豆、冬瓜、茄子、菠菜、西红柿、芹菜等抗砷污染能力则较强。北京市居民从蔬菜中摄入砷平均值为0.016 mg/(人·d),蔬菜砷对北京市部分人群存在一定的健康风险。     

北京市菜地土壤和蔬菜的锌含量及其健康风险评估

通过97种蔬菜、454个样品的调查表明,北京市菜地土壤锌明显高于北京市土壤锌背景值,其含量范围、算术均值、中值和几何均值分别为24.9³08、79.2、63.8和70.7 mg/kg。北京市蔬菜锌含量范围、中值和算术均值分别为0.005²5.6、2.24和3.11 mg/kg鲜重。叶菜类蔬菜锌含量显著高于瓜果类蔬菜,其余各类型间差异均不显著。北京市市售外地产蔬菜锌含量显著高于本地产蔬菜;裸露地蔬菜与设施蔬菜锌含量差异不显著。冬瓜、西红柿、茄子、黄瓜、辣椒和大葱和部分特菜的锌富集系数最低,抗土壤锌污染的能力较强。北京市居民从蔬菜中摄入锌的量为4.04 mg/人.d,蔬菜锌对北京市居民不会构成健康风险。     

福建省土壤砷含量空间变异性

基于地统计方法分析了省域范围表层土壤(0~20 cm)砷元素的空间变异性。结果表明:研究区土壤砷含量平均值为6.95 mg·kg~(-1),变异系数141.0%,为强变异性。土壤砷最优理论半变异函数拟合模型为指数模型,其块金效应值83.77%,变量空间相关性较弱。通过各向异性分析表明地质背景、地形可能影响着土壤砷的空间分布。克里格插值图直观地反映出研究区内土壤砷的空间变异特征,调查分析得出,母质母岩、土壤类型、地形等自然因素影响着研究区土壤砷的分布,同时,人类的矿山开采和农业生产活动等对土壤砷的分布也具有重要的影响。     

天津市不同土地利用类型土壤中多环芳烃的含量特征

本文分析了天津不同土地利用类型表层土壤若干多环芳烃组分的含量特征及污染水平。结果显示,城市绿地土壤中多环芳烃的含量最高,污灌农田土壤中一些组分的含量也较高,但多数组分与普通农田、荒地等其他土地利用类型相差不大;在6种土地利用类型中,低环/高环在大部分地区小于1,说明天津地区多环芳烃污染主要以燃烧源为主。芘/苯并(a)芘参数值则反映出市区绿地土壤受交通污染的影响比较大;各种土地利用类型土壤表层均受到了一定程度的多环芳烃污染,其中城市绿地土壤污染程度较为严重     

Heavy metal pollution of soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan Province

A total of 219 agricultural soil and 48 vegetable samples were collected from the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River (the Hengyang–Changsha section) in Hunan Province. The accumulation characteristics, spatial distribution and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted. There are higher accu-mulations of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in agricultural soils, and the contents of Cd (2.44 mg kg-1), Pb (65.00 mg kg-1) and Zn (144.13 mg kg-1) are 7.97, 3.69 and 1.63 times the corresponding background contents in soils of Hunan Province, respectively. 13.2% of As, 68.5% of Cd, 2.7% of Cu, 2.7% of Ni, 8.7% of Pb and 15.1% of Zn in soil sam-ples from the investigated sites exceeded the maximum allowable heavy metal contents in the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995, Grade II). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly due to Cd. The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in vegetable soils are significantly higher than the contents in paddy soils. 95.8%, 68.8%, 10.4% and 95.8% of vegetable samples exceeded the Maximum Levels of Contami-nants in Foods (GB2762-2005) for As, Cd, Ni and Pb concentrations, respectively. There are significantly positive correlations between the concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in vegetables and the concentrations in the corresponding vegetable soils (p<0.01). It is very necessary to focus on the potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human health in agricultural soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan Province of China.     

湘江中下游农田土壤和蔬菜的重金属污染

A total of 219 agricultural soil and 48 vegetable samples were collected from the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River（the Hengyang-Changsha section）in Hunan Province.The accumulation characteristics,spatial distribution and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted.There are higher accumulations of heavy metals such as As,Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn in agricultural soils,and the contents of Cd（2.44 mg kg^-1 ）,Pb（65.00 mg kg^-1 ）and Zn（144.13 mg kg^-1 ）are 7.97,3.69 and 1.63 times the corresponding background contents in soils of Hunan Province,respectively. 13.2%of As,68.5%of Cd,2.7%of Cu,2.7%of Ni,8.7%of Pb and 15.1%of Zn in soil samples from the investigated sites exceeded the maximum allowable heavy metal contents in the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils（GB15618-1995,Grade Ⅱ）.The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly due to Cd.The contents of As,Cd,Cu,Pb and Zn in vegetable soils are significantly higher than the contents in paddy soils.95.8%, 68.8%,10.4%and 95.8%of vegetable samples exceeded the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods（GB2762-2005）for As,Cd,Ni and Pb concentrations,respectively.There are significantly positive correlations between the concentrations of Cd,Pb and Zn in vegetables and the concentrations in the corresponding vegetable soils（p〈0.01）.It is very necessary to focus on the potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human health in agricultural soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River,Hunan Province of China.     

湘江中下游农田土壤和蔬菜的重金属污染

从湖南省湘江中下游衡阳-长沙段沿岸采集219 个农田土壤样品和48 个蔬菜样品, 测 试其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 等7 种重金属元素的含量, 并结合GIS 作图与数据统 计, 对农田土壤中重金属空间分布、土壤和蔬菜中重金属富集特征以及其潜在风险进行分析。 结果表明, 农田土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb 和Zn 含量均大于湖南省相应土壤重金属含量背 景值, Cd (2.44 mg kg^-1)、Pb (65.00 mg kg^-1)、Zn (144.13 mg kg^-1) 含量分别超标7.97、3.69 和 1.63 倍。与我国《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995) 中II 级标准(pH 6.5~7.5) 比较, 土壤 As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb 和Zn 含量的超标率分别为13.2%、68.5%、2.7%、2.7%、8.7%和 15.1%, 表现为以Cd 为主的多种重金属混合污染。菜地土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Pb 和Zn 的含 量( 几何均值) 分别高于水稻土As、Cd、Cu、Pb 和Zn 含量。与《食品中污染物限量》 (GB2762-2005) 等标准比较, 蔬菜As、Cd、Ni、Pb 含量的样本超标率分别为95.8%、68.8%、 10.4%和95.8%; 蔬菜Cd、Pb、Zn 含量与相应土壤的Cd、Pb、Zn 含量存在极显著的相关性 (P < 0.01)。湘江中下游的农田土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染的潜在风险值得关注。     

东莞市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属含量分析(英文)

A total of 118 of agricultural soil and 43 of vegetable samples were collected from Dongguan City,Guangdong,China. The spatial distribution,sources,accumulation charac-teristics and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were de-picted in details by three different approaches,including total contents of eight metal ele-ments in soils and vegetables,GIS maps and multivariate analysis of heavy metals in soils in the study. The results show that there are higher accumulation of heavy metals such as Cu,Zn,Ni,Pb,Cd and Hg in agricultural soils,and the contents of Pb (65.38 mg kg-1) and Hg (0.24 mg kg-1) are 1.82 and 2.82 times of the background contents of the corresponding heavy metals in soils of Guangdong Province,respectively. There are about 3.4% of Cu,5.9% of Ni,1.7% of Cd and 28% of Hg in all collected soil samples from all investigated sites which have overran the contents for heavy metals of the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995,Grade Ⅱ ). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly reflected by Hg. There are different sources to eight metal elements in soils,Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr and As are predominantly derived from parent materials,and Pb,Hg and Cd are affected by anthropogenic activities. The spatial distribution shows that the Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr,Pb,As and Hg contents of agricultural soils are high in the west and low in the east,and Cd contents are high in the northwest,southeast and low in the southwest in Dongguan. The ratios of vegetable samples which Ni,Pb and As concentrations higher than the Maximum Levels of Con-taminants in Foods (GB2762-2005) are 4.7%,16.3% and 48.8%,respectively. The order of bio-concentration factors (BCF) of heavy metals in vegetables is Cd Zn Cu As Ni Hg Cr Pb. It is necessary to focus on potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and hu-man's health from agricultural soils and vegetables in Dongguan City,Guangdong Province.     

Heavy metal concentrations of agricultural soils and vegetables from Dongguan, Guangdong

A total of 118 of agricultural soil and 43 of vegetable samples were collected from Dongguan City, Guangdong, China. The spatial distribution, sources, accumulation characteristics and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted in details by three different approaches, including total contents of eight metal elements in soils and vegetables, GIS maps and multivariate analysis of heavy metals in soils in the study. The results show that there are higher accumulation of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Hg in agricultural soils, and the contents of Pb (65.38 mg kg?1) and Hg (0.24 mg kg?1) are 1.82 and 2.82 times of the background contents of the corresponding heavy metals in soils of Guangdong Province, respectively. There are about 3.4% of Cu, 5.9% of Ni, 1.7% of Cd and 28% of Hg in all collected soil samples from all investigated sites which have overran the contents for heavy metals of the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995, Grade Ⅱ). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly reflected by Hg. There are different sources to eight metal elements in soils, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and As are predominantly derived from parent materials, and Pb, Hg and Cd are affected by anthropogenic activities. The spatial distribution shows that the Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, As and Hg contents of agricultural soils are high in the west and low in the east, and Cd contents are high in the northwest, southeast and low in the southwest in Dongguan. The ratios of vegetable samples which Ni, Pb and As concentrations higher than the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (GB2762-2005) are 4.7%, 16.3% and 48.8%, respectively. The order of bio-concentration factors (BCF) of heavy metals in vegetables is Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb. It is necessary to focus on potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human’s health from agricultural soils and vegetables in Dongguan City, Guangdong Province.     

海南岛东部地区土地利用方式对土壤有机碳与 易氧化有机碳的影响

以海南岛东部地区的4种土地利用方式（水田、抛荒地、果园、橡胶林地）的土壤为研究对象，通过对其SOC（土壤有机碳）和ROC（土壤易氧化有机碳）质量分数的测定，分析不同土地利用方式下SOC以及ROC的分布特征。结果表明：研究区的土地利用方式对SOC与ROC具有显著影响，土地利用方式通过影响植被凋落物、根系以及耕作方式、施肥收割等管理措施影响SOC及ROC的分布特征。就整个土壤剖面（0~30 cm）而言，不同土地利用方式下SOC质量分数的分布特征表现为水田＞抛荒地＞果园＞橡胶林地；各土地利用方式下SOC在表层土壤中质量分数最高，并随着土壤层的加深逐渐递减。水田、果园和橡胶林地土壤的ROC质量分数随着土壤深度的加深而逐渐降低，抛荒地呈现出先减少后增加的趋势。不同土地利用方式下土壤ROC质量分数表现为抛荒地＞水田＞果园＞橡胶林地。ROC质量分数的高低顺序与SOC质量分数基本相同。土壤的SOC质量分数是影响ROC质量分数变化的重要因素，相关性分析结果表明：水田、抛荒地和橡胶林地的SOC与ROC质量分数呈极显著正相关，而果园的SOC与ROC质量分数呈显著正相关。4种土地利用方式中水田土壤ROC的分配比例较低，说明水田的SOC稳定性相对于其他土地利用方式较高，有利于土壤碳的储存。     

Assessment on environmental quality of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Chongming Island, Shanghai City

The environmental quality of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg) in agricultural surface soil of Chongming Island was assessed by national, local and professional standards based on a large scale investigation, in which 28 samples from vegetable plots, 65 samples from paddy fields and 9 samples from watermelon fields were collected from whole island area. Results showed that the average concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg was 21.6 mg·kg-1 , 0.176 mg·kg-1, 69.4 mg·kg-1, 9.209 mg·kg-1 and 0.128 mg·kg-1, respectively. Compared with the background value of Shanghai City soil, except for Pb and Cr, all the other heavy metals average concentrations in Chongming Island agricultural surface soil exceeded their corresponding natural-background values. The concentrations of Cd, As and Hg were 33.0%, 1.2% and 26.3% higher than the background value of Shanghai City, respectively. In addition, inverse distance interpolation (IDW) tool of GIS was also applied to study the spatial variation of heavy metals. The results indicated that most of agricultural soil quality was good, and the ratio of ecological, good soil, certified soil and disqualified soil were 1.26%, 97.1%, 1.47% and 0.12%, respectively. About 10.1%, 85.7%, 27.0%, 55.4% and 55.2% soil samples exceeded the Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg background value of Shanghai City, respectively. Among these three land use type soils, vegetable soil was most seriously polluted by heavy metals, which is probably related to the over-application of pesticides. The annual deposition fluxes of Pb, Cd, As and Hg were 7736 μg·m-2·a-1, 208 μg·m-2·a-1, 2238 μg·m-2·a-1 and 52.8 μg·m-2·a-1, respectively. Crop straw burning was the important source of heavy metals of atmospheric deposition, and atmospheric deposition contributed a lot to heavy metals in agricultural soil in Chongming Island.     

人工苹果园持续时间对土壤重金属分布的影响

以陕西渭北旱塬典型苹果园为研究对象,运用SPSS数理统计软件进行数据分析,对该区洛川县不同种植年限苹果园土壤重金属含量进行研究,试图阐明种植年限对果园土壤发育过程的影响。结果表明:该区苹果园的高投入种植管理模式,能够影响重金属在土壤中的迁移与富集,使土壤重金属含量发生明显变化。随着树龄的增加(0→60 a),在0~20,20~40、40~60 cm各土层砷含量的差异逐渐减小(4.1→0.4 mg/kg);40 a树龄果园土壤铬含量在各个土层均达最高值(分别为:87.3、89.7和94.6 mg/kg),而60 a果园则在各个土层均达最低值(分别为:76.0、79.5和73.3 mg/kg);0~20 cm,铜含量与镍含量随树龄增加呈线性递增趋势(22.9→31.7 mg/kg与29.6→31.9 mg/kg);不同种植年限果园土壤铅含量均随土层深度的增加而降低;不同种植年限果园土壤锌含量随土层深度的变化没有明显的变化规律。不同树龄果园土壤环境指标的综合污染指数均小于0.7,土壤环境质量为清洁。